寄主龄期对可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂寄生及其后代适合度的影响

采用单选试验,观察了可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂（Tysiphlebus anbiguus）对不同发育时期黑豆蚜的寄生选择及其后代生长发育适合度相关特征,以检验寄主大小与其质量是否存在正相关关系。结果表明,黑豆蚜（Aphis fabae）1～4龄和成蚜均被寄生,但对2龄若蚜的寄生率最高（35．25％）,对成蚜寄生率最低（14．75％）;寄生低龄蚜虫的羽化率显著高于高龄若蚜和成蚜。寄生2龄若蚜的发育历期（8．4d）最短,而寄生1龄若蚜最长（9．3d）;寄生2～4龄蚜虫的后代蜂体型显著大于寄生1龄和成蚜;寄生4龄若蚜的后代中,雌蜂比例（75．74％）显著高于1龄若蚜（62．89％）和成蚜（65．19％）,但与寄生2～3龄若蚜无显著差异。寄主黑豆蚜的质量从高至低依次为2龄〉3龄=4龄〉成蚜〉1龄,因此,对可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂而言。寄主大小与其质量并非存在正相关性。     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂对苜蓿蚜的寄生功能反应

在室内(25±1℃,L:D=16:8光周期,RH=40%～60%)条件下,研究了茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus testaceipes(Cresson)对苜蓿蚜Aphis craccivora(Koch)若蚜的寄生功能反应。结果表明:苜蓿蚜的龄期对茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的寄生作用有很大影响,用功能反应HollingⅡ模型模拟,其模拟方程为Na=1.118 N/(1+0.0184 N)。通过该方程可明确单头雌成蜂在24 h内最多寄生60.60头苜蓿蚜,其寄生1头苜蓿蚜所需时间为0.396 h。在5个温度梯度下,茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂对苜蓿蚜的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,但不同温度下的功能反应参数有明显的差异。此外茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂自身密度对寄生有一定的干扰作用,其干扰作用通过Hassell-Varley模型拟合,方程为a=0.0621P-0.3062,表明茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂雌蜂的发现域随着自身密度的增加而逐渐变小,寄生蜂雌蜂个体间的相互干扰效应降低了寄生效能。     

日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂与其寄主豆蚜的相互作用：寄主龄期选择及其对发育的影响

在25℃下研究了日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus japonicus Ashmead对寄主豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch龄期的选择和被寄生豆蚜的龄期对蚜茧蜂发育的影响。结果表明：在混合虫态寄主中,日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂通常选择较小龄期的若蚜寄生,其中2龄若蚜的相对被寄生率最高,为26.4%;其次是1龄若蚜,为20.6%;无翅成蚜与3、4龄有翅若蚜和成蚜的相对被寄生率较低。日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂的寄生延长了豆蚜若蚜的发育,其中1龄若蚜被寄生后,１～３龄历期显著延长;有翅3龄若蚜被寄生后,３、４龄历期明显延长;但无翅和有翅4龄若蚜被寄生后的发育历期均不受影响。各龄若蚜被寄生后羽化的成蚜寿命明显缩短,其中,被寄生的1龄若蚜不能发育至成蚜,其它较早龄期被寄生的若蚜羽化的成蚜繁殖力均显著降低。寄生时寄主的发育期也影响寄生蜂的发育,2龄豆蚜被寄生时的日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂个体发育最快,为194.10 h;1龄寄主被寄生时蚜茧蜂的发育最慢,需215.80 h。并对不同发育期蚜虫总蛋白质和总糖原含量进行了测定。     

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂和广双瘤蚜茧蜂田间发生动态及田间繁育

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall和广双瘤蚜茧蜂Binodoxys communis Gahan是大豆田大豆蚜的重要寄生蜂。2009—2010年,采取棋盘式采样和随机抽样调查相结合的方法,在辽宁岫岩对大豆田内的豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂和广双瘤蚜茧蜂的发生动态进行了研究。结果显示,2009年,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂6月20号前后在田间开始少量发生,7月上旬数量急速上升,中旬达到最高值,然后开始下降;8月中旬出现第2个高峰,数量上明显小于第1个高峰期,但2010年只有1个高峰,第2个高峰不明显;广双瘤蚜茧蜂6月底开始出现并不断上升,到7月上、中旬达到一定量后持续到8月底。总体来说,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂发生的时间比广双瘤蚜茧蜂早,且数量也较多。同时在大田按照不同的处理,对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂进行大田罩笼繁殖研究,当豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂与适龄蚜虫数量比值为1:100的情况下产生的僵蚜数量最多。为大田有效利用蚜茧蜂控制大豆蚜提供了必要的基础资料。     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂生物学特性初步研究

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson是寄生于苜蓿蚜Aphis craccivora Koch等蚜虫的一种重要寄生蜂.通过田间自然种群的调查,并在室内观察其发育历期的形态特征.在25℃恒温,16 h光照,8h黑暗,相对湿度60%～ 70%的条件下,茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的发育历期为卵期:1...     

甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫被斑痣悬茧蜂寄生的风险分析

寄生蜂的寄主识别期是构建最优接受寄主模型的重要参数之一。本研究观察了斑痣悬茧蜂(Meteorus pulchricornis)对甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)不同龄期幼虫的识别期,并首次用生存分析方法估计寄主被寄生的风险以及寄生经历对寄主识别期的影响。结果表明:在2.5h观察期内,除1龄寄主幼虫外,其他各龄(2~5龄)幼虫均被寄生;对首次寄主识别期的Cox回归模型拟合分析表明,与2龄寄主幼虫(参照虫龄)相比,3~5龄寄主幼虫被寄生的累计风险比率显著高于2龄寄主幼虫(2·6~4·0倍),而对再次寄主识别期的分析未发现3~5龄寄主幼虫与2龄幼虫之间存在显著差异。根据对首次与再次寄主识别期进行的生存曲线比较表明,对2~4龄幼虫的再次寄主识别期显著短于首次寄主识别期;说明寄生经历显著提高了寄生蜂的寄主识别期。由此推测,较高龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫被无寄生经验斑痣悬茧蜂寄生的风险高于低龄幼虫。     

两种蚜茧蜂及其寄主蚜虫对大豆植株挥发性次生物质的触角电位反应

研究了下列害虫和寄生天敌种类对大豆植株中提取的某些挥发性次生化合物及其不同组合混合相的触角电位反应： 1)豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch和麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius);2)为害大豆植株的大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura和不为害大豆植株的豆蚜二者所共有的寄生天敌豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall; 3)不为害大豆植株的麦长管蚜的寄生天敌燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius picipes Nees。结果表明,与大豆植株相关联的大豆蚜和不相关联的豆蚜所共有的天敌——豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应敏感,而与大豆植株不相关联的豆蚜、麦长管蚜及其寄生天敌——燕麦蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应不敏感。再次证明,植物挥发性次生化合物在害虫及其寄生天敌搜寻寄主的过程中起到重要的作用。     

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察(英文)

利用扫描电镜对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum的触角感受器进行了观察, 发现有7 种感受器, 分别为毛形感受器、刺形感受器Ⅰ型、刺形感受器Ⅱ型、锥形感受器、腔锥形感受器Ⅰ型、腔锥形感受器Ⅱ型和板形感受器。毛形感受器是数量最多的感器; 除了腔锥形感受器Ⅱ型只在雌虫触角发现外, 雌、雄触角感受器的类型和结构没有较大的差别, 并且腔锥形感受器Ⅱ是数量最少的感器。     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂碳水化合物代谢相关的滞育关联基因差异表达分析

为明确糖代谢相关途径在茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebustestaceipes蛹滞育过程中的作用,揭示滞育调控的分子机制,本试验利用转录组测序技术,对滞育组与非滞育组的茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂蛹进行转录组测序,并结合生物信息学方法对糖代谢相关途径中的差异表达基因进行了筛选与分析.GO注释到的与碳水化合物代谢条目相关的差异基因共...     

大豆蚜寄生蜂豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂室内生物学特性观察

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum( Marshall)是大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura的一种重要寄生蜂.在实验室条件下,对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂的发育历期、繁殖力、寿命和性比等指标,以及成蜂的羽化、取食、产卵行为等生物学特性进行了观察描述.结果表明:在19 ～31℃范围内,发育历期随着温...     

Influence of host size variation on the development of a koinobiont aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus ambiguus Haliday (Braconidae, Hymenoptera)

To determine whether host body size is the currency used by the aphidiine parasitoid, Lysiphlebus ambiguus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in assessing host quality, the aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Homoptera: Aphididae), was reared at either high or low temperature to yield hosts of the same instar with different body sizes. Cohorts of A. fabae raised at 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C and exposed to individual female L. ambiguus in no-choice tests were successfully parasitized in all host stages from 1st instar nymphs to adults. However, younger and smaller aphids were more susceptible to parasitism than older and larger nymphs or adults, as measured by the number of mummies produced. For aphid cohorts reared at 15 degrees C, the proportion of female progeny, progeny adult size, and development time all increased linearly with aphid size at the time of attack. In contrast, for aphid cohorts raised at 30 degrees C, the proportion of female progeny and progeny adult size declined with aphid size, while development time remained unaffected. Through manipulation of host rearing temperature, we have shown that at cooler temperatures the koinobiont parasitoid, L. ambiguus, responds to host size in the same way as an idiobiont parasitoid, but that this response is compromised at higher temperatures. Our results suggest that differential mortality during development is likely to influence the observed secondary sex ratio in relation to aphid size for aphid cohorts raised at higher temperatures due to disruption of the activity of the host's primary endosymbiont and that such reduced nutritional quality of aphids cannot be compensated by increased development time.     

An asexual strain of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) gains fitness in superparasitised hosts,but a sexual strain pays costs

1. The fitness impacts of two levels of superparasitism were compared in a sexual and an asexual strain of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) developing in black bean aphids. 2. Asexual females were larger than sexuals, had higher eggs loads, and better adult emergence in two of three treatments, but parasitised fewer available aphids in 24 h (80% fewer when foraging alone). 3. Superparasitism resulted in wasps that were larger than those emerging from singly parasitised aphids, and asexual females had larger ovaries, without delayed development. In contrast, sexual wasps took about 2 days longer to develop in superparasitised hosts, and females had smaller ovaries with lower egg loads. 4. The growth of host aphids bearing asexual larvae was not reduced relative to healthy aphids, except when heavily superparasitised, whereas sexual larvae reduced aphid growth in all treatments. 5. Elimination of supernumerary larvae was virtually complete at 4.5 days after parasitism by sexual females, but no elimination occurred among asexual larvae. The evolution of diminished aggression in asexual larvae may be facilitated by greater genetic similarity, without necessarily leading to gregarious development, assuming the extended life of supernumeraries somehow improves survivor fitness. 6. Sons of virgin sexual females developed faster than sons of mated females, implicating parental effects that slowed development of the latter. 7. It is concluded that asexual females of this strain use superparasitism to improve host quality, and thus the fitness of their daughters, whereas females of the sexual strain prioritise offspring number.     

The effect of host plants on genotype variability in fitness and honeydew composition of Aphis fabae

Aphid species can be polyphagous, feeding on multiple host plants across genera. As host plant species can have large variation in their phloem composition, this can affect aphid fitness and honeydew composition. Previous research showed significant intraspecific genotype variation in the composition of the honeydew carbohydrates of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae, with the ant attractant trisaccharide melezitose showing especially large variation across different genotypes. In this study, we test if variation in melezitose and carbohydrate composition of aphid honeydew could be linked to the adaptation of specific aphid genotypes to particular host plants. To this end, 4 high and 5 low melezitose secreting genotypes of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae were reared on 4 common host plants: broad bean, goosefoot, beet, and poppy. The carbohydrate composition, and in particular melezitose secretion, showed important aphid genotype and host plant interactions, with some genotypes being high melezitose secreting on 1 host plant but not on another. However, the interaction effects were not paralleled in the fitness measurements, even though there were significant differences in the average fitness across the different host plants. On the whole, this study demonstrates that aphid honeydew composition is influenced by complex herbivore–plant interactions. We discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of ant–aphid mutualisms and adaptive specialization in aphids.     

A comparison of life history traits of sexual and asexual strains of the parasitoid wasp,Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

1. This study examined biological characteristics of sexual and asexual strains of the parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). 2. Strains were reared in different instar hosts (the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli) under identical environmental conditions (21 °C, 65–75% RH, and LD 16:8 h). 3. Results showed that the second instar of the aphid is the most suitable growth stage for both strains, as the wasps that emerged from the second instar hosts were larger, more fecund, and had larger egg size. Trade‐offs between the fitness components of the parasitoid were clearer when the parasitoids were reared in suboptimal instars. 4. According to the results, sexual females emerged around 1 day earlier and lived around 0.5 day less than asexual females. Also, sexual females emerged with a lower initial egg load, although these wasps tend to have larger eggs than asexual females. Asexual females may enjoy greater longevity and higher developmental plasticity which suggests a higher degree of synchronization with pest population dynamism. 5. The results suggest that sexual wasps, in contrast to asexual wasps, invest more in egg size than in egg load. This study suggests strain‐specific adaptations of L. fabarum to different instars of the black bean aphid by which the allocation of nutritional resources to various functions differs between strains. 6. Furthermore, differences in life history traits between strains can greatly influence the population dynamics of each strain, and hence their effectiveness in suppressing pest populations.     

Interaction between plant resistance and predation of Aphis fabae (Homoptera: Aphididae) by Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

We investigated the compatibility of host plant resistance to the black bean aphid in the faba bean crop with the use of the predatory ladybird beetle for biological control under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Greenhouse experiments indicated that apteriform Aphis fabae reproduced on Vicia faba major (susceptible) and on 79S4 (partially resistant) cultivars at different rates. During the entire experimental period, aphids built up higher populations on V. faba major than on 79S4 cultivar. Aphid numbers on 79S4 were about 37% of those on V. faba major after 14 days. Release of a newly hatched Coccinella septempunctata larva onto each plant significantly reduced aphid density to 32.8% and 57.2% on V. faba major and 79S4 on day 14, respectively. Partial resistance combined with predation was more effective in lessening aphid numbers on faba bean than either the predator or the plant resistance alone. Laboratory tests showed that prey, A.   fabae , raised on susceptible cultivar was more suitable for the predator as food source, enhancing the development rate and fecundity than aphids fed on the partially resistant cultivar. Consumption of aphids reared on susceptible cultivar significantly increased the female fecundity and fertility of C. septempunctata by 37.7% and 33.2%, respectively, more than those fed with aphids from partially resistant cultivar. Pre-oviposition time was shortened by 4.5 days, and oviposition period was extended by 11.4 days. Feeding the predator on aphids from the partially resistant cultivar prolonged the embryonic larval developmental time and the time required from egg laying to adult emergence by 19.8, 10.1 and 32.5 h, respectively. Adult longevity was not influenced by the aphid source. The results are discussed in relation to the compatible utilisation of host plant resistance and biological control in the integrated management of aphids.     

Amino acids as respiratory substrates in aphids: an analysis of Aphis fabae reared on plants and diets

Abstract. The fate of radioactively labelled amino acids injected into the haemolymph of the aphid Aphis fabae was investigated. Radioactivity from each of L-[U-¹⁴C]-glutamic acid, L-[U-¹⁴C]-serine and L-[U-¹⁴C]-threonine in the aphid tissues declined exponentially, at rates of 32, 9.3 and 1.0 pmol/aphid/min, respectively. For ¹⁴C-glutamic acid, radioactivity lost from the aphids was recovered quantitatively as carbon dioxide, and radioactivity in aphid saliva and honeydew was undetectable. When expressed on a per unit aphid biomass basis, the rate of respiratory loss of glutamic acid from aphids reared on chemically-defined diets was more than double that of aphids reared on the host plant, Vicia faba . It is concluded that respiration is a quantitatively important component to the aphid metabolism of glutamic acid and other amino acids.     

温度对黑豆蚜体内共生菌胞数量及宿主体型大小的影响

为了明确饲养温度对黑豆蚜Aphis fabae 内共生菌和宿主蚜虫体型大小的影响,对在室内不同温度下饲养的黑豆蚜内共生菌胞数量和宿主蚜虫体型大小进行了观察和统计分析。结果表明,温度对同一发育时期蚜虫内共生菌胞数量的影响在不同温度范围内有所不同,1龄若蚜体内的菌胞数量除在25℃与35℃间有显著差异外,在其余各温度间没有显著差异; 其余时期的蚜虫内共生菌胞数量在高温（> 30℃）下显著低于较低温度下的菌胞数量,存在负直线相关性。温度对菌胞数量随宿主发育到产仔前的变化趋势有不同程度的影响,在较低温度（15℃、20℃和25℃）下,菌胞数量随虫体发育显著增加; 但在高温（30℃和35℃）下,蚜虫体内菌胞数逐渐增加直到3龄达到最高,然后略有下降（30℃）或显著下降（35℃）。除1龄若蚜外,蚜虫体型大小总体呈现随温度升高而降低的格局,但随其内共生菌数量增多而增大（35℃下除外）。据此认为,温度可能通过作用于蚜虫内共生菌胞数量而影响蚜虫体型的大小。