螽斯复眼光感受器的生理变化

利用电生理细胞内记录方法,在24小时周期(日间和夜间)内和不同适应(阴适应和暗适应)状态下,持续记录了螽斯复眼侧区小眼小网膜细胞的角灵敏度、光谱灵敏度、偏振光灵敏度、绝对灵敏度和适应变化的时间过程.并对这些结果进行讨论.     

蝗虫复眼小网膜细胞角敏感度的变化规律

在不同时间(上午、下午和晚上)和不同适应状态(暗适应和三种不同背景光强度的明适应)下,利用细胞内记录方法测量蝗虫复眼不同区域(背、侧和前区)小网膜细胞的角敏感度,其大小随着复眼区域、适应状态和24小时的周期性变化而变化.     

家蝇复眼感杆中光通量的色素颗粒调节

利用逆向照明方法及角膜中和技术,观察了暗适应、明适应和强光适应状态下,家蝇(Musca domestica)复眼感杆中光通量的变化。在强光适应状态下,每个小眼主要呈现一个中心感杆远端的光点像,其外周六个感杆远端光点像模糊不清或消失。利用电子显微镜观察了家蝇复眼小网膜细胞内色素颗粒的移动与适应状态的关系。在强光适应状态下,每个小眼外周六个小网膜细胞No.1～6内绝大部分色素颗粒移动到感杆,而中心两个小网膜细胞No.7～8内色素颗粒并未向感杆移动。但在有些小眼中,小网膜细胞No.7～8内部分色素颗粒移动到感杆。     

家蝇复眼感杆中光通量的色素颗粒调节

利用逆向照明方法及角膜中和技术,观察了暗适应、明适应和强光适应状态下,家蝇(Musca domestica)复眼感杆中光通量的变化。在强光适应状态下,每个小眼主要呈现一个中心感杆远端的光点像,其外周六个感杆远端光点像模糊不清或消失。利用电子显微镜观察了家蝇复眼小网膜细胞内色素颗粒的移动与适应状态的关系。在强光适应状态下,每个小眼外周六个小网膜细胞No.1～6内绝大部分色素颗粒移动到感杆,而中心两个小网膜细胞No.7～8内色素颗粒并未向感杆移动。但在有些小眼中,小网膜细胞No.7～8内部分色素颗粒移动到感杆。     

飞蝗复眼生理和结构上的节律变化

采用细胞内记录和光镜方法研究了飞蝗(Locusta migratoria)夜间和日间在暗适应和明适应状态下小网膜细胞角敏感度以及晶锥和小网膜细胞之间区域结构上的变化.结果表明小网膜细胞角敏感度的变化不仅仅由于晶锥周围主色素细胞色素颗粒的移动,而且也由于小眼感杆束结构上的节律变化.     

黑翅土白蚁有翅成虫复眼的形态结构

采用组织切片法光镜下观察黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)有翅成虫的复眼形态结构及光、暗适应条件下色素颗粒移动的规律。结果如下:(1)头正前方观,复眼外部形态略呈圆形。(2)有翅成虫复眼类型属于并列像眼,每只复眼约由360个小眼组成。(3)每个小眼是由1套屈光器(1个角膜和1个晶锥)、小网膜色素细胞、视杆和基细胞等几部分组成。小网膜色素细胞内均含有丰富的色素颗粒。(4)在光适应条件状态下,屈光器及视杆周围的色素颗粒主要分布在视杆部位的上侧,暗度适应条件状态时则较均匀地分布于视杆两侧上下;性别对色素颗粒分布无明显影响。     

龟纹瓢虫成虫的复眼形态及其显微结构

利用光镜、组织切片法观察了龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)成虫的复眼形态及其显微结构。结果如下:(1)头正前方观,复眼外形似半球,且后方稍向内合拢。每个复眼约包括630个小眼。(2)每个小眼是由1套屈光器(1个角膜和1个晶锥)、6至8个小网膜细胞及其特化产生的视杆和基细胞等几部分组成。晶体周围及小网膜色素细胞内均含有丰富的色素颗粒。(3)小眼整体纵切显示,其上、下段色素颗粒分布相对较多,中段分布较少。(4)明、暗适应状态对小眼的色素颗粒分布有影响,性别对其分布无明显影响。明适应状态下,其色素颗粒较均匀地分布于视杆两侧上下,暗适应状态时色素颗粒则主要分布在视杆部位的上侧,显示其具有一定的重叠眼性质;而在相同的明、暗适应状态下其雌、雄成虫复眼的色素颗粒分布间无明显差异。     

异色瓢虫显现变种复眼的形态、显微结构及其光暗条件下的适应性变化

复眼是昆虫的主要视觉器官,对于其寻找食物、配偶、栖息场所以及学习记忆等活动具有重要作用。本研究采用扫描电镜和石蜡切片技术对异色瓢虫显现变种Harmonia axyridis ab. conspicua复眼的外部形态和内部显微结构进行了观察。结果发现：(1)复眼近椭圆形,位于头部两侧,触角窝处有缺刻,小眼表面光滑平坦,无角膜乳突结构。其雌、雄成虫复眼的小眼数分别约为705和691;(2)复眼中心区域小眼呈六边形,排列紧密,边缘区域的小眼为不规则的四边形或五边形; (3)每个小眼由角膜、晶锥、8个小网膜细胞、视杆、基膜以及色素细胞组成。晶锥由4个晶锥细胞构成,8个小网膜细胞中6个位于边缘、2个位于中央;(4)暗条件下复眼显微结构存在明显差异：光适应条件下,色素颗粒主要分布在晶锥和视杆交界处的周围,周围视杆呈环形,内、外两侧均被色素颗粒包围;暗适应条件下,色素颗粒发生纵向移动,均匀地分布在晶锥和视杆的周围,周围视杆发生扭曲呈不规则的多角形,仅外侧有色素颗粒分布。结果表明,异色瓢虫显现变种的复眼属于并列复眼,可通过色素颗粒的纵向移动以及周围视杆扭曲变形等机制来适应外界明暗环境的变化。     

三疣梭子蟹光感受器的形态和超微结构

用电子显微镜观察了三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberulatus）的光感受器。扫描电镜观察结果显示三疣梭子蟹复眼为半球形。复眼表面积约为25．12mm^2,组成的小眼为长六边形,面积约为24μm^2。复眼除背面有一拇指状的区域无小眼外,其余部分都由小眼组成。透射电镜观察显示,11个小网膜细胞组成了复眼的感光系统,分成上下两部分。4个小网膜细胞位于晶锥的两侧,组成了感光部分的远端,位于晶锥之下,7个小网膜细胞组成感光系统的主体,上下部位有重叠。两部分的小网膜结构上基本相同,都含有线粒体、多囊体、内质网、色素颗粒等,但是上部的小网膜细胞没有扳膜体,而且胞质比较致密,膜下储泡囊的空腔较小,里面有膜状结构。三疣梭子蟹感光系统有二种类型的感光细胞,可能具有不同的功能。     

栖境不同的两种跳甲复眼结构比较

栖息于荫暗隐蔽处的蛇莓跳甲(Altica fragariae)和向阳开阔地的萎陵跳甲(A.Ampelophaga)的复眼外部形态及小眼微细结构有如下相同特征：两复眼均比较小,呈“八”字型排列在头部近背方的两侧;每个小眼含有一个双凸面的角膜锥体、4个森氏细胞和7个小网膜细胞;2个主色素细胞及11-12个附色素细胞围绕在小眼的外缘;小网膜细胞和色素细胞内均有丰富色素颗粒,当光照强度发生变化时,小网膜细胞内的色素颗粒发生位移;在视杆中段横切面上,视杆由7个微绒毛呈平行排列的矩形视小杆组成,其中的6个视小杆互相连成一个近似六边形的框架,将另一个视小杆围在中央。两种跳甲复眼结构的主要差异有：蛇莓跳甲每个复眼大约仅有150个小眼,而萎陵跳甲约有2印个;复眼曲率半径前者只有后者的一半;视杆中段横切面上,视杆占整个小网膜面积的比率两虫分别为37%和25%,蛇莓跳甲高于萎陵跳甲。对以上形态结构特征可能具有的功能意义进行了初步讨论。     

Daily changes of structure,function and rhodopsin content in the compound eye of the crabHemigrapsus sanguineus

The compound eye of the crab hemigrapsus sanguineus undergoes daily changes in morphology as determined by light and electron microscopy, both in the quantity of chromophore substances studied by HPLC and in visual sensitivity as shown by electrophysiological techniques. 1. At a temperature of 20 degrees C, the rhabdom occupation ratio (ROR) of an ommatidial retinula was 11.6% (maximum) at midnight, 8.0 times larger than the minimum value at midday (1.4%). 2. Observations by freeze-fracture revealed that the densities of intra-membranous particles (9-11 nm in diameter) of rhabdomeric membrane were ca. 2000/microns 2 and ca. 3000/microns 2 for night and daytime compound eyes, respectively. 3. Screening pigment granules migrated longitudinally and aggregated at night, but dispersed during the day. Reflecting pigment granules migrate transversally in the proximal half of the reticula layer i.e. cytoplasmic extensions containing reflecting pigment granules squeeze between neighbouring retinula cells causing optical isolation (Fig. 4). Thus the screening pigment granules within the retinula cells show longitudinal migration and radial movement so that the daytime rhabdoms are closely surrounded by the pigment granules. 4. At 20 degrees C, the total amount of chromophore of the visual pigment (11-cis and all-trans-retinal) was 1.4 times larger at night than during the day i.e. 46.6 pmol/eye at midnight and 33.2 pmol/eye at midday. Calculations of the total surface area of rhabdomeric membrane, total number of intra-membranous particles in rhabdomeric membrane and the total number of chromophore molecules in a compound eye, indicate that a considerable amount of chromophore-protein complex exists outside the rhabdom during the day. 5. The change in rhabdom size and quantity of chromophore were highly dependent on temperature. At 10 degrees C both rhabdom size and amount of chromophore stayed close to daytime levels throughout the 24 hours. 6. The intracellularly determined relative sensitivity of the dark adapted night eye to a point source of light was about twice as high as the dark-adapted day eye. Most of the increase in the sensitivity is attributed primarily to the effect of reflecting pigment migration around the basement membrane and, secondarily, to the changes in the amount and properties of the photoreceptive membrane. The results form the basis of a detailed discussion as to how an apposition eye can function possibly as a night-eye.     

Ultrastructure and orientation of ommatidia in the dorsal rim area of the locust compound eye

In many insect species, a dorsal rim area (DRA) in the compound eye is adapted to analyze the sky polarization pattern for compass orientation. In the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria, these specializations are particularly striking. The DRA of the locust consists of about 400 ommatidia. The facets have an irregular shape, and pore canals are often present in the corneae. Screening pigment is missing in the region of the dioptric apparatus suggesting large receptive fields. The rhabdoms are shorter, but about four times larger in cross-section than the rhabdoms of ordinary ommatida. Eight retinula cells contribute to the rhabdom. The microvilli of retinula cell 7 and of cells 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 are highly aligned throughout the rhabdom and form two blocks of orthogonal orientation. The microvilli in the minute rhabdomeres of retinula cells 3 and 4, in contrast, show no particular alignment. As in other insect species, microvillar orientations are arranged in a fan-like pattern across the DRA. Photoreceptor axons project to distinct areas in the dorsal lamina and medulla. The morphological specializations in the DRA of the locust eye most likely maximize the polarization sensitivity and suggest that the locust uses this eye region for analysis of the sky polarization pattern.     

亚洲玉米螟蛾趋光行为及复眼结构节律性研究

用行为实验和光学显微镜观察比较了夜间暗适应处理和日间暗适应处理的亚洲玉米螟蛾Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenee)趋光反应及小眼的显微结构。(1)夜间暗适应处理组的趋光反应率明显高于日间暗适应处理组。5个照度行为实验中,前者最高反应率达80%,最低23%,总反应率近48%,而后者分别只有35%、10%和21%。(2)夜间暗适应与日间暗适应的复眼其屏蔽色素分布大体相同,但小网膜细胞核的分布区域有明显差异,表明亚洲玉米螟蛾小眼结构变化存在一定的节律性。这种结构节律变化可能是导致趋光反应昼夜差异的原因之一。     

Evidence for the priming role of the central retinula cell in ommatidium differentiation of Ephestia kuehniella

Summary In the developing compound eye of Ephestia kuehniella, within the advancing front of differentiation, regular cell clusters arise which consist of a central cell and two flanking cells. The central cell is destined to become the basal retinula cell later in development. Its crucial role in ommatidium formation is confirmed by ³H-thymidine labelling. Eye anlagen labelled early in the pupal stage incorporate thymidine within two distinct zones along the front of differentiation. After the ommatidia are completely differentiated, both zones contain labelled nuclei of all cell types which participate in ommatidia formation. Within the posterior zone, however, the basal retinula cells are always unlabelled, whereas in the anterior they show labelled nuclei. From this observation it must be concluded that the basal retinula cell first terminates proliferation (either alone or together with a few other cells) to become differentiated as the central retinula cell. These results agree with those found in Drosophila and indicate that the ordered stepwise addition of cells to a central founder cell is a widespread principle of ommatidia formation in insects.     

Postembryonic eye growth in the seashore isopod Ligia exotica (Crustacea,Isopoda)

The eye of Ligia exotica is of the apposition type and has open rhabdoms. The facets are hexagonal, and the dioptric apparatus consists of a flat cornea and a spherical crystalline cone placed in the center of two large cone cells. Each ommatidium has seven regular retinula cells and one eccentric cell; a basement membrane forms the proximal boundary of the retina. With increases in body size from 0.6 to almost 4.0 cm, facet numbers and ommatidial diameters increased from 800 to 1500 and 35 microm to 100 microm, respectively; eye length and width grew from 1.2 to 3.2 and 0.9 to 2.5 mm, respectively; and length of dioptric apparatus and width of retinal layer changed from 70 microm to 180 microm and about 70 microm to 120 microm. Visual angles and interommatidial angles of centrally located ommatidia remained constant at about 30 and 6.9 degrees, respectively. An almost perfect linear relationship was found when eye length was plotted against the product between the square root of the total number of ommatidia and the ommatidial diameter. No difference between males and females was observed in any of the relationships, but the results suggest that, compared with smaller specimens, larger ones possess increased absolute sensitivity in single ommatidia, increased sensitivity to point sources, and overall larger angular visual fields for the eye in its totality. This means that larger individuals of L. exotica (which are also faster) have an advantage over smaller individuals at night, but that smaller individuals may cope better with bright lights. Vision in L. exotica seems useful not only in detecting potential danger, but also in locating and approaching cliffs from a distance of 2-4 m when swimming in seawater.     

The microanatomy of the compound eye of Munida irrasa (Decapoda: Galatheidae)

The compound eye of Munida irrasa differs in several respects from the typical decapod eye. The proximal pigment is found only in retinula cells. The eccentric cell is extremely large and expanded to fill the interstices of the crystalline tract area; thus, a typical "clear-zone" is absent. Six retinula cells course distally to screen two sides of the crystalline cone. There are approximately 12,500 ommatidia in each compound eye. There are several similarities to the typical decapod eye. Each ommatidium is composed of a typical cornea, corneagenous cells, crystalline cone cells, crystalline cone, crystalline cone tract and eight retinula cells. Distal pigment cells are present and surround the crystalline cone. The distal processes of the retinula cells also contain pigment. The retinula cell processes penetrate the basement membrane as fascicles composed of processes from adjacent retinulae.     

大草蛉成虫复眼的外部形态及其显微结构

用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了大草蛉Chrysopa pallens Ramber成虫复眼的外部形态及明、暗适应和性别对其显微结构的影响。结果发现：（1）其复眼呈半球形,位于头部两侧,略成“八”字形排列,单个复眼约由3 600个小眼组成,最前和最后小眼之间的夹角约为180°,最上和最下小眼之间的夹角约200°;（2）小眼主要由角膜、晶锥和6～8个小网膜细胞、基膜组成,外围环绕有2个初级虹膜色素细胞和6个次级虹膜色素细胞,基膜处有色素颗粒分布;（3）暗适应时,晶锥开裂程度较大,远端5～7个网膜细胞核向远端移动,与晶锥近端相接或接近,次级虹膜色素颗粒亦向远端移动包围晶锥;明适应时,晶锥开裂程度小或闭合,远端网膜细胞核向近端移动,透明带显现,大部分次级虹膜色素颗粒亦向近端移动分布在小网膜细胞柱周围,包被透明带;（4）在相同的明、暗适应下,雌、雄成虫复眼的显微结构无明显差异。结果表明大草蛉复眼为透明带明显的重叠象眼,其小眼不但具有次级虹膜色素颗粒纵向移动的常规调光机制,还存在晶锥开闭、远端网膜细胞核移动和基膜色素颗粒纵向扩散的调光新机制。