乡土水生植物对富营养化水体的净化效果研究

为了解乡土水生植物净化富营养化水体的效果,研究了广东地区5种乡土水生植物对2种富营养化水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的净化效果和植物的生长状况。结果表明,与无植物空白相比,5种乡土植物使低、高浓度水体的TN去除率分别提高了3.8%～13.3%和13.2%～17.1%,TP去除率分别提高了15.2%～22.1%和11.3%～57.6%,其中野荸荠(Eleocharis plantagineiformis)适用于净化低氮水体;酸模叶蓼(Polygonumlapathifolium)适用于高氮水体;三白草(Saururuschinensis)适用于低磷水体;菱角(Trapa komarovii)适用于低氮或高磷水体;水龙(Ludwigia adscendens)对2种水体均有较好的净化效果,对高磷水体效果极佳。5种乡土植物在低、高浓度水体中均旺盛生长,水龙的生物量净增长率分别达375.5%和539.8%,表现最优,其次为菱角;水葫芦(Eichhorniacrassipes)则在高浓度水体中腐烂死亡,加重了水体污染。水龙、菱角对污染物的吸收作用较强,对P的吸收能力显著优于其他植物(P0.05)。因此,5种乡土植物均可作为广东地区富营养化水体修复的备选植物,其中水龙和菱角的开发潜力最大。     

3类水生植物对池塘养殖废水氮磷去除效果的研究

在人工模拟条件下,利用室内试验桶培育,研究了挺水植物芦苇、沉水植物金鱼藻和浮叶植物浮叶四角菱对池塘养殖废水的净化效果.结果表明,3类植物都能有效吸收废水中过剩的氮磷营养物质,经过50 d植物处理,它们对水体中氮素去除率表现为芦苇(80.8%)>浮叶四角菱(62.6% )>金鱼藻(34.4%),对磷素去除率表现为芦苇(73.2%)>金鱼藻(27.1%)>浮叶四角菱(17.2%);芦苇和金鱼藻对池塘养殖废水环境适应性较强,植物平均存活率分别可达85%和60%,而浮叶四角菱的适应性较差,存活率基本维持在45%以下.可见,在相同条件下脱氮除磷效果最好的是挺水植物(芦苇),其次脱氮效果较好的是浮叶植物(浮叶四角菱),而除磷效果较好的则是沉水植物(金鱼藻).     

几种植物去除高度富营养化湖水中氮磷及抑藻效果初步研究

利用漂浮水生植物和陆生植物对去除超富营养化湖水的总氮总磷能力及抑藻效果进行研究(10月～11月),在45d的培养周期中,水龙、水禾、凤眼莲、竹叶菜对总氮的平均去除速率用平均生物量法计算分别是31.91、32.91、21.65、38.27mg.kg-1.d-1,去除率分别是80%,77%,87%,86%;对磷平均去除速率用平均生物量法计算,分别是6.45、2.58、4.01、3.97mg.kg-1.d-1,去除率分别是85%,51%,94%,77%;研究了这些植物的生长速率、抑藻效果、干物质含量,初步探讨了乡土物种在水质净化中的应用。     

红枫湖富营养化水体生态修复中水生植物化学成分

高原山区深水型湖泊水深大、水位变化剧烈,不利于水生植物生长,通常的浅水湖泊生态修复技术难以应用.本文选取贵州红枫湖这一典型的高原深水湖泊作为试验点,在右二湖湾以浮岛为载体引种多种水生植物,并对植物根茎叶中的氮、磷及重金属成分进行了分析.结果表明:各水生植物氮含量为菹草＞鲁梅克斯＞聚合草,磷含量为菹草＞伊乐藻＞鲁梅克斯,氮、磷元素去除效果较好的植物为菹草、伊乐藻、鲁梅克斯;试验植物对重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Hg均具有一定的耐受性,植物内不同重金属的累积浓度为Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞＞Cd＞Hg,重金属富集系数根＞叶＞茎,Zn/Cd比值为叶＞茎＞根;总体上,黑麦草、鲁梅克斯和菹草重金属的富集系数较高;植物中总氮(TN)与总磷(TP)含量呈显著正相关,重金属与营养元素之间不存在明显的相关性.试验表明,陆生植物依靠浮岛载体能在水面较好地生长,可应用于深水型湖泊污染水体生态修复.在实际应用时,需结合水体污染特点和植物吸收特性选择最佳植物组合类型.     

漂浮植物对富营养化水体中氮磷去除效果研究

通过模拟不同程度富营养化水体,研究凤眼莲、水芙蓉和莲花竹在不同处理浓度水体中对氮、磷的去除效果。结果表明:凤眼莲、水芙蓉和莲花竹对水体中的氮、磷都有一定的去除效果,经过30 d的净化试验,凤眼莲对氮、磷去除率分别为50%~78.46%和68.16%~89.56%,水芙蓉对氮、磷去除率分别为57.58%~76.87%和72.28%~76.47%,莲花竹对氮、磷去除率分别为0.60%~10.80%和2.48%~10.04%。在现场试验中,水体中总氮和总磷分别降低了31.17%和20.48%,由此可见,凤眼莲和水芙蓉对氮、磷有较好的去除效果,能够改善富营养化水体。     

四种冬季水生植物组合对富营养化水体的净化效果

选择10种耐低温的水生植物构建4种植物组合,研究了冬季低温环境下不同水生植物组合对富营养化水体的净化效果.结果表明:组合1[常绿水生鸢尾(Iris hexagonus Hybrid)*羊蹄(Rumex japonicus)+金叶“金钱蒲”(Acorus gramineus“Ogan”)+反曲灯心草“蓝箭”(Juncus inflexus“Blue Arrows”)]4种植物均能在试验富营养化水体中茂盛生长,且对TN、NOx-N、NH4-N和TP的去除率分别为47.8％、52.2％、32.4％和70.1％;组合2[常绿水生鸢尾+羊蹄+金叶“金钱蒲”+大苞萱草(Hemerocallis middendorfii)]4种植物也都能在试验富营养化水体中存活,并且有一定量的生长,对TN、NOx-N、NH4-N和TP的去除率分别为44.2％、58.5％、34.6％和67.8％;而未种植物的对照对TN、NOx-N、NH4-N和TP的去除率分别为40.0％、25.9％、27.3％和64.5％;组合1和2对富营养化水体有较好的净化效果.组合3和组合4中由于吊兰(Chlorophytum comosum)和三穗薹草(Carex tristachya)等植物长势较差,仅对NOx-N具有较明显去除能力,对其他指标去除效果不明显.通过这些水生植物在富营养化水体中生长特性和对营养元素的去除能力,发现冬季组合1和2的净化效果较好,是低温条件下适宜的浮床植物组合形式.     

香根草对富营养化水体净化效果研究

采用浮床种植香根草技术研究丁香根草对富营养化水体的净化能力．结果表明,香根草对富营养化水体中的氮、磷、COPD、BOD等具有明显的去除效果,能显著改善富营养化水体的水质．研究结果为发展利用陆生植物治理富营养化水域提供了新的途径．     

4种沉水植物对富营养化水体氮磷的去除能力

沉水植物常用于水质净化与生态修复工程.本实验通过室内模拟与测定,分析比较4种常见沉水植物在6个种植密度梯度(0.5g·L^-1～3g·L^-1)下对世博后滩公园生态水系氮、磷污染物的去除率.30d模拟实验结果表明,4种沉水植物对水体中过量氮、磷均有较高的去除率,在种植密度为3g·L^-1时,轮叶黑藻(HydriHa verticillata)对TN去除率最高达到6%,马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)对TP的去除率最高为88%.在种植密度为0.5g·L^-1～3g·L^-1的范围内时,各沉水植物实验组随种植密度的增大,对氮、磷的去除率升高.     

人工湿地脱除富营养化水体氮磷的研究进展

水体中氮磷营养物质不断积累,部分藻类及水生生物的过度繁殖,导致了水体的富营养化。水体富营养化防治的关键是减小水中氮、磷的含量。人工湿地是一项新型的废水处理技术,近年来在脱除富营养化水体氮磷中获得广泛研究和应用。本文在简述脱氮除磷机理的基础上,较系统地阐述了影响人工湿地脱除氮磷的因素及工艺的在改善水体富营养化的研究进展,以便在构建人工湿地中对各项因素综合考虑及兼顾利用,提高人工湿地修复富营养化水体的综合效能。     

水体的富营养化及其治理

简要介绍了富营养化的概念和我国目前天然表面水体富营养化的严重情况。重点介绍了利用活性污泥系统去除水中氮特别是磷的一种方法。     

Effects of Phosphorus Removal on the Maximal Algal Growth in Bioassay Experiments with Water from Four Dutch Lakes

This paper reports the effects of phosphorus removal at three sewage wastewater treatment plants on the state of eutrophication of four shallow lakes in the south-eastern part of the Rijnland Waterboard area during the years 1980–1982. With chemical analyses and bioassay experiments using the natural phytoplankton population no significant lowering could be detected of respectively the phosphate concentration and the maximal algal growth potential. All lakes proved to be principally nitrogen limited except the Reeuwijk Lakes, which showed clearly, after a primary nitrogen limitation, a secondary phosphorus limitation. Therefore the main attention with respect to phosphorus reduction should be concentrated on the Reeuwijk Lakes in the first place. For the other lakes in the investigated area phosphorus removal will, when it is the only measure taken, presumably not lead at short notice to a decrease of the algal biomass.     

The importance of avian-contributed nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to Lake Grand-Lieu,France

The largest natural lake in France, Grand-Lieu, has suffered eutrophication. The objective of the study was to estimate the annual input of nutrients (N, P) resulting from avian excrement, deposited by birds feeding out of the lake and returning to its waters for breeding or roosting, as compared to the input by the rivers that enter in the lake. Two years are compared: 1981–82 and 1990–91. About 1600–2000 breeding herons and cormorants, 20 000–33 000 wintering ducks, gulls and cormorants and 1–2.4 million starlings deposited about 5800 kg total N in 1981–82 and 7640 kg in 1990–91. Respectively, 2000 and 2530 kg total P were deposited over the same time periods. These represent 0.7% and 0.4% of the total N input of the lake and 2.4 and 6.6% of the total P input in 1981–82 and 1990–91. Starlings account for 74% of the N and mallards most of the rest. P input by starlings (36% in 1981–82, 41% in 1990–91), and by mallards and herons (35% and 27% in 1981–82 and 22% and 24% in 1990–91 respectively) plays an appreciable role among birds. During the plant growing period (April–September), the contribution by birds can increase to 37% of total P input of the lake. Piscivorous bird colonies concentrate Phosphorus 42 times more within the colony than outside the colony. Overall, the role birds play in total N and P input is relatively small due to very high inputs from human sewage and agriculture run off. The monthly mean concentration of the water of the two rivers reaches currently 10 mg l^–1 of N (to 23 mg during peak floods) and 394 mg m^–3 of P (to 468 mg during peak floods). Earlier, for example in the 1960's, water in Brittany only contained 0.1 to 1.1 mg 1^–1 of N and 1 to 5 mg m^–3 of P during the maximum flow period. At this time, birds could probably have represented annually up to 37% of the N input and up to 95% of the P input to the lake.     

Effects of N : P loading ratios on phytoplankton community composition, primary production and N fixation in a eutrophic lake

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Removal of N,P, BOD5, and coliform in pilot-scale constructed wetland systems

Pilot-scale surface-flow (SF), subsurface-flow (SSF), and floating aquatic plant (FAP) constructed wetland system designs were installed and evaluated to determine the effectiveness of constructed wetlands to treat tertiary effluent wastewater in a Midwestern U.S. climate (central Illinois). Average ammonia-nitrogen (N) concentrations decreased approximately 50% in the SSF system design, suggesting that this design had the highest nitrification rate. Nitrate-N concentrations decreased by over 60% in the FAP system design, possibly due to dissimilatory reduction or plant uptake. Total phosphorus (P) concentration reductions of 25 to 40% were observed in all three system designs. Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and dissolved oxygen (DO) results suggested that biodegradation was highest in the SSF system design and lowest in the FAP system design. Greater than 90% concentration reductions of total coliform and E. coli recovered were also observed following treatment in all three system designs. The FAP system design appeared to yield the highest concentration reduction efficiency for E. coli, possibly due to increased sunlight and related bacteriocidal ultraviolet light exposure. Ongoing experiments will test regularly for a variety of vegetative, water quality, and biological conditions for longer time periods in order to gain a better understanding of the pilot constructed wetland system design kinetics.     

不同氮磷浓度下周丛生物对水体中磺胺和恩诺沙星的去除

周丛生物膜是一种对水体污染物净化的新兴生物技术。有关水体不同氮磷营养水平下周丛生物对水体抗生素类污染物去除作用的研究还未见报道。本研究设置4个氮磷营养盐浓度水平[N-P (mg·L^-1):2-0.2、5-0.5、8-0.8、11-1.1],用塑料筐装置在室外培养周丛生物膜,对其生长、光合活力、物种组成以及对磺胺和恩诺沙星去除作用进行中型模拟试验。结果表明: 各处理组中周丛生物的生物量随培养时间的增加而升高,光合色素含量和光合活力则呈现先降低后上升的“单峰”模式,表明生物膜中的藻类会受到抗生素的胁迫,但可快速适应并恢复活力。除此之外,不同氮磷浓度处理造成各组生物群落组成差异,随营养盐浓度的升高,周丛藻类物种丰富度逐渐下降,但各处理胶网藻和小球藻都具有较高的相对丰度;16S rRNA高通量测序发现,根瘤菌科、放线菌门和莫拉氏菌科菌群在(N-P)2-0.2组显著富集,而几丁质嗜菌科在4个处理中的相对丰度都处在最高水平。所有处理的磺胺去除率均高于50%,而恩诺沙星去除率均达到90%以上,其中,(N-P)2-0.2 mg·L^-1组对磺胺的去除率(65.8%)显著高于其他各组,但各处理对恩诺沙星的去除率差异不显著,表明周丛生物在较宽的N-P营养水平范围内对磺胺和恩诺沙星均具有良好的去除能力。各处理组对水体可溶性氮的去除效果不明显,但对可溶性磷的去除效果显著。本研究为水体磺胺和恩诺沙星的生态去除提供了基础数据,为研发水体抗生素类新型污染物生态去除技术提供了新思路。     

Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N & P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences

We present estimates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus fluxes in rivers to the North Atlantic Ocean from 14 regions in North America, South America, Europe, and Africa which collectively comprise the drainage basins to the North Atlantic. The Amazon basin dominates the overall phosphorus flux and has the highest phosphorus flux per area. The total nitrogen flux from the Amazon is also large, contributing 3.3 Tg yr^–1 out of a total for the entire North Atlantic region of 13.1 Tg yr^–1 . On a per area basis, however, the largest nitrogen fluxes are found in the highly disturbed watersheds around the North Sea, in northwestern Europe, and in the northeastern U.S., all of which have riverine nitrogen fluxes greater than 1,000 kg N km^–2 yr^–1.Non-point sources of nitrogen dominate riverine fluxes to the coast in all regions. River fluxes of total nitrogen from the temperate regions of the North Atlantic basin are correlated with population density, as has been observed previously for fluxes of nitrate in the world's major rivers. However, more striking is a strong linear correlation between river fluxes of total nitrogen and the sum of anthropogenically-derived nitrogen inputs to the temperate regions (fertilizer application, human-induced increases in atmospheric deposition of oxidized forms of nitrogen, fixation by leguminous crops, and the import/export of nitrogen in agricultural products). On average, regional nitrogen fluxes in rivers are only 25% of these anthropogenically derived nitrogen inputs. Denitrification in wetlands and aquatic ecosystems is probably the dominant sink, with storage in forests perhaps also of importance. Storage of nitrogen in groundwater, although of importance in some localities, is a very small sink for nitrogen inputs in all regions. Agricultural sources of nitrogen dominate inputs in many regions, particularly the Mississippi basin and the North Sea drainages. Deposition of oxidized nitrogen, primarily of industrial origin, is the major control over river nitrogen export in some regions such as the northeastern U.S.Using data from relatively pristine areas as an index of change, we estimate that riverine nitrogen fluxes in many of the temperate regions have increased from pre-industrial times by 2 to 20 fold, although some regions such as northern Canada are relatively unchanged. Fluxes from the most disturbed region, the North Sea drainages, have increased by 6 to 20 fold. Fluxes from the Amazon basin are also at least 2 to 5 fold greater than estimated fluxes from undisturbed temperate-zone regions, despite low population density and low inputs of anthropogenic nitrogen to the region. This suggests that natural riverine nitrogen fluxes in the tropics may be significantly greater than in the temperate zone. However, deforestation may be contributing to the tropical fluxes. In either case, projected increases in fertilizer use and atmospheric deposition in the coming decades are likely to cause dramatic increases in nitrogen loading to many tropical river systems.     

Ceriometry,a combined method for chemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen (with a discussion on the precision of the winkler technique)

A ceriometric method is described in which Ce³⁺ salts are used for the determination of dissolved oxygen and Ce⁴⁺ salts for the determination of the chemical oxygen demand. The interference of COD in the O₂ determination, a common feature of most Winkler determinations, is corrected. The standard deviation is typically about 1% of the mean, and bias (inaccuracy) is very small.The method is simple, quick and reliable.The precision and accuracy of the Winkler method is discussed and compared with that of the Cerium method.     

4种不同生活型湿地植物对富营养化水体的净化效果

选择4种湿地植物菖蒲、香蒲、浮萍和金鱼藻,研究单一及组合湿地植物对高浓度污水(污水处理厂进水)、低浓度污水(污水处理厂出水)中营养物质的去除效果.结果表明: 水体中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)浓度呈现试验前期快速下降,后期缓慢下降的趋势,表明湿地植物能有效净化污水中的TN、TP、COD,但不同湿地植物及湿地植物组合的净化效果存在差异.多种湿地植物组合比单种湿地植物对TN的净化作用强,其中香蒲＋浮萍＋金鱼藻对TN的净化效果最佳;高浓度污水中,单种挺水植物对TP的净化效果较好,低浓度污水中,则是多种湿地植物组合对TP的去除率较高;高浓度污水中,湿地植物对COD的去除率为85.1%～96.0%,其中菖蒲、香蒲去除效果最佳,低浓度污水中,湿地植物对COD去除率为76.9%～94.8%,以菖蒲＋浮萍＋金鱼藻去除效果最好.总体看来,湿地植物对高浓度污水中TN、TP、COD的净化效果好于低浓度污水,两种水体的pH都得到改善.     

Oligochaetes and eutrophication; an experiment over four years in outdoor mesocosms

Eight experimental ditch mesocosms were used to study the effect of eutrophication over four years. The experimental ditches had a sand or clay bottom. The ditches were treated with additions of phosphorus, phosphorus and nitrogen, or without additions (controls). Oligochaetes were sampled by deploying trays with substratum for colonization over twenty weeks. Both the important variables phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen as well as the oligochaete species and numbers are presented. The effects of nutrient additions on phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen concentrations were described together with changes in oligochaete species composition and numbers. The results were further analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA). In the clay-lined ditches nutrient addition coincided with fluctuation in oxygen concentration. The higher the nutrient addition levels the longer the period of oxygen depletion became. During oxygen depletion the number of oligochaetes was strongly reduced or even became zero. The low nutrient status of the sandy bed in the sand-lined ditches slowed down the rate of colonization. Only a few tubificids were collected. Eutrophication effects were only observed at the highest nutrient addition level. Considerable variation is attributed to stochastic factors in the sand-lined ditches. Whether oligochaete species were present was related to the length of the colonization period. The substratum composition and food together with oxygen regime decided whether they become more or less abundant in ditches. Large-scale mesocosm experiments require time to develop. Only after the first colonization period variables of species presences and abundances can be employed to detect changes associated with eutrophication. Oligochaetes can be used to measure colonization as well as eutrophication processes.