海南黎药蛇王藤质量标准研究

为制定海南黎药蛇王藤的质量标准，依据《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版质量检定的基本原则为指导，采用性状观察法、显微观察法、薄层色谱法、烘干法、总灰分测定法、醇溶性热浸法分别研究蛇王藤的性状和显微结构特征、薄层色谱鉴别、水分、总灰分以及醇溶性浸出物。本研究明确了蛇王藤药材的性状和显微结构特征，建立了薄层鉴别方法；规定蛇王藤药材水分不得超过12.0%、总灰分不得超过7.0%、水溶性浸出物不得少于8.0%。本研究制定的蛇王藤药材质量标准可为该药材的质量控制提供依据。     

海南黎药接骨草质量标准研究

为制定海南黎药接骨草质量标准,以《中华人民共和国药典》2015年版质量检定的基本原则为指导,采用性状观察法、显微观察法、薄层色谱法、烘干法、总灰分测定法、醇溶性热浸法分别研究接骨草的性状和显微结构特征、薄层色谱鉴别、水分、总灰分以及醇溶性浸出物。本研究明确了接骨草药材性状和显微结构特征;建立了薄层鉴别方法;接骨草药材质量标准规定水分不得超过10.0%、总灰分不得超过10.0%以及醇溶性浸出物不得少于8.0%。因此,研究制定的接骨草药材质量标准,可为该药材的质量控制提供依据。     

血叶兰药材质量标准研究

为制定血叶兰药材质量标准以控制血叶兰药材质量,依据《中国药典》2020年版附录相关方法,对血叶兰的药材性状、显微特征进行观察,并对其水分、总灰分、醇溶性浸出物及多糖含量进行测定.明确了血叶兰药材性状和显微结构特征,并建立了其专属性薄层色谱鉴别方法,拟规定血叶兰药材水分含量不得超过13.0％、总灰分含量不得超过17.5％、醇溶性浸出物含量不得少于19.0％、多糖含量不得少于10.0％.本研究制定出血叶兰药材质量标准,可为血叶兰药材的原料生产、市场流通及其产品开发提供检验检测依据.     

陕西产杜仲子药材质量标准研究

为陕西产杜仲子药材制订质量标准。采用生药学研究方法,包括:种子比率测定法、水分测定法、灰分测定法、酸败度测定法、油脂含量测定法、薄层色谱法及HPLC法,对不同产地样品的性状、显微特征进行了描述。在对5批样品的种子比率、水分、灰分、酸败度、油脂测定以及指标成分桃叶珊瑚苷TLC定性鉴别和HPLC定量分析的基础上,制订了陕西杜仲子药材质量评价方法,初步规定了各项指标的限度,确定了质量标准。本文建立的方法专属性好,操作简便,是一种能全面、有效地控制陕西产杜仲子药材质量的较理想方法。为陕西省杜仲子的科学利用和杜仲资源的综合开发提供了依据。     

干旱条件对鬼针草和醉鱼草种间相互作用及生长的影响

为研究干旱对入侵植物鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)和本地种醉鱼草(Buddleja lindleyana)种间关系及生长的影响,试验设置2种栽植方式:种间组(2种植物各1株栽植于1个花盆)和挡板组(在种间组中添加挡板分离2株植物),分别进行水分处理,包括对照组(90%～100%饱和含水量)和干旱组(30%～35%的饱和含水量),测量植物形态、生物量,计算植物各特征的相对生长率和相对邻株效应指数。结果表明:(1)干旱条件下鬼针草根、茎、叶和总生物量的种间关系均为促进;而水分条件改变醉鱼草的种间关系,干旱处理为竞争,对照处理下为促进。(2)干旱下种间作用增加了鬼针草根、茎、叶生物量的相对生长率和根冠比,降低了醉鱼草比叶面积和根冠比(P<0.05)。(3)种间作用显著增加2个物种根长、根表面积和根尖数的生长(P<0.05)。研究表明,种间相互作用能提高干旱下鬼针草的生长表现,使其在干旱生境中具有优势,可能是鬼针草的入侵策略。     

不同产地槐米的质量综合评价研究

为了进一步完善槐米的质量评价方法,并对不同产地槐米进行质量评价,本研究按照2015版《中华人民共和国药典》方法测定水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物和总黄酮;采用HPLC法测定槐米中芦丁、水仙苷、槲皮素、异鼠李素4种成分的含量,并通过SPSS 20. 0软件进行聚类分析和主成分分析。54批槐米样品的水分、总灰分和酸不溶性灰分均符合药典标准;南方产槐米的浸出物及黄酮类成分含量均普遍高于北方产槐米。聚类分析和主成分分析将54批槐米聚为3类,分类结果与地域有较大关系。本研究较全面地评价了全国54个产地槐米的质量,为槐米的产品开发提供了实验依据。     

鲢、鳙肌肉生化成分的分析

同一季节收集的不同体长组的鲢、鳙肌肉的生化成分,随着鱼体的增长水分含量逐渐下降,而脂肪含量则逐渐增加,蛋白质、无氮浸出物及灰分变幅不大,且与体长变化无明显的从属关系;同一体长组的鳙肌肉水分高于鲢,而脂肪含量则低于鲢,蛋白质、灰分、无氮浸出物含量差异不大。同年收集的1+及2+龄鲢、鳙的肌肉生化成分随着季节的延续,水分含量逐步下降,蛋白质及脂肪含量逐步上升,无氮浸出物及灰分含量变化不大;1+龄鱼水分含量比2+龄鱼高,蛋白质及脂肪含量则比2+龄鱼低,其余成分含量差别不显著。       

川牛膝不同产地药材质量综合评价研究

为了建立更全面的川牛膝药材质量评价方法,按照2015版《中华人民共和国药典》方法测定水分、总灰分、水冷浸物和乙醇冷浸物;新建HPLC法测定川牛膝中杯苋甾酮、前杯苋甾酮和齐墩果酸3种成分的含量,并通过SPSS 20.0软件进行聚类分析和主成分分析。本研究较全面地评价了全国54个产地川牛膝药材的质量,54批川牛膝样品的水分、总灰分、浸出物、含量均符合药典标准,为川牛膝药材的进一步开发提供了依据。     

水团花药材鉴定方法的研究

目的:建立中药水团花的药材鉴定方法.方法:通过对主产地六批药材的研究,从薄层定性检查、水份测定、浸出物检查和灰分测定4个方面,建立了水团花的药材鉴定方法.结果:运用TLC法,定性鉴别了水团花中的2种化学成分;药材的含水量不得过9.6%;药材的水溶性浸出物不得少于31%;药材的醇溶性浸出物不得少于35%;药材的总灰分不得过5.0%.结论:该方法可用于控制水团花的质量.     

北京7种鬼针草属植物果实微形态特征及其系统学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对北京地区鬼针草属植物7个种的果实微形态特征进行了观察、比较。结果表明:(1)7种鬼针草属植物瘦果的果体形状、表面棱的数目、芒刺(冠毛)数目及其上倒刺数目和生长位置等特征可以作为鉴定各种的重要形态学依据。(2)根据果皮在扫描电镜下表面纹饰类型及表皮细胞形状等特征,可将7种鬼针草分为两类:一类果皮表面为典型的网纹纹饰,表皮细胞呈不规则多边形,细胞界限明显;另一类果皮表面为条状网纹或纵条纹纹饰,表皮细胞呈长圆形或长条形,细胞界限不明显。由于7个种的果皮表面纹饰有着明显的差异和各自的特点,并与根据叶形、地理分布及分子等证据得出的系统亲缘关系结果基本相符,表明这一特征可能具有一定的系统学意义。     

Comparative evaluation of the toxicity of aqueous extracts of the ashes of brown coals

The toxicity of industrial waste--the ashes of brown coals in connection with the possibility of their utilization in agriculture has been studied. It has been proved that ash water extracts which give low pH values are practically nontoxic for test objects. Ash extracts rich in calcium and magnesium oxides provide high pH values and has a negative effect on hydrobionts. The neutralization removes the acute toxic effect.     

外来入侵植物银胶菊水提物对三叶鬼针草和茶条木种子萌发的化感作用

以伴生草本植物三叶鬼针草和能源木本植物茶条木为受试植物,初步研究了外来入侵植物银胶菊根、茎、花水浸提液对二者种子萌发的化感效应。根据发芽率、化感效应敏感指数、发芽速率可以看出,银胶菊不同部位的浸提液在不同浓度下对三叶鬼针草的种子萌发的影响力不同;而对茶条木种子萌发无明显的作用。为选择适宜植物,生物替代防治银胶菊提供依据。     

In-vitro examination and isolation of antidiarrheal compounds using five bacterial strains from invasive species Bidens bipinnata L.

Bidens bipinnata is widely utilized medicinal plant for treatment of diseases like malaria, sore throat, acute nephritis and dysentery. However, despite its traditional uses Bidens bipinnata is not widely explored for its antimicrobial effect. Thus, the current study is aimed to form antimicrobial activity report of Bidens bipinnata extracts, along with isolation and evaluation of antibacterial activity of the isolated compounds through bioassay-guided purification. Hexane extract of its leaves has appeared to be most active thus it is exposed to automated column chromatography. Further purification using High-performance liquid chromatography has led to isolation of active peaks, identified by Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry, as 16-Pregnenolone and 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester. Their antimicrobial activity was confirmed via broth dilution procedure on Staphylococcus aureus, 16-Pregnenolone revealed a strong antimicrobial activity with MIC₅₀ of 72 μg/mL whereas 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester display an MIC₅₀ of >250 μg/mL. Present study is the first report on isolation of these compounds from Bidens bipinnata.     

葛花不同工艺提取物的异黄酮成分含量比较研究

目的:以不同浓度乙醇和大孔吸附树脂法提取和纯化葛花的提取物,并用HPLC和UV进行异黄酮成分含量比较分析。方法:以不同浓度的乙醇回流提取葛花药材制备提取物,并采用大孔吸附树脂对其进行纯化;然后以HPLC法对提取物中的3种主要黄酮类成分进行定量分析,并以UV法测定其总黄酮含量。结果:葛花不同提取物的黄酮类成分含量差别较大;所建立的HPLC方法可以同时测定葛花提取物中鸢尾苷、6"-O-木糖鸢尾苷和染料木素的含量;UV法与HPLC法联合应用,可对不同葛花提取物中的异黄酮类成分进行评价。结论:不同工艺提取的葛花提取物中异黄酮类成分有较大区别,大孔吸附树脂纯化后可显著提高总黄酮的纯度;HPLC联合UV法可共同用于葛花的质量评价及提取工艺的研究。     

Tropical soils degraded by slash‐and‐burn cultivation can be recultivated when amended with ashes and compost

In many tropical regions, slash‐and‐burn agriculture is considered as a driver of deforestation; the forest is converted into agricultural land by cutting and burning the trees. However, the fields are abandoned after few years because of yield decrease and weed invasion. Consequently, new surfaces are regularly cleared from the primary forest. We propose a reclamation strategy for abandoned fields allowing and sustaining re‐cultivation. In the dry region of south‐western Madagascar, we tested, according to a split‐plot design, an alternative selective slash‐and‐burn cultivation technique coupled with compost amendment on 30–year‐old abandoned fields. Corn plants (Zea mays L.) were grown on four different types of soil amendments: no amendment (control), compost, ashes (as in traditional slash‐and‐burn cultivation), and compost + ashes additions. Furthermore, two tree cover treatments were applied: 0% tree cover (as in traditional slash‐and‐burn cultivation) and 50% tree cover (selective slash‐and‐burn). Both corn growth and soil fertility parameters were monitored during the growing season 2015 up to final harvest. The amendment compost + ashes strongly increased corn yield, which was multiplied by 4–5 in comparison with ashes or compost alone, reaching 1.5 t/ha compared to 0.25 and 0.35 t/ha for ashes and compost, respectively. On control plots, yield was negligible as expected on these degraded soils. Structural equation modeling evidenced that compost and ashes were complementary fertilizing pathways promoting soil fertility through positive effects on soil moisture, pH, organic matter, and microbial activity. Concerning the tree cover treatment, yield was reduced on shaded plots (50% tree cover) compared to sunny plots (0% tree cover) for all soil amendments, except ashes. To conclude, our results provide empirical evidence on the potential of recultivating tropical degraded soils with compost and ashes. This would help mitigating deforestation of the primary forest by increasing lifespan of agricultural lands.     

醇沉条件和干燥方式对毛头鬼伞子实体多糖品质的影响

为改善毛头鬼伞子实体多糖的性状,以粗多糖得率、多糖含量、吸潮性及色素含量为指标,对乙醇沉淀制备多糖的参数进行了优化。结果表明:子实体经提取后浓缩至浓缩比为1∶2,即m(物料干质量/g)∶V(提取液/m L)=1∶2时以60%乙醇沉淀,再以60%乙醇洗涤1次,经冷冻干燥所得粗多糖产品多糖含量较高、色浅,且吸潮性降低,性状得到明显改善。     

Fluid bed drying of guarana (Paullinia cupana HBK) extract: Effect of process factors on caffeine content

The aim of this study was to study the convective drying of the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from powdered guarana seeds in a spouted bed dryer. The influence of process variables, such as the convective airflow rate, extract feed rate, and air inlet temperature, on the quality of the dry extract was determined using the caffeine and moisture content for the process evaluation. The caffeine content in the alcoholic and dried extracts was determined by capillary gas chromatography. The experiments were performed following a 3³ factorial design and the data analyzed by response surface. The analysis of dry extract showed that the air and extract feed rates did not significantly affect (25% level) the caffeine content, but that drying temperature is a major factor to consider when the extract is submitted to fluid bed drying. Caffeine losses were significant (1% level) for drying temperatures above 120°C, while moisture content was lower than 3% for temperatures above 120°C. The data showed that there is an optimum temperature for the drying of guarana extracts in spouted beds, and under the conditions used in this study it was 120°C.     

14种菊科植物提取物对菜青虫的杀虫活性

用胜红蓟、黄花蒿、青蒿、艾蒿、鬼针草、三叶鬼针草、鱼眼草、小鱼眼草、紫茎泽兰、千里光、希签草、万寿菊、肿柄菊、苍耳等１４种菊科植物的石油醚、氯仿、丙酮、乙醇、甲醇和水提取物对菜青虫５龄幼虫的生测结果表明,黄花蒿、青蒿、艾蒿、鱼眼草、小鱼眼草、紫茎泽兰、万寿菊等７种菊科植物甲醇和乙醇提取物具有较高的杀虫活性。此结果为进一步从菊科植物中提取,分离和筛选高活性杀虫活性成分奠定了基础。     

Polyphenolic and biological activities of leaves extracts of Argemone subfusiformis (Papaveraceae) and Urtica urens (Urticaceae)

Nowadays there is a resurgence of interest in wild plants for their possible medicinal value in diets, since some epidemiological studies have demonstrated their effectiveness against important diseases. Generally, foods of plant origin contain many bioactive compounds, proteins, energy, vitamins and specific minerals; in addition, the popular wild plant species provide fibre, essential fatty acids and enhance the taste and colour in diets. We studied the nutritional and medicinal potential of leaves of A. subfusiformis and U. urens, collected in Alice, South Africa in November 2006. To asses this we analyzed the phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaves in acetone, methanol and water extracts, using standard analytical methods. The proximate analysis showed that the leaves of both plant species contained appreciable percentages of moisture; ashes; carbohydrates; crude proteins, lipids and fibres. Elemental analysis of macro and microelements showed higher values for U. urens that contained in decreasing order: iron > manganese > zinc > copper > calcium > potassium > nitrogen > magnesium > phosphorus > sodium, for A. subfusiformis resulted in iron > zinc > manganese > copper > calcium > potassium > nitrogen > magnesium > phosphorus > sodium. Besides, the chemical composition showed higher concentration of alkaloids, saponins and phytates in A. subfusiformis. The extracts also caused 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities which were comparable to those of ascorbic acid. The extracts of both plants contained appreciable levels of polyphenols and also caused varied inhibition of some bacterial strains used in this study. When the nutrient and chemical constituents of these plants were compared with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values, the results revealed that the leaves contain an appreciable amount of nutrients, minerals, and phytochemicals and low levels of toxicants. Since the plants also exhibited some level of antibacterial activities, their use for medicinal purposes is to some extent being justified.     

红果龙葵茎和叶的抑菌作用研究

目的:研究红果龙葵茎、叶的水和乙醇提取液对常见微生物的抑菌作用。方法:制备红果龙葵茎和叶的水和乙醇提取液,用平板打孔法测定抑菌圈的方法,测定提取液对5种细菌的抑菌作用。结果和结论:红果龙葵茎和叶的水提取液和乙醇提取液对5种细菌有明显的抑制作用,乙醇提取液对5种细菌的抑菌作用强于水提取液;各提取液都显示出最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度。