骨髓瘤细胞中阿霉素诱导的ATP变化与自噬的关系

目的：检测用阿霉素（doxorubicin DOXO）处理的骨髓瘤细胞株NCI-H929中ATP与自噬表达水平的变化,探讨两者之间的关联。方法：分别以DOXO 2umol/l 24h、DOXO 2umol/l联用自噬抑制剂3MA 10mmol/l 24h处理H-929细胞后,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率;ATP生物发光法检测ATP表达量;Western Blot检测靶细胞自噬标志分子LC3蛋白的表达。结果：各组相对未处理组存活率分别为54%、35%;相对未处理组%ATP分别为400%、150%;DOXO 24h LC3表达显著上调。结论：经DOXO处理H-929细胞系自噬形成,进而ATP上升以保护细胞。     

左旋卡尼汀对脂多糖诱导小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞自噬和凋亡的影响*

目的:探讨左旋卡尼汀(LC)对脂多糖(LPS)损伤的小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞(PMVECs)的保护作用及自噬、凋亡的影响。方法:采用体外培养的小鼠PMVECs,分为对照组(Control组)、LPS组(10 μg/ ml,3、6、12、24 h)、LPS(10 μg/ ml,24 h)+LC(终浓度为2.5、5、10 μg/ml)(LC组)。Annexin V-FITC/PI双标记法检测细胞凋亡,细胞免疫荧光染色法检测自噬小体,Western blot法检测自噬相关蛋白LC3及凋亡蛋白Caspase-3的含量,CCK-8法检测细胞活力。结果:① 与Control组比较,LPS 6 h、12 h、24 h组PMVECs细胞活力显著受到抑制,细胞凋亡率、自噬蛋白LC3Ⅱ表达显著增高(P均＜0.01),LC3蛋白阳性表达。②与LPS 24 h组比较,各浓度LC组PMVECs细胞活力显著提高、自噬蛋白LC3II表达水平显著升高(P均＜0.01),而PMVECs凋亡率和凋亡蛋白Caspase-3表达水平均明显降低 (P＜0.05)。结论:LC具有提高LPS刺激的小鼠PMVECs活性、促进PMVECs自噬、抑制凋亡的作用。     

PC12细胞在缺氧条件下的自噬现象

目的：考察PC12细胞内自噬发生与缺氧时间的关系,探讨自噬对缺氧细胞的影响作用。方法：以PC12细胞为模型,将对数生长期的细胞加入96孔培养板,37℃、5% CO₂培养24 h后,放入0.5% O₂、94.5% N₂和5% CO₂的培养箱缺氧1 h、3 h、6 h、9h、12 h、24 h、36 h和48 h,用MTT法检测细胞存活率,透射电镜观察细胞内自噬体,Westen blot法检测自噬相关蛋白（LC3B、Atg5和Beclin1）的表达,用试剂盒检测细胞内乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性、活性氧自由基（ROS）和线粒体膜电位（MNP）水平,探究缺氧不同时间自噬对PC12细胞的作用。结果：在缺氧3~12 h,PC12细胞自噬明显增加,自噬相关蛋白（LC3B、Atg5和Beclin1）表达增加,尤其是缺氧9 h,PC12细胞存活明显增加,表明短时间缺氧自噬对细胞起保护作用,而随着缺氧时间的延长细胞存活明显降低,自噬相关蛋白表达水平减少,细胞LHD和ROS水平明显增加。MMP水平显著下降,细胞凋亡明显增加。结论：在缺氧早期自噬对PC12细胞起保护作用,但缺氧时间较长,超过了细胞自身调节能力导致细胞死亡。     

CHOP双重调控衣霉素诱导的DU-145细胞凋亡及自噬的研究

目的研究内质网应激分子CHOP调控细胞凋亡与自噬的作用和机制。 方法利用衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞产生内质网应激,Western Blot法检测内质网应激相关分子Grp78、Grp94、p-eIF2α和CHOP及自噬蛋白LC3Ⅱ、Atg5和Beclin1的表达;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡水平;沉默CHOP基因,用Western Blot法检测凋亡蛋白PARP、Caspase3的表达,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;并利用免疫荧光检测自噬标志性蛋白LC3B的表达。 结果衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激能诱导一定程度的细胞凋亡,衣霉素处理8、12、24?h的细胞凋亡率分别为3.27﹪±1.02﹪,8.97﹪±0.71﹪和11.67﹪±1.41﹪,处理12?h及24?h的细胞凋亡率与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。同时也能通过抑制PI3K/AKt/mTOR信号通路激活DU-145细胞自噬。CHOP基因沉默抑制细胞凋亡,shCtrl组细胞凋亡率为32.17﹪±3.93﹪,shCHOP-1组细胞凋亡率为23.53﹪±3.41﹪,两组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。且CHOP基因沉默能促进细胞自噬分子LC3B的表达。 结论衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激状态下,CHOP在细胞凋亡与自噬之间发挥双重调控作用。     

连香树精油对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞抗肿瘤机制的研究

为探讨连香树精油的体外抗肿瘤活性。以人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞为受试细胞株,利用MTT法、流式细胞术、JC-1法和Western blot法评价连香树精油的体外抗肿瘤活性。结果表明:连香树精油处理24 h后可降低SMMC-7721细胞存活率;细胞中G0/G1期的比例下降,G2/M期的比例升高;细胞线粒体膜电位降低;自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin-1表达上升,加入自噬抑制剂氯喹后LC3-Ⅱ蛋白与Bcl-2抗凋亡蛋白表达下降。综上说明连香树精油能抑制SMMC-7721细胞的增殖活性,通过阻滞G2/M期抑制细胞分裂,通过降低线粒体膜电位诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡,而自噬在SMMC-7721细胞凋亡过程中作为一种保护机制而存在。     

白花蛇舌草多糖提取物对喉癌Hep-2细胞内质网自噬的影响*

目的:探讨白花蛇舌草多糖提取物(HDPE)对喉癌Hep-2细胞内质网自噬的影响。方法:实验分为对照组、HDPE 100、200、400 mg/L组和3-MA(自噬抑制剂)组,噻唑盐比色法(MTT)检测各组细胞培养24 h、48 h、72 h后增殖抑制率;原位末端转移酶标记法(TUNEL)法检测各组培养48 h细胞凋亡情况;单丹黄酰尸胺(MDC)染色观察各组培养48 h细胞自噬体及自噬溶酶体的变化;透射电镜观察培养48 h细胞内质网周围自噬囊泡的产生情况;蛋白印迹法(Western blot)检测各组培养48 h细胞Beclin-1蛋白(Beclin-1)、微管相关轻链蛋白3Ⅰ(LC3Ⅰ)、微管相关轻链蛋白3Ⅱ(LC3Ⅱ)、葡萄糖调节蛋白 78(GRP78)、活化转录因子6(ATF6)及CCAAT 增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)表达。结果:与对照组比较,HDPE 100、200、400 mg/L组和3-MA组细胞增殖抑制率、凋亡指数AI升高,MDC阳性细胞率量降低,内质网周围自噬囊泡减少,GRP78、ATF6及CHOP表达及LC3Ⅰ/LC3Ⅱ比值升高,Beclin-1表达降低(P＜0.05);与3-MA组比较,HDPE 400 mg/L组细胞增殖抑制率、凋亡指数AI升高,MDC阳性细胞率、GRP78、ATF6及CHOP表达及LC3Ⅰ/LC3Ⅱ比值升高,Beclin-1表达降低(P＜0.05)。结论:HDPE可能通过抑制喉癌Hep-2细胞内质网自噬,促进细胞内质网应激凋亡,进而抑制Hep-2细胞增殖能力。     

EGFP-LC3稳定细胞系的建立及对Aβ自噬效应的研究

该文建立了稳定表达EGFP-LC3的HEK293细胞系,以10μmol/L的Aβ肽及其不同疏水性氨基酸含量的截短形式处理细胞24 h,计数LC3的荧光斑点数;Western blot检测LC3B表达量的变化;MTT检测特定Aβ诱导细胞自噬后对细胞活性的差异;用透射电镜确认自噬体的细胞超微结构。结果显示,G418(700μg/m L)筛选6周后,建立了稳定表达EGFP-LC3的HEK293细胞系;Aβ25-35、Aβ40和Aβ42诱导细胞内LC3荧光斑点的效果较明显;Western blot结果显示LC3B的酯化,即LC3BI向LC3BII转变;MTT检测发现,与Aβ40相比,Aβ42处理后伴随自噬的细胞毒性更强;电镜可以见到Aβ诱导的自噬小体。提示,Aβ肽及其截短的疏水性片段均可诱导自噬,且诱导自噬的效果与疏水性氨基酸含量无关;同时,Aβ42细胞损伤强于Aβ40。该研究为进一步探讨AD自噬机制提供了实验基础。     

姜黄素联合索拉菲尼对肝癌细胞系HepG-2细胞增殖及自噬的影响

目的:研究姜黄素联合索拉菲尼对肝癌细胞系HepG-2细胞增殖及自噬的影响。方法:体外培养肝癌细胞系HepG-2细胞,用不同浓度姜黄素(0、10、20、30、40、50 mmol/L)、不同浓度索拉菲尼(0、5、10、15、20μmol/L)及两药联合处理肝癌细胞系HepG-2细胞24 h后,用CCK8实验检测细胞存活率。用姜黄素30 mmol/L、索拉菲尼10μmol/L及两药联合处理肝癌细胞系HepG-2细胞24 h后,用荧光定量PCR检测自噬相关信号通路关键蛋白AKT、mTOR及自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的mRNA表达情况。结果:姜黄素、索拉菲尼及两药联合对HepG-2细胞均有增殖抑制作用,且呈浓度依赖性。与姜黄素或索拉菲尼单药组相比,姜黄素联合索拉菲尼组能显著抑制肝癌细胞系HepG-2细胞的增殖(P0.001);能显著抑制AKT、mTOR的mRNA表达而增加自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的mRNA的表达(P0.001)。结论:姜黄素联合索拉菲尼组抑制肝癌细胞系HepG-2细胞增殖作用较单药组明显增强,两药联合协同诱导肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞产生自噬,其作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路有关。     

自噬在应力诱导成肌细胞凋亡中的作用初探

目的:探讨自噬在周期性张应力介导的成肌细胞凋亡中的作用,以明确应力诱导内质网应激引起自噬与凋亡之间的关系。方法:在成功构建L6大鼠体外培养--力学刺激模型的基础上,采用Western Blot法分析周期性张应力对自噬相关蛋白LC3蛋白表达的影响,并通过Annexin V-FITC/PI流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况。加力组分别给予1,6,12,24 h的力学刺激(拉伸变形率为15%,频率为10循环/min),3-MA组和Rapamycin组在加力2 h前分别加入自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤和自噬激活剂雷帕霉素并且加力24 h,0 h组与实验组在同时种板但是不给予力刺激。采用SPSS17.0统计软件对以上数据进行统计分析。结果:成肌细胞中的LC3II/LC3I值随加力时间延长呈上升趋势,24 h达最高(P0.05);抑制组的细胞凋亡率(18.75±1.06%)相对于0 h组(0.726±0.13%)和加力24 h组(14.84±1.14%)的明显升高(P0.05);Rapamycin组相对于加力24 h组的细胞凋亡率明显下降(8.88±1.08%vs 14.84±1.14%),但是细胞凋亡率仍然高于0 h组的(8.88±1.08%vs 0.726±0.13%)。结论:在一定时间范围内,周期性张应力可诱导成肌细胞发生自噬,并且自噬活性与作用时间成正比;自噬可以降低应力介导的成肌细胞凋亡的活性。     

缺氧复氧诱导自噬基因表达对滋养细胞生长的影响与机制

为探索子痫前期孕妇胎盘病变的发病机制,我们模拟体内缺血再灌注微环境,在体外建立胎盘滋养细胞HTR8/SVneo缺氧复氧模型,以探究缺氧复氧对细胞自噬的诱导作用及对细胞生长的影响。将实验分为对照组、缺氧复氧组及自噬抑制剂3-MA+缺氧复氧组,应用吖啶橙染色及LC3-Ⅱ免疫荧光染色检测经处理24 h后细胞自噬水平,MTT法检测细胞增殖能力,Real time PCR检测自噬基因Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ的表达,Western blot分析相应自噬蛋白的表达。结果显示缺氧复氧组HTR8/SVneo细胞自噬水平明显升高(p0.01),伴随Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ基因及蛋白表达显著增高(p0.01),细胞增殖同时显著受抑(p0.01),而加入3-MA后缺氧复氧组细胞自噬水平明显受抑(p0.01),Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ基因及蛋白表达显著下降(p0.01),细胞增殖能力显著提高(p0.01)。这表明滋养细胞HTR8/SVneo在缺氧复氧环境中启动细胞自噬,过度自噬时可能通过诱导Ⅱ型程序性死亡影响细胞增殖,当自噬被抑制后,细胞增殖能力明显恢复。     

综述: 自噬参与心脏疾病调控的研究进展

细胞自噬(autophagy)是将细胞内受损、变性或衰老的蛋白质以及细胞器运输到溶酶体内进行消化降解的过程．细胞自噬既是一种广泛存在的正常生理过程,又是细胞对不良环境的一种防御机制,参与多种疾病的病理过程．正常水平的自噬可以保护细胞免受环境刺激的影响,但自噬过度和自噬不足却可能导致疾病的发生．在心脏中,心肌细胞自噬对维持心肌功能具有重要的作用,自噬的异常可能导致各种心肌疾病如溶酶体储积症(Danon disease)等．各种心血管刺激如心肌缺血(ischemia)、再灌注(reperfusion)损伤、慢性缺氧(chronic hypoxia)等均可诱导心肌细胞自噬增强．而这些情况下心肌细胞自噬的作用还不清楚：它是否是一种潜在的细胞存活机制还是导致细胞死亡或疾病发生的病理性机制,或者是同时具有两种作用,目前还没有定论．心脏疾病是心肌功能出现异常时产生的各种病理状态的总称．在多种心脏疾病中,均伴随有心肌细胞自噬的改变,且影响着疾病的发生发展．在心肌肥厚(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)中,细胞自噬程度降低而加剧心肌肥厚;在心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)中,细胞自噬增强可导致心肌细胞自噬性死亡;而在心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)中,细胞自噬增强可减小梗死面积．但是细胞自噬在心脏疾病中到底扮演着怎样的角色,取决于细胞自噬发生的水平及病理状态．目前越来越多的人开始关注药物与细胞自噬调节之间的联系,且主要集中于抗肿瘤药物及心血管调节药物的研究．另外,有报道维生素类以及雌激素受体拮抗剂他莫西芬对细胞自噬也具有调节作用．研究心肌细胞自噬与心脏疾病的关系,以及药物对细胞自噬的调节,将有利于从自噬的角度探讨心脏疾病的发生发展过程及机制,开发出治疗心脏疾病的药物．     

Inhibition of mitochondrial autophagy protects donor lungs for lung transplantation against ischaemia‐reperfusion injury in rats via the mTOR pathway

Impaired mitochondrial function is a key factor attributing to lung ischaemia‐reperfusion (IR) injury, which contributes to major post‐transplant complications. Thus, the current study was performed to investigate the role of mitochondrial autophagy in lung I/R injury and the involvement of the mTOR pathway. We established rat models of orthotopic left lung transplantation to investigate the role of mitochondrial autophagy in I/R injury following lung transplantation. Next, we treated the donor lungs with 3‐MA and Rapamycin to evaluate mitochondrial autophagy, lung function and cell apoptosis with different time intervals of cold ischaemia preservation and reperfusion. In addition, mitochondrial autophagy, and cell proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) exposed to hypoxia‐reoxygenation (H/R) were monitored after 3‐MA administration or Rapamycin treatment. The cell apoptosis could be inhibited by mitochondrial autophagy at the beginning of lung ischaemia, but was rendered out of control when mitochondrial autophagy reached normal levels. After I/R of donor lung, the mitochondrial autophagy was increased until 6 hours after reperfusion and then gradually decreased. The elevation of mitochondrial autophagy was accompanied by promoted apoptosis, aggravated lung injury and deteriorated lung function. Moreover, the suppression of mitochondrial autophagy by 3‐MA inhibited cell apoptosis of donor lung to alleviate I/R‐induced lung injury as well as inhibited H/R‐induced PMVEC apoptosis, and enhanced its proliferation. Finally, mTOR pathway participated in I/R‐ and H/R‐mediated mitochondrial autophagy in regulation of cell apoptosis. Inhibition of I/R‐induced mitochondrial autophagy alleviated lung injury via the mTOR pathway, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for lung I/R injury.     

Humanin-induced autophagy plays important roles in skeletal muscle function and lifespan extension

BackgroundAutophagy, a highly conserved homeostatic mechanism, is essential for cell survival. The decline of autophagy function has been implicated in various diseases as well as aging. Although mitochondria play a key role in the autophagy process, whether mitochondrial-derived peptides are involved in this process has not been explored.MethodsWe developed a high through put screening method to identify potential autophagy inducers among mitochondrial-derived peptides. We used three different cell lines, mice, c.elegans, and a human cohort to validate the observation.ResultsHumanin, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, increases autophagy and maintains autophagy flux in several cell types. Humanin administration increases the expression of autophagy-related genes and lowers accumulation of harmful misfolded proteins in mice skeletal muscle, suggesting that humanin-induced autophagy potentially contributes to the improved skeletal function. Moreover, autophagy is a critical role in humanin-induced lifespan extension in C. elegans.ConclusionsHumanin is an autophagy inducer.General significanceThis paper presents a significant, novel discovery regarding the role of the mitochondrial derived peptide humanin in autophagy regulation and as a possible therapeutic target for autophagy in various age-related diseases.     

Inhibition of autophagy impairs tumor cell invasion in an organotypic model

Autophagy is a membrane-trafficking process that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes for degradation. It contributes to energy and organelle homeostasis and the preservation of proteome and genome integrity. Although a role in cancer is unquestionable, there are conflicting reports that autophagy can be both oncogenic and tumor suppressive, perhaps indicating that autophagy has different roles at different stages of tumor development. In this report, we address the role of autophagy in a critical stage of cancer progression—tumor cell invasion. Using a glioma cell line containing an inducible shRNA that targets the essential autophagy gene Atg12, we show that autophagy inhibition does not affect cell viability, proliferation or migration but significantly reduces cellular invasion in a 3D organotypic model. These data indicate that autophagy may play a critical role in the benign to malignant transition that is also central to the initiation of metastasis.     

Inhibition of autophagy impairs tumor cell invasion in an organotypic model

Autophagy is a membrane-trafficking process that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes for degradation. It contributes to energy and organelle homeostasis and the preservation of proteome and genome integrity. Although a role in cancer is unquestionable, there are conflicting reports that autophagy can be both oncogenic and tumor suppressive, perhaps indicating that autophagy has different roles at different stages of tumor development. In this report, we address the role of autophagy in a critical stage of cancer progression—tumor cell invasion. Using a glioma cell line containing an inducible shRNA that targets the essential autophagy gene Atg12, we show that autophagy inhibition does not affect cell viability, proliferation or migration but significantly reduces cellular invasion in a 3D organotypic model. These data indicate that autophagy may play a critical role in the benign to malignant transition that is also central to the initiation of metastasis.     

Autophagy: in sickness and in health

The degradation of intracellular components in lysosomes (autophagy) has recaptured the attention of cell biologists in recent years. The main reason for this renewed interest is the dissection of the molecular machinery that participates in this process, because the identification of new intracellular elements involved in autophagy has provided new tools to trace, quantify and manipulate autophagy in a growing number of organisms. As a result, a better understanding of the physiological roles of autophagy, the consequences of its malfunctioning and its participation in different pathological processes has emerged. This article reviews our current knowledge of the role of autophagy in disease and the efforts to reconcile its proposed dual function as both a cell protector and a cell killer.     

Intersection of autophagy regulation and circadian rhythms in the heart

Autophagy is a vital cellular mechanism that controls the removal of damaged or dysfunctional cellular components. Autophagy allows the degradation and recycling of damaged proteins and organelles into their basic constituents of amino acids and fatty acids for cellular energy production. Under basal conditions, autophagy is essential for the maintenance of cell homeostasis and function. However, during cell stress, excessive activation of autophagy can be destructive and lead to cell death. Autophagy plays a crucial role in the cardiovascular system and helps to maintain normal cardiac function. During ischemia- reperfusion, autophagy can be adaptive or maladaptive depending on the timing and extent of activation. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that underlie autophagy in response to cardiac stress and therapeutic approaches to modulate autophagy by pharmacological interventions. Finally, we also discuss the intersection between autophagy and circadian regulation in the heart. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie autophagy following cardiac injury can be translated to clinical cardiology use toward improved patient treatment and outcomes.     

The role of autophagy in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent, however, its use is limited by cardiotoxicity. The mechanisms causing cardiotoxicity have not been clearly elucidated, but known to involve, at least in part, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. More recently, it has been suggested that dysregulation of autophagy may also play an important role in Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. Autophagy has dual functions. Under physiological conditions, autophagy is essential for optimal cellular function and survival by ridding the cell of damaged or unwanted proteins and organelles. Under pathological conditions, autophagy may be stimulated in order to protect the cell from stress stimuli or, alternatively, to contribute to cell death. Thus, appropriate regulation of autophagy can be a matter of life or death. The role of autophagy in Dox-induced cardiotoxicity has recently been explored, however, conflicting reports on the effects of Dox on autophagy and its role in cardiotoxicity exist. Most, but not all, of the studies conclude that Dox upregulates cardiac autophagy and contributes to the pathogenesis of Dox-induced toxicity. Dox may induce autophagy by suppressing the expression of GATA4 and/or S6K1, which may directly or indirectly regulate expression of essential autophagy genes such as Atg12, Atg5, Beclin1 and Bcl-2. Interestingly, the Dox-induced autophagic response may be species specific as Dox treatment has been shown to stimulate autophagy in rat models, but suppress autophagy in mouse models. Additional studies will elucidate this possibility.