我国某些蜜源植物花粉形态研究

本文对我国一些蜜源植物花粉形态特征用光学显微镜作了各种数据测定,并对花粉形态进行了扫描摄片研究。对蜂花粉团成分也作了观察。本项研究为了蜜源花粉的开发和利用提供了有价值的资料。     

山西蜜源植物花粉的数量分类研究

应用系统聚类模型对山西１３种蜜源植物花粉进行了数量分类研究,将它们分为５类,并论述了每类的显著特点,结果表明系统类方法应用于蜜源植物花粉的分类是有效的,此外,还讨论了系统聚类方法的适用性。     

水雍科植物的花粉形态研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对世界水雍科6种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。水雍科植物花粉为舟形或船形,具远极单沟萌发孔类型,外壁纹饰通常为浅网状至网状,稀为小刺状纹饰,外壁外层由覆盖层、柱状层和基层组成,覆盖层厚。水雍科植物花粉外壁纹饰表现了从小刺状向网状的过渡。该科花粉为远极单沟,覆盖层厚,具小刺等特征反映了其与水鳖科和泽泻目花蔺科的密切联系,而该科花粉外壁纹饰多为网状则与茨藻目植物接近。这一结果支持将水雍科从茨藻目中分出作为一个独立的目处理的观点。此外,水雍科植物的花粉大小、纹饰类型、网眼大小与深浅等方面的差异对种级分类有一定意义。     

中国植物花粉形态的研究进展

中国植物花粉形态研究经历了3个发展阶段;从1953年建立国内第一个孢粉学实验室到1960年我国第一部花粉形态学专著的出版为起步阶段;1961-1980年由于历史的原因,国内的研究发展较慢;80年代以来,中国植物花粉形态学研究进入了一个高速发展阶段。迄今已系统研究过花粉形态的在中国裸子植物中占63.64%。在双子叶植物中占36.36%,在单子叶植物中占33.33%。     

天南星属植物的花粉形态

利用扫描电镜对天南星科天南星属（Arisaema)8组25种植物的花粉进行研究（其中,12种前人未观察过,12种中11种为我国特有）。结果显示：本属花粉形态基本一致,即球形,无萌发孔,无覆盖层,具微刺,是一个非常自然的类群。但各个种在花粉粒大小,刺长,刺的形状,刺基部上径,刺的密度和刺间纹饰方面差别较大,可以作为区别种的依据。这进一步证实了前人的结论。花粉形态支持学者们关于天南星属是本科最进化的类群之一的观点。天南星属花粉可能由线花组从花粉大小适中、刺密度居中向大或小、密或疏的方向发展;刺间表面纹饰对探讨组间演化关系意义不大。Murata等对于花粉刺间具较密颗粒为曲序组特征的界定可疑;把A.yunnanense Buchet、A.bathycoleum Hand.-Mazt.和A.prazeri Hook.f.归入曲序组似乎不妥。A.consanguineum Schott和A.fraternum Schott的花粉形态没有支持李恒对这两个种的归并。     

河北省平原地区常见伴人植物花粉形态研究

应用光学显微镜对河北省常见的28种伴人植物花粉形态进行了观察和研究。结果表明:花粉粒呈球形(近球形)的花粉22种、长球形5种、扁球形1种;P/E值最大的花粉为紫花地丁(Viola yedoensis Makino)1.59,最小的为苦菜[Ixeris chinensis(Thunb.)Nakai]0.84;最大的花粉为田旋花(Convolvulus arvensis L.),最小的为黄鹌菜[Youngia japonica(L.)DC.Prodr.];花粉的萌发孔主要有单孔、散孔、3—4孔、3沟、3孔沟、3—4孔沟和5—7沟等7种类型;其外壁纹饰主要包括网状、瘤状、具刺和颗粒状等4种类型。该研究为地层中伴人植物花粉的鉴定提供了标准图谱和相关信息,为了解古人类的活动、研究古代伴人植物生态学以及人类活动对环境的影响提供了现代孢粉学依据。     

木兰属3种植物花粉形态研究

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察木兰属（Magnolia)3种植物的花粉粒,其形态特征是：花粉粒长球形,具单沟：外壁光滑或粗糙,结果表明：该属3种植物花粉形态在种的水平上具有分类学意义,而且具有明显的深化趋势。     

安徽黄精属植物花粉形态的研究

利用光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对安徽省所产七种黄精属植物进行了花粉结构观察。结果表明,黄精属植物花粉形态较为一致,均属两侧对称;形状上多为船形,大小为（２１．５－５７．９）×（１８．９－３１．０）μｍ,具远极单沟,沟长,花粉外壁两层红等中外层略厚,或内层略层;外壁具微穿孔纹饰,穿孔大小、形状均不规则。主张在进行黄精属种间区分时,应考虑花粉外壁的某些特点。     

植物花粉漫谈

花粉是植物的雄性生殖细胞。它的形态各异,壁的纹饰在不同的种类有不同的图案,分类学家可以此作为植物分类的重要依据。花粉内所含的成份很复杂。经测定,花粉中所含水份为7％～12％,蛋白质和游离氨基酸24.9％,类脂物4.6％,糖39.02％,木质素16.2％,灰分2.98％,未知物12.3％。花粉含氨基酸近20种,所含糖类主要是人体易吸收的葡萄糖和果糖等,花粉中含有维生素如硫胺素(B_1)、核黄素(B_2)、泛酸、维生素PP、叶酸等,此外,还有芸香苷等。花粉中还含有15种微量元素,多种酶、辅酶、有机酸、黄酮类、激素等。因此,花粉的用途非常广泛。     

落葵上匍柄霉一新种

报道采自浙江温州落葵Basella rubra上的匍柄霉属Stemphylium一新种,落葵匍柄霉Stemphylium basellae。文中提供了新种的病症及形态图片、拉丁文简介、形态描述及讨论。研究的模式标本保存在中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

Melissopalynological analysis applied to air pollution studies in urban areas of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy)

Summary This paper presents melissopalynological investigations applied to air pollution studies. During this research honey produced in an urban environment was subjected to pollen analysis. Also, the honey was chemically analysed for studies using the bee as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni). In 1987–88, 96 samples from the cities of Modena and Reggio Emilia were examined. Palynological analysis under the microscope was complemented by direct observations of the environment, e.g. movements of honey-bees, phenology, plant distribution. Results of melissopalynological analysis proved the wide potential of bees as bioindicators. Moreover, these data supply useful information for the full interpretation of chemical analyses. In particular, it is possible to verify the correspondence between honey and monitored period to check if the sample was in fact produced in the previous month. It is also possible to correlate the honey and the monitored site, i.e., the preferential routes of bees. Finally, it is worthwhile pointing out the presence of the honeydew in the composition of the examined sample: this substance can act as a ?trap? for airborne particles, increasing their concentration in honey.     

Floral resources collected by four native bees species in southern Mexico

Abstract

Melissopalynological analysis of 14 honey samples of Tetragonisca angustula (two), Scaptotrigona mexicana (six), Melipona beecheii (three) and Melipona solani (three) from Soconusco region in Chiapas, Mexico was performed. A total of 79 taxa were identified, being Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Melostomataceae and Rubiaceae the predominant pollen types. Melissopalynological analysis reported a monofloral composition for Melipona beecheii honeys, where the most predominant pollen type was Fabaceae (54.2%). T. angustula, Scaptotrigona mexicana and Melipona solani honey samples were multifloral and predominant pollen types were Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Melastomataceae and Solanaceae. The most frequent polliniferous pollen type were Asteraceae, Bernardia interrupta, Euphorbia heterophyla and Miconia. Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) for Melipona beecheii 2016 (2.21) and Melipona solani 2017 (1.64) were lower meanwhile honeys of Melipona beecheii 2017, S. mexicana 2017, Melipona solani 2016 and T. angustula 2017 were considered as fairly diverse, because they visited a wider range of plant species, by preferring shrub and wild strata such as: Asteraceae, Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae, Miconia and Mimosa. Our results showed that the foraging behaviour of these bee species is polylectic, as no taxa was found to be more than 70% of the counted grains. Since the study of the collection of meliponine flower resources in the southern region of Mexico have not been studied yet, it is not possible to analyse the foraging behaviour, the use of resources and the management of these species in this region.     

Mapping of key bee flora of upper Gangetic region of India – a palynological assessment through regional honeys

Fifty‐one regional honey samples, collected mainly from Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh districts, were studied to determine the pollen composition. Pollen spectra of the local honeys varied according to the vegetation type utilized by the bees within this floristically diverse region. Eight pollen types from Uttarakhand and seven from Uttar Pradesh were the predominant pollen types in honey and included both local naturalized flora as well as cultivated crops. The investigation revealed that in addition to already known bee forage (e.g. Brassica, Coriandrum, and Litchi) some other species including Eucalyptus, Callistemon that are planted for social forestry programs, are also heavily utilized as pollen and nectar sources by honey bees in urban and semi urban areas. Naturalized flora including Myrica, Rumex, Erigeron are also utilized and therefore are important for apiculture in these regions.     

Pollen analysis of honey from the Baltic region,Estonia

The effect of varying weather conditions on the hourly number of airborne Cladosporium conidia was studied in forest environments during three summers. All factors having diurnal periodicity correlated significantly with the number of spores. Because of the great variation in weather and the interaction of weather factors, the most important factors were not the same for each summer. Temperature was important in each year. Relative humidity was most important in the first rainy summer, and precipitation was more important during the two drier summers than in the first summer. The maximum spore counts were obtained at the onset of rain, indicating the effectiveness of the first rain drops in detaching conidia. The amount of water precipitated also promoted the production of conidia, since it correlated positively with the number of spores in the air several hours later. Spore detachment also seemed to be closely related to decreases in relative humidity and increases in wind velocity which occurred in the morning. An increase in wind velocity from 0.5–1.0 m^?s increased the number of spores most effectively.     

Brood Pheromone Modulation of Pollen Forager Turnaround Time in the Honey Bee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis> L.)

Foraging for pollen is an important behavior of the honey bee because pollen is their sole source of protein. Through nurse bees, larvae are the principal consumers of pollen. Fatty acid esters extractable from the surface of larvae, called brood pheromone, release multiple colony-level and individual foraging behaviors increasing pollen intake. In this study pollen forager turnaround time was measured in observation hives supplemented with brood pheromone versus a blank control treatment. Treatment with brood pheromone significantly decreased pollen forager turnaround time in the hive between foraging bouts by approximately 72%. Concurrently, brood pheromone increased the ratio of pollen to non-pollen foragers entering colonies. Brood pheromone has been shown to release most of the mechanisms known to increase pollen intake by colonies acting as an important regulator of colony foraging decisions and growth.     

A study of variation in the pollen spectra of honeys sampled from the Baixa Limia‐Serra do Xurés Nature Reserve in north‐west Spain

The pollen content of eleven honey samples from ten different apiaries in the Baixa Limia – Serra do Xurés Nature Reserve and other honey commercialised by the cooperative as “Mel do Xurés” (north‐west Spain) was subjected to quantitative and qualitative melissopalynological analysis. The quantitative analysis found that ten samples belonged to Maurizio's Class III and one to Class IV. According to the qualitative analysis, four samples were classified as unifloral honey with Erica, four samples as multifloral honey with Erica pollen as the principal component and three samples as multifloral honey with Cytisus‐type pollen and Erica as the principal component pollen. The pollen spectra differ between the diverse honeys analysed, with a common denominator being Erica and Cytisus‐type pollen being abundant in all. For the rest of the samples, the pollen spectra were mainly the same, but with different relative percentages among secondary elements. Thus, either as a secondary or an important element, 91% of the honeys contained Quercus, 82% Castanea sativa Miller, 45% Rubus, 36% Cistus and 27% Lithodora prostrate (Loisel) Griseb,. In particular, we record for the first time the presence of Ribes and Ilex aquifolium L. pollen in Spanish honeys as an important minor or minor pollen component.