Estimation of N2-fixation by sugarcane,Saccharum sp., and soybean,Glycine max,grown in soil with15N-labelled organic matter

Summary Two varieties of sugarcane, and nodulated and non-nodulated soybean isolines, were planted in a soil previously mixed with¹⁵N-labelled plant material. 45 days was allowed to elapse before planting, to permit initiation of organic matter mineralization. Plants were grown for 60 days, then harvested, dried, weighed and analysed for total N. Analysis of soil samples pre-incubated in the laboratory was carried out to evaluate ammonium and nitrate from added organic matter. Dry weights of the soybean isolines were similar, but total N was higher for the nodulated line. Both sugarcane varieties showed similar weight and total N. Nitrogen derived from applied organic matter (NdfOM) was higher in non-nodulated soybean than in all other plants. Although there is the possibility of different¹⁵N availabilities between species, nitrogen derived from fixation (Nfix) was calculated based on the¹⁵N enrichment of the non-nodulating soybean. Nfix was 72% for nodulating soybean and ranged from 19 to 39% for different parts of sugarcane plants, despite high levels of available-N. Nitrogen derived from soil was calculated by difference. NdfOM was lower in roots than in upper parts (leaves+stalks) of plants. Use of¹⁵N labelled organic matter seems a useful approach to the longer term measurement of N₂-fixation.IAEA Project BRA/5/009-CENA.     

Effects of zooplankton carcasses degradation on freshwater bacterial community composition and implications for carbon cycling

Non-predatory mortality of zooplankton provides an abundant, yet, little studied source of high quality labile organic matter (LOM) in aquatic ecosystems. Using laboratory microcosms, we followed the decomposition of organic carbon of fresh ¹³C-labelled Daphnia carcasses by natural bacterioplankton. The experimental setup comprised blank microcosms, that is, artificial lake water without any organic matter additions (B), and microcosms either amended with natural humic matter (H), fresh Daphnia carcasses (D) or both, that is, humic matter and Daphnia carcasses (HD). Most of the carcass carbon was consumed and respired by the bacterial community within 15 days of incubation. A shift in the bacterial community composition shaped by labile carcass carbon and by humic matter was observed. Nevertheless, we did not observe a quantitative change in humic matter degradation by heterotrophic bacteria in the presence of LOM derived from carcasses. However, carcasses were the main factor driving the bacterial community composition suggesting that the presence of large quantities of dead zooplankton might affect the carbon cycling in aquatic ecosystems. Our results imply that organic matter derived from zooplankton carcasses is efficiently remineralized by a highly specific bacterial community, but does not interfere with the bacterial turnover of more refractory humic matter.     

不同肥力棕壤溶解性有机碳、氮生物降解特性

溶解性有机碳、氮在土壤全碳、全氮含量中所占的比例很小,但却是土壤有机质中最为重要和活跃的部分。研究利用土壤溶解性有机碳、氮生物降解的测定方法,分别选取沈阳农业大学试验站不同肥力及与定位试验地紧密相连的自然林地棕壤为研究对象,开展棕壤溶解性有机碳、氮的生物降解特性的研究,为了解溶解性有机碳、氮在土壤生态系统碳、氮循环中的作用,探讨棕壤溶解性有机碳、氮与土壤肥力的关系提供理论依据。研究结果表明,棕壤林地溶解性有机碳、氮的含量最高,高肥处理次之,低肥处理含量最低。棕壤溶解性有机碳、氮与全碳、全氮和微生物量碳、氮的相关性达到极显著水平,与土壤肥力紧密相关,可以作为指示土壤肥力的重要指标。不同肥力棕壤溶解性有机碳、氮的降解速率在培养初期较快,而后逐渐减慢,降解数据符合双指数衰变模型。棕壤溶解性有机碳分别由降解速率不同的两个库组成：周转时间在1d的易分解部分和周转时间大约为400d的难分解部分。棕壤溶解性有机氮是由周转速率大约为2d的易降解部分和周转速率在99～105d左右的难分解部分组成． 经过42d的培养,浸提液中剩余溶解性有机质碳氮比值较培养前有所增加。     

The role of organic matter in soil manganese equilibrium

Summary Tests were conducted to determine the role of additions of fresh organic matter (ground cotton seed hulls) to an alluvial loam soil of pH 8 on manganese equilibrium. It was shown that organic matter has a reducing potential which, when added to the soil, resulted in a rapid and marked increase in exchangeable manganese. The reduction is enhanced by higher temperatures (21.1vs 37.7°C) and additions of water (field capacityvs air dry) and incubation periods up to 3 days. It is suggested that the shift in the soil manganese equilibrium, induced by such factors as waterlogging or anaerobic conditions, will be more pronounced when soils contain high levels of organic matter.Patterns of the standard deviations of sample exchangeable manganese data within treatments showed that the variance is highest in moist soil, lower concentrations of added organic matter, and at longer durations of incubation. Re-oxidation of manganese occurred at lower levels of added organic matter (2 and 4%) and extended incubation time (5 to 9 days).The investigation reported in this paper (67-10-36) is in connection with a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published by permission of the Director.     

Nitrogen fixation in the stag beetle, Dorcus (Macrodorcus) rectus (Motschulsky) (Col., Lucanidae)

Abstract:  Stag beetles are xylophagous insects that feed mainly on dead wood. They play an important role in the decomposition of dead wood in forest ecosystems. Most dead wood contains 1% nitrogen at most. It is suspected that stag beetles can utilize atmospheric nitrogen. We show that the larvae of Dorcus ( Macrodorcus ) rectus exposed to nitrogen reduce acetylene to ethylene in a time-dependent fashion. No reaction was detected with the dead wood or autoclaved larvae, suggesting that living larvae use the reaction for fixing nitrogen. Acetylene reduction to ethylene by larvae increased with incubation time. This effect was not seen using decayed wood only, autoclaved wood only or autoclaved larvae. Acetylene reduction by the larva proceeded at 1.25 ± 0.37 nmol acetylene/h/g (fresh wt), corresponding to the fixation of 0.25  μ g nitrogen per day per larva.     

Modelling the impact of microbial grazers on soluble rhizodeposit turnover

Rhizodeposition represents a relatively large carbon flow from a plant’s root into the surrounding soil. This carbon flow may have important implications for nitrogen mineralisation and carbon sequestration, but is still poorly understood. In this paper we use a simple compartment model of carbon flow in the rhizosphere to investigate the proposed benefits of rhizodeposition and the effect of microbial grazers. Model parameters were fitted to published, experimental data. Analysis of the model showed that dead organic matter (necromass) had a much longer time-scale than the other carbon pools (soluble, microbial and grazer carbon), which allowed an approximate, mathematical solution of the model to be derived. This solution shows that the level of necromass in the soil is an important factor in many processes of interest. The short-term carbon and nitrogen turnover increases with the level of necromass. Microbial grazers decrease carbon turnover at high levels of necromass, whilst at lower, and possibly more realistic, levels of necromass grazers increase turnover. However, the largest effect of grazers was to increase carbon turnover by 10%, suggesting that grazers are relatively unimportant in larger scale models of soil organic matter turnover. The marginal benefits of rhizodeposition increase with the level of necromass. The model suggests that the short-term benefits of rhizodeposition to a plant are marginal, but long-term benefits may still occur.     

不同来源可溶性有机物对亚热带森林土壤CO2排放的影响

采用室内培养法, 比较分析了亚热带地区杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)鲜叶及凋落叶浸提得到的可溶性有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM)组成和化学性质差异对土壤CO₂排放的影响。结果表明: 添加不同来源的DOM后, 土壤CO₂瞬时排放速率在培养第1天内均显著高于对照(添加去离子水) (p < 0.05), 分别比对照增加了91.5% (添加杉木鲜叶DOM)、12.8% (添加米槠鲜叶DOM)、61.0% (添加杉木凋落叶DOM)和113.3% (添加米槠凋落叶DOM), 但培养5天后, 分别下降到对照的24.1%、8.3%、14.6%和13.2%, 随后逐渐趋于平稳。单次添加外源DOM到土壤中, 引起土壤CO₂排放速率增加的强度较大, 但持续时间短暂。培养31天时, 添加不同来源的DOM均对土壤CO₂累积排放量具有显著影响(p < 0.05), 而在培养59天时, 添加杉木鲜叶和凋落叶DOM的土壤CO₂累积排放量均显著高于添加米槠鲜叶和凋落叶DOM的土壤CO₂累积排放量, 但添加相同树种鲜叶与凋落叶DOM的土壤CO₂累积排放量之间差异不显著。培养结束后, 添加杉木鲜叶DOM和杉木凋落叶DOM后增加的土壤碳排放量, 分别是外源添加可溶性有机碳量的1.76倍和2.56倍, 而添加米槠鲜叶DOM和米槠凋落叶DOM后增加的土壤碳排放量只占外源添加可溶性有机碳量的22.5%和50.0%, 表明单次添加不同来源的DOM对土壤总有机碳库的影响是不一致的。     

Monitoring of changes in physical and microbiological properties of a Chernozem amended with different organic substrates

A soil microcosm study was made to monitor changes in soil physical and microbiological properties of a Chernozem during a period of up to 126 or 252 days following the addition of whey, straw or vegetable oil. In the whey treatment soil maximum water-holding capacity (MWHC) had decreased after seven and 28 days of incubation. At both dates, the differences to the untreated control were significant. Straw was able to increase MWHC of soil during incubation and after 42 and 126 days values differed significantly from those of the control. Compared with the control, whey, oil and straw treatments had higher meanweight diameter of dry aggregates. The differences were significant after seven, 28 and 126 days with whey, after 42, 126 and 252 days with oil, and after 126 days with straw. The sensitivity of dry aggregates to abrasion (SAA), representing a negative index of dry aggregate stability, was lower in the whey treatment than in the control after three and seven days incubation. In the later phase of incubation, whey tended to increase SAA. A trend to increase SAA also was observed with straw and after 126 days a significantly higher SAA for the straw than for the oil treatment was determined. This trend still was to observe after 252 days incubation. An increase in SAA observed for the oil treatment after 42 days was followed by a decrease till the end of incubation. Aggregates of organic treatments were more resistant to the dispersive effect of water than those of the control. Microbial biomass-C contents were high in the whey treatment, ranging between 1931 and 754 g g^–1 soil dry mass during incubation. With whey, fungal contributions to biomass-C increased from 40.5% after three to 76.5% after 126 days incubation. Addition of straw or oil stimulated biomass synthesis less than whey. High fungal contributions to biomass-C, approx. 70%, were sustained by straw during incubation. With oil, fungal contributions were 20.5% after three, 76% after 42 and less than 20% after 126 and 252 days incubation. Fungal contributions to biomass-C correlated positively with SAA. High sensitivity of the fungal biomass to mechanical stress is discussed as a cause for the low dry aggregate stability of soils amended with organic substrates encouraging fungal biomass development.     

Binding of nitrite-N on polyphenols during nitrification

Summary The conversion of substantial amounts of ammonia nitrogen into organic nitrogen as a direct result of nitrification at neutral pH-values, was monitored in soil suspensions amended with ammonium nitrogen. The influence of the chemolithotrophic nitrifying bacteria was verified by applying nitrapyrin as a selective inhibitor in control experiments. In addition, the role of phenolic compounds was examined by adding α naphthol. The factors influencing the nitrification processi.e. pH, NH ₄ ⁺ −N, NO ₂ ⁻ −N, NO ₃ ⁻ −N were measured during a 60 days incubation period. Nitrification started to be active after 5 and 10 days in the normal and the naphthol spiked soil suspensions respectively; it was inhibited in the nitrapyrin controls. Parallel with nitrification, formation of organic nitrogen was observed. The humic matter fractions were extracted and analyzed by I.R. spectroscopy which revealed the valence vibration ranges of nitro and nitroso groups fixed in different positions on aromatic compounds, both for normal and naphthol spiked samples. High resolution gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopic analysis indicated the formation of nitrosonaphtholes. In addition a novel organic nitro compound was identifiedi.e. an azido nitro benzene. No nitrogen was fixed in the samples treated with nitrification inhibitor. A mechanism for the fixation of nitrite nitrogen during nitrification is proposed.     

DOM对米槠次生林不同土层土壤微生物呼吸及其熵值的影响

可溶性有机质(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)作为土壤可溶性有机碳的重要来源,进入土壤之后通过改变土壤微生物数量和活性影响土壤矿化。DOM输入对土壤微生物呼吸和熵值的研究多集中在表层土壤,但对深层土壤微生物呼吸和熵值的影响关注较少。通过室内培养实验(120 d)研究米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)鲜叶DOM添加对表层土壤(0—10 cm)和深层土壤(40—60 cm)微生物呼吸及其土壤代谢熵和微生物熵的影响,为揭示DOM输入对亚热带森林土壤碳过程的影响提供理论依据。结果表明,在培养第1天,添加DOM的表层和深层土壤CO_2瞬时排放速率均显著高于对照(P0.001),分别是对照(不添加DOM)的3.58倍和6.93倍,之后显著下降。就累积排放量而言,无论是DOM添加处理还是对照,表层土壤显著大于深层土壤;在米槠鲜叶DOM添加后,表层土壤累积排放量显著大于对照的表层土壤(P0.001),但DOM添加处理深层土壤累积排放量与对照的深层土壤无明显差异。就微生物生物量碳而言,表层土壤微生物生物量碳含量在培养期间显著大于深层土壤。在整个添加DOM培养期间,表层土壤微生物生物量碳含量显著大于表层对照土壤,深层土壤微生物生物量碳含量显著大于深层对照土壤(第3天除外)。培养结束时(120 d),米槠鲜叶DOM添加处理下,表层土壤和深层土壤有机碳含量与第3天相比分别减少26%和19%。米槠鲜叶DOM添加处理后的深层土壤代谢熵(qCO_2)显著低于对照的深层土壤和DOM添加处理的表层土壤qCO_2(P0.001),说明外源DOM进入深层土壤后提高了土壤微生物对碳的利用效率。米槠鲜叶DOM添加处理后的深层土壤微生物熵是培养第3天的1.58倍,显著大于培养初期(P0.05),而DOM添加处理的表层土壤、对照的表层土壤与深层土壤的微生物熵分别是培养第3天的68%、79%和21%,说明DOM添加提高了深层土壤质量。     

养分与水分添加对荒漠草地植物钠猪毛菜功能性状的影响

分析水分与养分添加对植物功能性状的影响, 对揭示植物对环境变化的响应和适应规律至关重要。该文通过施氮与增水(包括增雨、增雪)共6种处理(对照(N₀W₀)、雨添加(N₀W₁)、雪添加(N₀W₂)、氮添加(N₁W₀)、氮雨添加(N₁W₁)、氮雪添加(N₁W₂)), 对荒漠草地进行氮肥添加、水分添加的实验。实验持续了3年, 第4年以荒漠草地建群种植物钠猪毛菜(Salsola nitraria)植物功能性状为研究对象, 量化分析了钠猪毛菜10种植物功能性状对氮素和水分添加的不同响应。得出以下结论: (1)双因素方差分析结果表明, 施氮、增水的交互作用对钠猪毛菜的茎鲜质量、叶鲜质量、叶面积、比叶面积、叶饱和含水量、叶干物质含量存在显著影响(p < 0.05), 而施氮主效应对钠猪毛菜各植物功能性状指标不存在显著影响、增水主效应对钠猪毛菜各植物功能性状指标不存在显著影响。(2)在钠猪毛菜10种植物功能性状指标中, 株高、茎鲜质量、茎干质量、叶饱和鲜质量、叶干质量、叶面积、比叶面积的最大值均出现于N₁W₂处理中(p < 0.05), 其次为N₀W₀处理。叶饱和含水量的最大值出现于N₀W₀中, 其次为N₁W₂处理中。N₁W₀处理显著降低了叶饱和含水量(p < 0.05); 叶干物质含量值在各处理下均高于N₀W₀, 其中N₀W₁处理的叶干物质含量显著高于N₀W₀ (p < 0.05)。(3)各处理下, 叶干物质含量与比叶面积为负相关关系。在准噶尔荒漠草地, 钠猪毛菜植物功能性状在不同处理下的不同表现是适应环境变化的结果。     

Seasonal patterns of growth and nitrogen fixation in field-grown pea

The seasonal patterns of growth and symbiotic N₂ fixation under field conditions were studied by growth analysis and use of¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer in a determinate pea cultivar (Pisum sativum L.) grown for harvest at the dry seed stage. The patterns of fertilizer N-uptake were almost identical in pea and barley (the non-fixing reference crop), but more fertilizer-N was recovered in barley than in pea. The estimated rate of N₂ fixation in pea gradually increased during the pre-flowering and flowering growth stages and reached a maximum of 10 kg N fixed per ha per day nine to ten weeks after seedling emergence. This was the time of early pod-development (flat pod growth stage) and also the time for maximum crop growth rate and maximum green leaf area index. A steep drop in N₂ fixation rate occurred during the following week. This drop was simultaneous with lodging of the crop, pod-filling (round pod growth stage) and the initiation of mobilization of nitrogen from vegetative organs. The application of fertilizer-N inhibited the rate of N₂ fixation only during that period of growth, when the main part of fertilizer-N was taken up and shortly after. Total accumulation of fixed nitrogen was estimated to be 244, 238 and 213 kg N ha⁻¹ in pea supplied with nil, 25 or 50 kg NO ₃ ⁻ −N ha⁻¹, respectively. About one-fourth of total N₂ fixation was carried out during preflowering, one fourth during the two weeks of flowering and the remainder during post-flowering. About 55% of the amount of N present in pods at maturity was estimated to be derived from mobilization of N from vegetative organs. “Starter” N (25 or 50 kg NO ₃ ⁻ −N ha⁻¹) did not significantly influence either dry matter and nitrogen accumulation or the development of leaf area. Neither root length and root biomass determined 8 weeks after seedling emergence nor the yield of seed dry matter and nitrogen at maturity were influenced by fertilizer application.     

古尔班通古特沙漠白梭梭枝干光合及其影响因素

植物枝干光合（P_g）固定其自身呼吸所释放的CO₂，有效减少植物向大气的CO₂排放量。以古尔班通古特沙漠优势木本植物白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）为研究对象，利用LI-COR 6400便携式光合仪与特制光合叶室（P-Chamber）相结合，观测白梭梭叶片、不同径级枝干的光响应及光合日变化特征；同时监测环境因子（大气温湿度、光合有效辐射、土壤温度及含水量等）与叶片/枝干性状指标（叶绿素含量、含水量、干物质含量、碳/氮含量等），揭示叶片/枝干光合的主要影响因子；采用破坏性取样，量化个体水平上叶片与枝干的总表面积，阐明枝干光合对植株个体碳平衡的贡献。研究结果显示：（1）白梭梭叶片叶绿素含量是枝干叶绿素含量的12-16倍，各径级枝干叶绿素含量差异不显著；（2）枝干光饱和点低于叶片，枝干不同径级（由粗至细），暗呼吸速率和枝干光合逐渐减小；（3）光合有效辐射、土壤含水量和空气温湿度是影响叶片光合的主要因子，对枝干光合无显著影响；（4）枝干光合可以固定其自身呼吸产生CO₂的73%，最高可达90%，枝干光合固定CO₂约占个体水平固碳量的15.4%。研究结果表明，忽视枝干光合的贡献来预测未来气候变化背景下荒漠生态系统碳过程，可能存在根本性缺陷，并且在估算枝干呼吸时，需要考虑枝干是否存在光合作用，以提高枝干呼吸的准确性。     

Nitrification mediated nitrogen immobilization in soils

Summary The influence of nitrification on the status of soil organic nitrogen is examined by applying NH ₄ ⁺ -¹⁵N to the soil in the absence and the presence of a selective inhibitori.e. nitrapyrin. Parallel with nitrification, formation of organic nitrogen from the added fertilizer was followed. In the soil examined (pH 6.5, 4% organic carbon),ca. 55% of the fertilizer-N was immobilized during the 60 days incubation period, as a consequence of the nitrification process. Nitrification not only appeared to contribute to the binding of added mineral nitrogen onto soil organic matter, but also to re-immobilization of mineralised soil nitrogen.     

有机物料在维持土壤微生物体氮库中的作用

采用室内和田间培养试验,研究了有机物料矿化过程中土壤微生物体氮的变化,测定结果表明,有机物料对矿化过程和微生物体氮的影响,既与有机物料本身性质和组成有关,也与土壤肥力水平和施氮与否有关。加入Ｃ／Ｎ比高的有机物料后,微生物对矿质氮的净固定持续时间长,而加入Ｃ／Ｎ比小的则固定时间短;高肥力土壤上的固定时间比低肥力土壤短。不同有机物料对土壤微生物体氮的影响不同。从加绿豆茎叶、小麦茎叶、未腐解马粪、腐熟马粪、腐熟猪粪到厩肥,土壤微生物体氮依次减小,提供的有效能源物质丰富（如绿豆茎叶）或Ｃ／Ｎ比较高（如小麦茎叶）时影响效果突出。土壤肥力不同,有机物料对微生物体的影响效果不同,在低肥力土壤的效果突出,约为高肥力土壤的４倍,因此,在评价有机物料对土壤微生物体氮的影响时,既考虑有有机物料的性质和组成,也考虑土壤力水平、矿质氮含量和培养时期。     

The role of the sea urchin,Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus), in decomposition and nutrient cycling in a tropical seagrass bed

The sea urchin,Tripneustes gratilla, which feeds mainly on living leaves of the seagrass,Thalassia hemprichii, was studied in its habitat on the southern coast of Papua New Guinea, and its roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling in a seagrass bed were assessed through the excretion of ammonium and metabolism of feces produced by the sea urchin. Carbon content of the fresh feces (21% of dry weight) was similar to that of intact dead leaves of the same species (22–23%). Carbon/nitrogen and carbon/phosphorus ratios of the feces (21.7 and 466, respectively), however, were significantly lower than those of the dead leaves (25.9–27.7 and 656–804, respectively), indicating that the feces retain more nitrogen and phosphorus in comparison with carbon. Net consumption of ammonium and orthophosphate typically concurred with oxygen consumption during dark incubation of both the dead leaves and the sea urchin feces. Compared with the same oxygen consumption rate, however, the dead leaves consumed more orthophosphate than the feces. Under sunlight, dead leaves showed a net accumulation of carbon by epiphytic algae, while the feces showed a carbon loss. Ammonium excretion by this sea urchin (1.7–5.4 mg nitrogen/individual/day) would thus appear to make a significant contribution to nitrogen recycling since biological communities associated with dead leaves and sea urchin feces tend to demand an external supply of nitrogen, such as ammonium.     

Fixation of Dinitrogen-15 Associated with Rice Plants

Rice plants (IR26 and Latisail) obtained at near heading stage from a wetland field were transferred to water culture and exposed to ¹⁵N₂ in a gas-tight growth chamber for 7 days to measure N₂-fixing activities associated with the rice. The activities measured varied from 6.5 to 11.6 μmol of N₂ fixed per hill per day. The outer leaf sheath had about 2.5 times higher N₂-fixing activities per unit weight than the root. Slight activities were also found in the basal node and inner leaf sheath. Wrapping basal parts of the stem with aluminum foil did not decrease the activities of N₂ fixation in these parts. Thus, the outer leaf sheath as well as the root are N₂-fixing sites in rice plants. N₂ fixation found in above-ground parts is not due to photoautotrophic organisms. Less than 10% of the fixed nitrogen was translocated from the fixing sites to the leaf blades and the young panicles.     

氮素对日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’干物质分配影响的模拟

 为定量研究氮素对日光温室独本菊(Dendranthema morifolium)干物质分配的影响, 该研究以独本菊品种‘神马’为试验材料, 于2005年10月～2006年7月在北京日光温室内进行了不同定植期和不同氮素水平的栽培试验, 以生理辐热积为发育尺度, 定量分析了氮素对独本菊品种‘神马’干物质分配指数动态的影响, 建立了氮素对日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’干物质分配影响的模拟模型, 并用与建立模型相独立的数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明, 独本菊品种‘神马’叶片累积氮含量最大值出现在现蕾期, 现蕾期叶片累积氮含量适宜值为1.62 g&#8226;m^–2。模型对日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’各器官干重预测结果较好, 茎、叶和花干重的预测值与实测值之间基于1:1线的决定系数分别为0.94、0.97和0.94, 相对预测误差分别为10.3%、5.76%和4.02%。该研究建立的模型可以根据温室内的气温、太阳辐射、日长和现蕾期叶片累积氮含量预测日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’各个器官干重随生育时期的动态变化, 从而为日光温室独本菊品种‘神马’生产中氮素的优化管理提供决策支持。     

Photosynthetic Potential and Accumulation of Assimilates in the Developing Chloroembryos of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub

The photosynthetic potential of leaves and chloroembryos of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub as measured by ¹⁴C-bicarbonate fixation, Hill activity, and in vivo fluorescence transients is compared. On a chlorophyll basis, dark fixation of NaH¹⁴CO₃ in chloroembryos was 1.5 times higher than that of the leaf, whereas carbon fixation under illumination was threefold higher in the leaf than in the embryos. Rates of O₂ evolution were four times more in embryo than in leaf chloroplasts. Shading of developing fruits on the day of anthesis for 10 days induced a 65% reduction in dry matter accumulation in the etiolated embryos, as compared to the normal green embryos of the same fruit half covered by a transparent Polythene sheet. The reduction in dry weight, size of the embryos, and levels of assimilates after shading the developing fruits may be ascribed to partial autotrophy of the chloroembryos.     

Interaction of nitrate uptake and nitrogen fixation in faba beans

An experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between nitrate uptake and nitrogen fixation of faba beans. Therefore inoculated and uninoculated faba beans were grown in nutrient solution with different nitrate concentrations. Nitrate uptake was measured every two days during the growing period. At the end of the experiment the nitrate uptake kinetics were determined with a short time depletion technique and nitrogen fixation was measured with the acetylene reduction method. A limitation of nitrate uptake due to nitrogen fixation was relatively small. Nitrate concentrations of approximately 1 mol m^–3 and 5 mol m^–3 decreased nitrogen fixation to values of 16% and 1% of the control plants which received no nitrate nitrogen. A reduction of nitrogen fixation was mainly due to a decrease of specific nitrogen fixation per unit nodule weight and to a lesser extent due to a reduction of nodule growth. Only the maximum nitrate influx (I_max) seemed to be influenced by nitrogen fixation. Michaelis-Menten constants (K_m) and minimum NO _inf3 ^– -concentrations (C_min) were not significantly influenced by nitrogen fixation.