Role of the Cotyledons in the Phototropic Response of Lavatera cretica Seedlings

Young seedlings of Lavatera cretica L. exhibit positive phototropism. The hypocotyl perceives unilateral illumination with blue light and curves towards the light source by unequal growth. In addition, the cotyledonary laminas perceive the vectorial component of unilateral illumination with blue light and reorient normal to the beam by creating a turgor differential in their pulvini. Excision of one cotyledon resulted in negative organotropic curvature of the hypocotyl, away from the remaining cotyledon. Illumination of the cotyledonary lamina did not participate in the phototropic curvature of the hypocotyl, so long as the lamina was free to reorient to face the beam. When the lamina was continuously exposed to vectorial photoexcitation, elongation of the hypocotyl on the side carrying the cotyledon could be enhanced, or inhibited, depending on the direction of the beam striking its lamina.     

Diurnal Phototropism in Solar Tracking Leaves of Lavatera cretica

On a clear day, leaf laminas of Lavatera cretica tracked the solar position throughout the day. The laminar azimuth did not diverge from the solar azimuth by more than 12° from sunrise to sunset. Tracking of the solar elevation started 1 to 2 hours after sunrise and ceased 1 to 2 hours before sunset. On an overcast day, the laminas reoriented horizontally. After sunset, following a clear day, the laminas performed a nocturnal reorientation, with three well defined phases. During the initial phase the laminas relaxed their strained sunset-facing orientation to one perpendicular to their petioles. This equilibrium configuration was maintained throughout the following phase, which was apparently concerned with time-measuring. During the final phase, the laminas reoriented, before sunrise, to a position facing the direction of the anticipated sunrise. This directional information is phototropic and was retained for 3 to 4 diurnal cycles, probably in the pulvinus itself, which is the site of the response. Laminas of plants transferred from sunlight either to darkness, or to a simulated natural photoperiod under overhead illumination, were facing the originally anticipated direction of sunrise at the time of each of the three to four subsequent sunrises (after which they reverted to the dark orientation in darkness, or to the horizontal one with overhead illumination). Cotyledonary laminas required directional information for the nocturnal reorientation during 3 or 4 cycles of simulated sunrise to sunset transitions.     

Diurnal Phototropism in Leaves of Lavatera cretica L. under Conditions of Simulated Solar-Tracking

Diurnal laminar reorientation was followed in solar-trackingleaves of Lavatera cretica L. under simulated conditions. Asimulated ‘sun’ was moved over the lamina in a 180?arc in the vertical plane of the mid-vein, at an angular velocityof 15? h^–1 in a regime of 12-h photoperiods. In one groupof plants the petioles of the experimental leaves were arrangedto face ‘sunrise’, while in the other they werearranged to face ‘sunset’. At ‘sunrise’,the laminae in both groups, which were inclined towards theanticipated direction of ‘sunrise’, changed theirelevation towards the rising ‘sun’, resulting inprogressive reduction in the angle of incidence (AI) of lighton the laminar surface (AI= differential between laminar and‘solar’ elevation). As a result, laminar and ‘solar’elevation converged, and laminar reorientation gradually ceased,until the ‘solar’ elevation had passed the normalto the laminar surface (AI=0?). laminar reorientation was thenresumed, but its direction was reversed to follow the directionof ‘solar’ reorientation. During most of the remaining‘day’, laminar elevation (LE) trailed that of the‘sun’ by an average of 11?-14?. Laminar reorientationthen anticipated ‘sunset’ by starting to slow down60 to 90min in advance. During the 12-h dark period, the laminareoriented towards the anticipated direction of the subsequent‘sunrise’. The time-course of nocturnal reorientationwas qualitatively different in the two groups of experimentalplants. The time-course of diurnal phototropism under naturaland simulated conditions is analysed and compared and differencesand similarities between them are discussed. Key words: Diurnal phototropism, solar-tracking, vectorial excitation     

银杏叶片光合作用对强光的响应

银杏叶片遭受光量子通量密度（PFD）为1200μmolm-2s-1的强光胁迫后,净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）、PSⅡ光化学效率（Fv／Fm）和表现量子效率（AQY）都下降,而叶片在505nm处的光吸收（A505）、初始荧光水平（Fo）和荧光的非光化学猝灭（qN）上升。在去除强光胁迫数小时之后,这些参数都不能完全恢复。这就表明,虽然强光能引起严重的光抑制,可能涉及依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散和一部分PSⅡ反应中心的失活及破坏,但是导致光合速率降低的主要因素仍然是气孔导度的降低。     

Phototropic Responses of Vaucheria geminata to Intermittent Blue Light Stimuli

Phototropic responses of a tip-growing coenocytic alga Vaucheria geminata to intermittent blue light pulses were analyzed. Curvatures caused by repeated light pulses separated by dark intervals of various lengths were as large as those obtained by continuous light of the same incident energy, unless the length of the dark interval exceeded a critical value of about 30 to 40 seconds. If the dark interval was longer than the critical length, bending no longer took place. Another response to intermittent irradiation was found. In a narrow range of light pulse and dark interval lengths, i.e. light pulses longer than 10 milliseconds and dark intervals shorter than a value ranging from 15 to 150 milliseconds, intermittent irradiation was more effective than continuous irradiation of the same total energy. In this region, the maximum response to repeated pulses was equal to the curvature caused by a continuous irradiation of the same total elapsed time. It is evident that in this condition the dark interval is not perceived and the alga responds as if it were in light. The results suggest that two different dark reactions may be involved in the phototropic response of this algal cell.     

Chloroplast Acclimation in Leaves of Guzmania monostachia in Response to High Light

Acclimation of leaves to high light (HL; 650 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) was investigated in the long-lived epiphytic bromeliad Guzmania monostachia and compared with plants maintained under low light (LL; 50 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). Despite a 60% decrease in total chlorophyll in HL-grown plants, the chlorophyll a/b ratio remained stable. Additionally, chloroplasts from HL-grown plants had a much lower thylakoid content and reduced granal stacking. Immunofluorescent labeling techniques were used to quantify the level of photosynthetic polypeptides. HL-grown plants had 30% to 40% of the content observed in LL-grown plants for the light-harvesting complex associated with photosystems I and II, the 33-kD photosystem II polypeptide, and Rubisco. These results were verified using conventional biochemical techniques, which revealed a comparable 60% decrease in Rubisco and total soluble protein. When expressed on a chlorophyll basis, the amount of protein and Rubisco was constant for HL- and LL-grown plants. Acclimation to HL involves a tightly coordinated adjustment of photosynthesis, indicating a highly regulated decrease in the number of photosynthetic units manifested at the level of the content of light-harvesting and electron transport components, the amount of Rubisco, and the induction of Crassulacean acid metabolism. This response occurs in mature leaves and may represent a strategy that is optimal for the resource-limited epiphytic niche.     

PIF4 and PIF5 Transcription Factors Link Blue Light and Auxin to Regulate the Phototropic Response in Arabidopsis

Both blue light (BL) and auxin are essential for phototropism in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the mechanisms by which light is molecularly linked to auxin during phototropism remain elusive. Here, we report that PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) and PIF5 act downstream of the BL sensor PHOTOTROPIN1 (PHOT1) to negatively modulate phototropism in Arabidopsis. We also reveal that PIF4 and PIF5 negatively regulate auxin signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PIF4 directly activates the expression of the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (IAA) genes IAA19 and IAA29 by binding to the G-box (CACGTG) motifs in their promoters. Our genetic assays demonstrate that IAA19 and IAA29, which physically interact with AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7), are sufficient for PIF4 to negatively regulate auxin signaling and phototropism. This study identifies a key step of phototropic signaling in Arabidopsis by showing that PIF4 and PIF5 link light and auxin.     

Arabidopsis ROOT PHOTOTROPISM2 Contributes to the Adaptation to High-Intensity Light in Phototropic Responses

Living organisms adapt to changing light environments via mechanisms that enhance photosensitivity under darkness and attenuate photosensitivity under bright light conditions. In hypocotyl phototropism, phototropin1 (phot1) blue light photoreceptors mediate both the pulse light-induced, first positive phototropism and the continuous light-induced, second positive phototropism, suggesting the existence of a mechanism that alters their photosensitivity. Here, we show that light induction of ROOT PHOTOTROPISM2 (RPT2) underlies photosensory adaptation in hypocotyl phototropism of Arabidopsis thaliana. rpt2 loss-of-function mutants exhibited increased photosensitivity to very low fluence blue light but were insensitive to low fluence blue light. Expression of RPT2 prior to phototropic stimulation in etiolated seedlings reduced photosensitivity during first positive phototropism and accelerated second positive phototropism. Our microscopy and biochemical analyses indicated that blue light irradiation causes dephosphorylation of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3) proteins and mediates their release from the plasma membrane. These phenomena correlate closely with the desensitization of phot1 signaling during the transition period from first positive phototropism to second positive phototropism. RPT2 modulated the phosphorylation of NPH3 and promoted reconstruction of the phot1-NPH3 complex on the plasma membrane. We conclude that photosensitivity is increased in the absence of RPT2 and that this results in the desensitization of phot1. Light-mediated induction of RPT2 then reduces the photosensitivity of phot1, which is required for second positive phototropism under bright light conditions.     

拟南芥连体和离体叶片光合作用的光响应

测定出 2 5 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1光强下培养的整株拟南芥连体叶片的光合作用在光强为 80 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1左右达到光饱和 ,其离体叶片光合作用对光强响应的结果与此类似。自然条件下生长的珊瑚树连体与离体叶片光合作用均在光强约为 10 0 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1下达到饱和 ,这验证所测得的拟南芥连体和离体叶片光合作用光响应的结果是正确的     

Stomatal Opening and Cell Enlargement in Response to Light and Phytohormone Treatments in Primary Leaves of Red-Light-Grown Seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Cell enlargement in primary leaves of bean seedlings grown for10 days in dim red light in response to different light andphytohormone treatments was studied. On day 10, bean leaf discswere floated on 1% sucrose with, or without, phytohormones fordifferent periods (up to 24 h) under dim red light, or discswere floated in sucrose solution and irradiated with white orblue light. Cell enlargement was enhanced by continuous whiteand blue light and by benzyladenine, kinetin and gibberellicacid. When seedlings were grown for 8 days under dim red light afterwhich a 2-day dark period was interposed (for the accumulationof inactive phytochrome), cell enlargement was enhanced by a5-min irradiation with red light. This growth induction wasfar-red reversible. The conditions under which cell enlargement was promoted, alsoinduced the opening of the stomata. Red light induced a far-redreversible transient stomatal opening. Based on the kineticsof stomatal opening and cell enlargement we formulated the hypothesisthat cell enlargement in leaves in response to light and phytohormonesis mediated by the stomatal response to these factors. (Received September 30, 1983; Accepted February 27, 1984)     

不同生长光强下8种红树植物幼苗叶片的光响应特征

为探讨红树植物光适应的生理生态策略,对6种真红树植物[无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum)]和2种半红树植物[银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)、黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)]的1 a生幼苗在不同生长光强(自然光强的100%、45%、30%、10%)下的光合光响应特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同生长光强对红树植物光响应特征的影响因物种而异,遮荫显著提高了秋茄和木榄的最大净光合速率(Pmax),而对其他红树植物的Pmax没有显著影响;秋茄在45%光强下具有较高的Pmax,木榄的Pmax则在45%和30%光强下显著高于其他2个处理。随着生长光强的下降,秋茄幼苗叶片的光饱和点显著上升,木榄、老鼠簕和卤蕨的光补偿点呈下降趋势,木榄和卤蕨的表观量子效率升高的同时暗呼吸速率下降。木榄、老鼠簕和卤蕨具有较强的耐荫性,...     

A new type of microtubular cytoskeleton in microsporogenesis of Lavatera thuringiaca L.

Summary. In Lavatera thuringiaca, kariokinesis and simultaneous cytokinesis during the meiotic division of microsporogenesis follow a procedure similar to that which takes place in the majority of members of the class Angiospermae. However, chondriokinesis occurs in a unique way found only in species from the family Malvaceae. Chondriokinesis in such species is well documented, but the relationship between the tubulin cytoskeleton and rearrangement of cell organelles during meiosis in L. thuringiaca has not been precisely defined so far. In this study, the microtubular cytoskeleton was investigated in dividing microsporocytes of L. thuringiaca by immunofluorescence. The meiotic stages and positions of cell organelles were identified by staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. We observed that, during prophase I and II, changes in microtubular cytoskeleton configurations have unique features, which have not been described for other plant species. At the end of prophase I, organelles (mostly plastids and mitochondria) form a compact envelope around the nucleus, and the subsequent phases of kariokinesis take place within this arrangement. At this point of cell division, microtubules surround the organelle envelope and separate it from the peripheral cytoplasm, which is devoid of plastids and mitochondria. In telophase I, two newly formed nuclei are tightly surrounded by the cell organelle envelopes, and these are separated by the phragmoplast. Later, when the phragmoplast disappears, cell organelles still surround the nuclei but also move a little, starting to occupy the place of the disappearing phragmoplast. After the breakup of tetrads, the radial microtubule system is well developed, and cell organelles can still be observed as a dense envelope around the nuclei. At a very late stage of sporoderm development, the radial microtubule system disappears, and cell organelles become gradually scattered in the cytoplasm of the microspores. Using colchicines, specific inhibitors of microtubule formation, we investigated the relationship between the tubulin cytoskeleton and the distribution of cell organelles. Our analysis demonstrates that impairment of microtubule organization, which constitutes only a single component of the cytoskeleton, is enough to disturb typical chondriokinesis in L. thuringiaca. This indicates that microtubules (independent of microfilaments) are responsible for the reorganization of cell organelles during meiotic division. Correspondence: D. Tchórzewska, Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.     

Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with Decreased Amplitude in Their Phototropic Response

Two mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana have been identified with decreased phototropism to 450-nanometer light. Fluence-response relationships for these strains (ZR8 and ZR19) to single and multiple flashes of light show thresholds, curve shapes, and fluence for maximum curvature in `first positive' phototropism which are the same as those of the wild type. Similarly, there is no alteration from the wild type in the kinetics of curvature or in the optimum dark period separating sequential flashes in a multiple flash regimen. In addition, in both strains, gravitropism is decreased compared to the wild type by an amount which is comparable to the decrease in phototropism. Based on reciprocal backcrosses, it appears that the alteration is due to a recessive nuclear mutation. It is suggested that ZR8 and ZR19 represent alterations in some step analogous to an amplifier, downstream of the photoreceptor pigment, and common to both phototropism and gravitropism.     

山豆根叶片光合特性对光强和干旱的响应

山豆根(Euchresta japonica)为我国II级重点保护野生植物。该研究通过设置不同遮阴网的层数和采用不同浓度的聚乙二醇溶液浇灌,探讨了山豆根光合特性对光强和干旱的响应。结果表明, 山豆根叶片的饱和光强为683.06~907.07mmol/(m²·s); 单层遮阴处理叶片的最大电子传递速率和最大净光合速率整体高于双层遮阴处理,其中单层遮阴且未进行干旱处理的叶片最大电子传递速率和最大净光合速率最高,分别为55.36和6.73mmol/(m²·s);相同遮阴条件下,叶片的最大净光合速率及其对应的饱和光强均随干旱程度增加整体呈下降趋势;单层遮阴条件下的蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均整体高于双层遮阴条件下的。不同处理下叶片光系统II的实际光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数以及非光化学猝灭系数等整体上均无显著差异(P>0.05)。山豆根属半阳生植物,其叶片利用弱光能力较强,植株具有较强的耐干旱能力。因此,建议在开展野外回归、迁地保护、人工栽培等工作时,进行适当遮阴处理并保持充足的土壤含水量。     

籽用美洲南瓜叶片对白粉病菌的抗逆生理响应

以籽用美洲南瓜(Cucurbita pepo L.)白粉病抗病品系F2和感病品系M3为试材,在人工气候箱内接种白粉病生理小种2US孢子悬浮液,考察在接种白粉病菌后南瓜幼苗植株与白粉病菌的互作、叶片活性氧代谢及保护酶活性的变化,探讨南瓜抵御白粉病的生理机制。结果表明：(1)与感病品系M3相比,接种白粉病菌后,抗病品系F2叶片上病原菌发育缓慢,较难侵染叶片。(2)抗病品系F2在感病初期叶片H₂O₂、O₂^-·含量迅速升高后逐渐下降,而感病品系在感病初期H₂O₂、O₂^-·含量上升缓慢,在达最大值后始终保持较高水平,且感病品系叶片MDA含量始终高于抗病品系;组织化学染色分析发现,抗病品系叶片着色比感病品系快,之后着色面积有所减少并趋于较低水平。(3)抗病品系F2和感病品系M3叶片抗氧化酶CAT、SOD、POD活性及PAL、PPO活性在接种白粉病菌后均显著增加,但抗病品系的活性及其增幅均高于感病品系。研究发现,籽用美洲南瓜抗病品系叶片上白粉病菌发育缓慢,较难受到侵染,生成菌丝体后叶片上粉状斑点较小;抗病品系在被白粉病菌侵染初期依靠活性氧的增加抵御病原菌的入侵,随着活性氧含量增加抗病品系通过迅速增加自身抗氧化酶活性来防止氧化胁迫;与感病品系相比,抗病品系在受病原菌侵染后能迅速增加PAL、PPO活性以抵御病原菌侵染。     

Light Stimulation of Ethylene Release from Leaves of Gomphrena globosa L

The effect of light and CO₂ on both the endogenous and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-dependent ethylene evolution from metabolically active detached leaves and leaf discs of Gomphrena globosa L. is reported. Treatment with varying concentrations of ACC did not appear to inhibit photosynthesis, respiration, or stomatal behavior. In all treatments, more ethylene was released into a closed flask from ACC-treated tissue, but the pattern of ethylene release with respect to light/dark/CO₂ treatments was the same.

Leaf tissue in the light with a source of CO₂ sufficient to maintain photosynthesis always generates 3 to 4 times more ethylene than tissue in the dark. Conversely, the lowest rate of ethylene release occurs when leaf tissue is illuminated and photosynthetic activity depletes the CO₂ to the compensation point. Ethylene release in the dark is also stimulated by CO₂ either added to the flask as bicarbonate or generated by dark respiration. Ethylene release increases dramatically and in parallel with photosynthesis at increasing light intensities in this C₄ plant. Ethylene release appears dependent on CO₂ both in the light and in the dark. Therefore, it is suggested that the important factor regulating the evolution of ethylene gas from leaves of Gomphrena may be CO₂ metabolism rather than light per se.

     

Chemical constituents of Lavatera trimestris L.--antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Nine phenolic compounds, such as cis-/trans-p-coumaric acid, cis-/trans-p-coumaric acid methyl ester, glucose ester of cis-/trans-p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid methyl ester, kaempferol 7-O-beta-D-glucoside and kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, were isolated from Lavatera trimestris flowers by chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated by spectral means (NMR). All compounds were tested for their antioxidant activity, while the methanolic extract was tested also for its antimicrobial activity. Also several non-polar constituents have been identified using GC and GC/MS methods. This is the first time that phenolic esters and non-polar constituents were identified in the flowers of L. trimestris L.     

Protein Changes in Response to Pyrene Stress in Maize （Zea mays L.） Leaves

Phytoremedlation is a relatively new approach to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from the environment. When plants are grown under pyrene treatment, they respond by synthesizing a set of protective proteins. To learn more about protein changes in response to pyrene treatment, we extracted total proteins from the leaves of maize （Zea mays L.） 1 week after pyrene treatment. The proteins extracted were separated with twodimensional gel electrophoresis. In total, approximately 54 protein spots were found by comparing gels from treated and control groups. According to the Isoelectric point, molecular weight, and abundance of these protein spots, 20 pyrene-lnduced proteins were found to have changed abundance. Of these, 15 protein spots were Increased and five protein spots were newly appeared in pyrene-treated plant leaves. Six model upregulated protein spots of different molecular weights were excised from the gels and subjected to trypsin digestion followed by peptide separation using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Peptlde masses were used to search the matrix-science database for protein Identification. Two of the proteins were Identified on the basis of the homology of their peptide profiles with existing protein sequences as pyruvate orthophosphate diklnase and the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunlt. These proteins are Involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and energy metabolism. The present study gives new Insights into the pyrene stress response In maize leaves and demonstrates the power of the proteomlc approach in phytoremedlation of PAHs.