微生物合成中链聚羟基烷酸酯研究进展

某些微生物细胞在特定营养限制的条件下会产生聚羟基烷酸酯作为碳源储备。和短链聚羟基烷酸酯(PHB)一样 ,中链聚羟基烷酸酯由于具有更优良的性能、更高的附加值和更广泛的用途而受到人们的关注 ;此外 ,中链聚羟基烷酸酯还可以被人工合成为具有功能性侧链的半合成高聚物 ,并因此能够具有更好的弹性和更理想的结晶性能等优点 ,从而成为近年来对环境友好的生物可降解材料的研究重点。在能够合成中链聚羟基烷酸酯的微生物中 ,食油假单胞菌是最典型 ,也是研究得最多的一种。本文对由食油假单胞菌合成中链聚羟基烷酸酯的特点、代谢机制、发挥过程等内容进行了综述 ,并提出了这一研究领域未来可能的研究方向     

聚羟基烷酸（PHA）的回收方法

聚羟基烷酸（ＰＨＡ）作为一种新型生物完全可降解塑料具有良好的应用前景。目前ＰＨＡ的高成本影响了其广泛应用。回收方法是导致ＰＨＡ高成本的关键因素之一。本文总结和比较了ＰＨＡ回收的几种常用方法,并对可能的改进方法进行了探讨。     

微生物发酵聚羟基烷酸（PHA）研究进展

聚羟基烷酸是一类生物可降解塑料,具有良好的应用前景,正成为全世界关注的研究热点,它是许多微生物在Ｃ,Ｎ源失衡条件下作为胞内碳源和能源储存物而大量积累产生的。本文着重对国内外微生物发酵ＰＨＡ研究水平和培养方法进行了简要介绍,并对发展方向作了探讨。     

聚羟基烷酸酯 (PHA) 改性研究进展

本文简述了生物制造聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA),包括聚3-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)、聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-3-羟基戊酸酯)(PHBV)、聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-4-羟基丁酸酯)(P3/4HB)、聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-3-羟基己酸酯)(PHBH)的产业化现状,综述了针对PHA材料热稳定性差、加工窗口较窄等缺点而进行的一些改性研究。选用适当方法对PHA进行改性,可使其性能得到优化,应用领域得到拓展。     

活性污泥法生产聚羟基烷酸（PHA）

介绍了厌氧-好氧活性污泥法生产生物降解塑料PHA的生化机制及增加活性污泥中PHA含量的新方法.     

生物降解塑料聚羟基烷酸(PHA)的研究进展

本文在对聚羟基烷酸 (PHA)的结构和性质介绍的基础上 ,从实际工业应用的角度综述了国内外近年来有关它的生物合成、提取及应用的研究进展     

合成微生物群落构建及其在聚羟基脂肪酸酯生物合成中的应用

合成微生物群落是由多种遗传背景清晰的微生物构成的人工系统,具有复杂度低、可控性高、稳定性强等优势,适用于工业生产、人类健康和环境修复等领域。本文在综述合成微生物群落的设计原理和构建方法基础上,特别聚焦其在聚羟基脂肪酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoate, PHA)生物合成中的应用。作为合成生态学的核心内容、合成生物学的新兴前沿,构建高效、稳定、可控的合成微生物群落需要制定相应策略来调控微生物相互作用、空间结构组装、鲁棒性维持和生物防护。近年来,合成微生物群落已应用于生产药物、生物燃料、生物材料等高价值化学品,其中PHA作为传统塑料的理想替代品受到密切关注。提升并扩大PHA合成菌株的碳源利用能力和范围,降低PHA生产成本,成为合成微生物群落应用于PHA生物合成的研究重点。     

重组大肠杆菌合成聚（3-巯基丙酸）和聚（3-羟基丁酸-3-巯基丙酸）的研究

利用Clostridium acetobutylicum的丁酸激酶基因 (buk) 和磷酸转丁酰基酶基因(ptb),以及Thiocapsa pfennigii的PHA合成酶基因,设计了一条能够合成多种聚羟基烷酸的代谢途径,用构建的质粒转化大肠杆菌,获得了重组大肠杆菌菌株。前期的研究表明,在合适的前体物条件下,该重组大肠杆菌能够合成包括聚羟基丁酸、聚（羟基丁酸戊酸）等多种生物聚酯［Liu and Steinbüchel, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:739743］。利用该重组大肠杆菌,通过生物催化作用合成了3巯基丙酸的同型共聚酯,同时利用该重组大肠杆菌还获得了含3-巯基丙酸单体的多种异型共聚物。实验首先研究了3巯基丙酸对大肠杆菌生长的影响,在此基础上优化了培养过程中添加3-巯基丙酸的时机和浓度,结果表明,在实验的条件下,细胞合成聚（3-巯基丙酸）可达6.7%(占细胞干重),合成聚（3-羟基丁酸—3-巯基丙酸）（分子中3-巯基丙酸:3-羟基丁酸=3:1）可达24.3%。实验进一步研究了同时或分别表达以上3个基因的重组大肠杆菌合成聚合物的能力,结果表明只有当3个基因同时表达时才能合成聚合物,说明3个基因对合成过程是必须的,从而表明了合成途径是按照设计的路线进行的。还通过GC/MS、GPC、IR等手段对合成的化合物进行了定性的研究。聚（3-巯基丙酸）或聚（3-羟基丁酸-3-巯基丙酸）等聚酯属于一类新型生物聚合物,它在分子骨架中含有硫酯键,不同于聚羟基烷酸酯的氧酯键,从而具有显著不同的物理、化学、光学等性质和具有重要的潜在应用价值。     

不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp. TAC-1利用聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-co-3-羟基戊酸酯)的碳代谢机理

为阐明异养硝化-好氧反硝化(heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification, HN-AD)菌株不动杆菌(Acinetobactersp.)TAC-1利用聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-co-3-羟基戊酸酯)[poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), PHBV]的碳代谢途径,以乙酸钠(sodium acetate, SOA)为对照,考察TAC-1菌株基因水平上存在的碳水化合物代谢通路。全基因组测序结果表明,TAC-1菌株中存在gltA、icd、sucAB、acs和pckA等碳水化合物代谢酶编码基因;KEGG通路数据库注释进一步证实TAC-1菌株存在糖酵解途径(glycolyticpathway,EMP)、磷酸戊糖途径(pentosephosphate pathway, PPP)、乙醛酸循环(glyoxylate cycle, GAC)和三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle)等碳水化合物代谢通路;不同碳源的代谢物差异表达,进一步证实TAC-1菌利用PH...     

Biosynthesis of short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates during the dual-nutrient-limited zone by Ralstonia eutropha

Biosynthesis of PHAs by Raltonia eutropha during the dual nutrient-limitation-zone was investigated with mixed organic acids as carbon sources and (NH₄)₂SO₄ as nitrogen source. Two different methods of maintaining the dual-nutrient-limitation zone were adopted by feeding mixed acids and (NH₄)₂SO₄ at determined rates into the fermentation cultures which were initially free of carbon sources (method A) or nitrogen sources (method B). The results indicate that, firstly, with the increase of the width of the dual-nutrient-limitation zone, the yield of short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates also increases and it suggests that most of the short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates were biosynthesized during the dual-nutrient-limitation zone. Secondly, in contrast with the dual-nutrient-limitation method of limiting the nitrogen source first (method B), the dual-nutrient-limitation method of limiting the carbon source first (method A) was more favourable for the production of short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates, and the maximum production of short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates of these two methods are 3.72 and 2.55 g/l, respectively.     

真养雷氏菌DKC1菌株镉抗性czcC基因的克隆与表达

利用PCR技术从真养雷氏菌 (Ralstoniaeutropha)菌株质粒中扩增出 1 2kb的镉抗性系统结构修饰蛋白的编码基因czcC ,然后将其克隆到pGEM T easy载体上 ,构建重组质粒 ,经EcoRⅠ酶切分析和核苷酸序列分析 ,与Gen Bank中登录的czcC基因序列相似性高达 98% ,显示其具有正确的czcC基因核苷酸序列 ,并利用pET 30a( )Vector在E .coliBL2 1中进行了成功表达。为进一步研究微生物抗镉机理及构建耐镉基因工程菌提供重要的基础资料     

富养罗尔斯通氏菌菌株PHB泄漏机理的初探

建立了一种分离纯化聚羟基丁酸(Polyhydroxybutyrate,PHB)颗粒的改良方法。采用这种方法从Ralstonia eutropha菌株H16(野生型)、SK1489(Tn5诱变的PHB泄漏菌株)、JMP222(野生的PHB泄漏菌株)分离了PHB颗粒。进一步比较研究了不同菌株的PHB解聚酶和3-羟基丁酸脱氢酶的活性。研究结果表明,菌株SK1489的PHB解聚酶活性(48h培养后达1．82U／mg)明显高于野生型菌株H16(48h培养后达0．37U／mg),菌株JMP222的3-羟基丁酸脱氢酶活性(培养96h后达165．9U／mg)比菌株H16培养(96h后达64．0U／mg)高许多。这些结果显示,不同菌株PHB的泄漏有不同的原因,突变株SK1489导致PHB泄漏的原因是解聚酶活性高,而野生型JMP222PHB泄漏的原因主要是3-羟基丁酸脱氢酶活性高。     

Isolation and characterization of a phorate degrading bacterium

Aims:  To study the degradation of phorate by a bacterium isolated from phorate-contaminated sites.
Methods and Results:  Ralstonia eutropha strain AAJ1 isolated from soil was found to degrade phorate (supplied as sole carbon source) upto 85% in 10 days in liquid medium. Half-life ( t _½) of phorate in the liquid medium in control (uninoculated) and in experimental (inoculated with R. eutropha , strain AAJ1) samples was recorded as 36·49 and 6·29 days, respectively. Kinetics revealed that phorate degradation depends on time and the reaction follows the first order kinetics. Diethyl dithiophosphate was one of the degradation products, which is markedly less toxic than the parent compound; other degradation products included phorate sulfoxide and phorate sulfone. Release of inorganic phosphates and sulfates indicated the potential of the isolate to further degrade the above-mentioned metabolites to simpler forms. The strain was also found to posses phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase enzymatic activity, which are involved in biodegradation of organophosphorus compounds.
Conclusions:  Ralstonia eutropha AAJ1 could degrade and detoxify phorate upto 85% in 10 days in laboratory conditions.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The isolate has the potential to be utilized for remediation of phorate-contaminated water and soil.     

A physical map of the megaplasmid pHG1, one of three genomic replicons in Ralstonia eutropha H16

We have used pulsed field gel electrophoresis and megabase DNA techniques to investigate the basic genomic organization of Ralstonia eutropha H16, and to construct a physical map of its indigenous megaplasmid pHG1. This Gram-negative, soil-dwelling bacterium is a facultative chemolithoautotroph and a denitrifier. In the absence of organic substrates it can grow on H2 as its sole energy source and CO2 as its sole source of carbon. Under anaerobic conditions it can utilize nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, whereby dinitrogen is released. Essential genetic determinants of the enzyme systems responsible for these metabolic processes are linked to the 0.44-Mb conjugative megaplasmid pHG1. Aside from pHG1, the genome of R. eutropha H16 is comprised of two circular chromosomes measuring 4.1 and 2.9 Mb, adding up to a total genome size of 7.1 Mb. An estimated five copies of rDNA are distributed on the two chromosomes. A macrorestriction map of pHG1 was derived for the endonucleases DraI and XbaI. Hybridization studies showed that genes for anaerobic metabolism are located on all three genomic replicons.     

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Synthesis by Class IV PHA Synthases Employing Ralstonia eutropha PHB−4 as Host Strain

Class IV polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase from Bacillus cereus YB-4 (PhaRC_YB4) or B. megaterium NBRC15308^T (PhaRC_Bm) was expressed in Ralstonia eutropha PHB^?4 to compare the ability to produce PHA and the substrate specificity of PhaRCs. PhaRC_YB4 produced significant amounts of PHA and had broader substrate specificity than PhaRC_Bm.     

Rapid selection of glucose-utilizing variants of the polyhydroxyalkanoate producer Ralstonia eutropha H16 by incubation with high substrate levels

Aims: The application of Ralstonia eutropha H16 for producing polyhydroxyalkanoates as bioplastics is limited by the incapability of the bacterium to utilize glucose as a growth substrate. This study aims in characterizing glucose‐utilizing strains that arose after incubation with high glucose levels, in comparison with previously published mutants, generated either by mutagenesis or by metabolic engineering. Methods and Results: Cultivations on solid and liquid media showed that the application of high substrate concentrations rapidly induced a glucose‐positive phenotype. The time span until the onset of growth and the frequency of glucose‐utilizing colonies were correlated to the initial glucose concentration. All mutants exhibited elevated activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase. The glucose‐positive phenotype was abolished after deleting genes for the N‐acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system. Conclusions: A procedure is provided for selecting glucose‐utilizing R. eutropha H16 in an unprecedented short time period and without any mutagenic treatment. An altered N‐acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system appears to be a common motif in all glucose‐utilizing mutants examined so far. Significance and Impact of the Study: The correlation of the applied glucose concentration and the appearance of glucose‐utilizing mutants poses questions about the randomness or the specificity of adaptive mutations in general. Furthermore, glucose‐adapted strains of R. eutropha H16 could be useful for the production of bioplastics.