Impact of the erineum strain of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colomerus vitis</Emphasis> (Acari: Eriophyidae) on the development of plants of grapevine cultivars of Iran

The present experiment was aimed at determining the influence of the grape erineum strain of Colomerus vitis (GEM) (Acari: Eriophyidae) on responses of local grapevine cultivars. GEM was applied at five density levels to each of five cultivars, i.e. Shahani, Sahebi Uroomie, Khalili Bovanat, Rishbaba and Sezdang Ghalat (listed from early to late grape ripening). The experiment was performed in a full factorial design (12 replicates each) and effects of the mite on the relative content of leaf chlorophyll, internode and cane length, leaf area and weight, number and size of the erinea, and percentage of leaves with erinea were investigated. Also mite density on leaves and in buds was assessed. Data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test to separate means among treatment levels and cultivars. The relative content of chlorophyll (expressed in Spad units) in infested leaves was reduced along with an increase in mite density and it was shown to be highly significant at the two higher mite density levels for Khalili Bovanat, Rishbaba and Sezdang Ghalat; Shahani and Sahebi Uroomie leaves appeared to be less affected by mite infestation. The highest mite density treatment displayed a strong correlation with weight (positive correlation) and size (negative correlation) of the leaves of four cultivars; leaves of Sahebi Uroomie appeared to be less affected. The reduced internode length was weak in infested plants. Most infested plants produced shorter canes and their lengths appeared to have a strong negative correlation with the highest mite density in four cultivars; canes of Sahebi Uroomie did not appear affected. At the highest mite density, canes of Khalili Bovanat and Sahebi Uroomie displayed the most and the least shortening effects, respectively. The percentage of leaves with erinea, as well as the number of erinea per leaves and the diameter of erinea increased along with the mite population density. The mite densities in buds (April 2014) and on leaves with erinea (in November 2013) were higher at the highest treatment level in the medium-late (Rishbaba) and late ripening (Sezdang Ghalat) cultivars, than in the early and early-medium ripening ones. Almost all data collected in the current experiment allowed the conclusion that Sahebi Uroomie and Shahani were less affected than the other cultivars (Khalili Bovanat, Rishbaba and Sezdang Ghalat).     

Predicting early spring emergence and late season overwintering movement of Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in grapevine

The grape rust mite, Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa), is an important grapevine pest worldwide. During the period of early spring emergence and movement to the overwintering refuge in the late season, growers need to control C. vitis properly. We developed forecasting models of early spring emergence and late summer overwintering movement of C. vitis in vineyards for control time. Their activation in the early spring was estimated by changes in density between upper bud and the whole bud. The density of C. vitis on buds was estimated using a washing out method. The proportion of C. vitis on the upper bud was increased as accumulated degree-day (DD) was increased. This relationship was well described by a linear regression model. Based on the model, 153 DD with a base temperature of 10.51?°C, at which emergence rate of C. vitis deutogynes was 70%, was proposed as the control time for C. vitis. Movement of deutogynes in the late summer was observed. The ratio of C. vitis movement for hibernation was increased as the relative night length was getting longer. This relationship was well described by a two-parameter Weibull function. Proportion of migrant deutogynes was low in August. It increased sharply when relative night length was 0.499 (11.97?h, middle September). Therefore, control should be conducted before autumnal equinox in late summer at the latest.     

Developmental parameters and seasonal phenology of Calepitrimerus vitis (Acari: Eriophyidae) in wine grapes of western Oregon

Developmental parameters of protogyne Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa) (Acari: Eriophyidae) were determined at 12, 15, 17, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 °C to better understand seasonal activity, population growth, and ultimately more effectively manage pest mites in wine grapes. Net reproductive rate (R(o)) was greater than zero at all temperatures with the maximum R(o) (9.72) at 25 °C. The lowest estimated R(o) (0.001) occurred at 34 °C. There was a gradual decrease in mean generation time (T) as temperatures increased from 17 to 31 °C. The shortest and longest generation time was recorded at 31 °C (T = 5.5 d) and 17 °C (T = 17.5 d). Rates of natural increase were lowest at 17°C (0.035) and increased with increasing temperatures, respectively. The peak rate of natural increase value (0.141) was at 25 °C. Estimations for minimum and maximum developmental thresholds were 10.51 and 39.19 °C, respectively, while the optimum developmental temperature was 26.9 °C. The thermal constant for egg to adult development was estimated at 87.7DD. The highest fecundity was observed at 25 °C. These parameters indicated that mites begin feeding at the onset of shoot growth when tissue is most susceptible in spring. Historical weather data showed that vines are in this susceptible growth stage for longer periods in the cool Willamette Valley compared with warmer Umpqua and Applegate/Rogue Valley regions. Estimation of degree-days indicated when deutogyne mites move to overwintering refuge sites. Degree-day accumulations indicated up to 14 generations per growing season.     

Study of defense-related gene expression in grapevine infested by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colomerus vitis</Emphasis> (Acari: Eriophyidae)

As the main source of lipids and proteins in honey bees, pollen is a major nutrient provider involved in development and health and has been studied for tolerance stimulation against pathogens and parasites. In the case of Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari, Mesostigmata: Varroidae) parasitization, the lack of a complete laboratory system to rear both the bee larva and the acarian parasite limited the studies concerning larval nutrition effects on the bee tolerance and resistance against varroatosis. Due to the development of this complete rearing protocol, we managed to feed young honey bee larvae with pollen supplemented solutions and to study the effect on their later development under parasitism conditions. In our experimental conditions, pollen influences neither the deformity rate, nor the survival of bees both parasitized and unparasitized. However, pollen extract supplementation seems to significantly impact the weight of the spinning bee larvae without having an effect on the physiological weight loss during pupation, so the differences found at the larval stage remain the same as at emergence. Varroa has a deleterious effect on bee pupae and led to a steady increase of the physiological weight loss experienced during metamorphosis. Interestingly, this ponderal loss associated with Varroa parasitization seems to be reduced in the polyfloral pollen supplementation condition. Altogether, this work is to our knowledge the first to study in laboratory conditions the impact of larval nutrition on the tolerance to parasitism. A diverse pollen diet may be beneficial to the bees’ tolerance against V. destructor parasitism.     

Three new species from the subfamily Phyllocoptinae (Acari,Trombidiformes, Eriophyidae) in Iran

Three new eriophyid species (Phyllocoptinae), Shevtchenkella denticulata sp. n., Notallus pestehae sp. n. and Echinacrus ruthenicus sp. n., were described from Eryngium thyrsoideum Boiss. (Apiaceae), Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae) and Lycium ruthenicum Murray (Solanaceae), respectively. All the three new species were collected from southwest of the East Azerbaijan province, Iran in 2011. It is the first record of an eriophyoid mite collected from E. thyrsoideum and L. ruthenicum and the first record of Notallus from Anacardiaceae plant family.     

Wheat curl mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) dispersal and its relationship with kernel red streaking in maize

Wheat curl mites, Aceria tosichella Keifer, dispersing from wheat (Triticum spp.) to nearby corn (Zea mays L.) fields play a role in the development of kernel red streaking in corn. These studies were undertaken to verify the relationship of wheat curl mite to kernel red streaking, to determine whether wheat is the main source of curl mites dispersing into corn and to determine whether planting corn in temporal or spatial isolation of wheat is a valid management strategy. These studies were conducted on farm fields using sticky traps to monitor mites, followed by sampling mature grain for kernel streaking in southwestern Ontario from 1999 to 2002. The dominant source mites were winter wheat. Mite dispersal occurred during the first 3 wk of winter wheat maturation after the wheat had reached Zadoks stage 87. Mite dispersal corresponded to prevailing winds in the area with the lowest number of mites and the lowest severity of kernel red streaking occurring 60 m from wheat fields planted to the north, south, and east of cornfields and 90 m from wheat fields planted to the west of cornfields. The severity of kernel red streaking was positively correlated with the density of wheat curl mites in corn; however, the correlation was weak and kernel red streaking was still high in many cornfields when few or no mites were present. These findings suggest that wheat curl mite migration into corn is not entirely predictive of the incidence and severity of kernel red streaking.     

Influence of Canopy Height and Fertilization Levels on the Resistance of Lycopersicon Hirsutum to Aculops Lycopersici (Acari: Eriophyidae)

The objective of this work was to study the effect of NK fertilization levels and canopy height on the resistance of Lycopersicon hirsutum and Lycopersicon esculentum to Aculops lycopersici (Acari: Eriophydae). The effects of NK fertilization levels and canopy height in the leaf size and density of trichomes and their effects on tridecan-2-one (2-TD) and undecan-2-one (2-UD) limiting the attack of A. lycopersici on tomato plants were assessed. Different NK fertilization levels had no effect on the resistance of L. hirsutum to A. lycopersici. No significant differences were found in attack rates of this mite on leaves of the top and median parts of L. hirsutum canopy. The type and density of trichomes were the main determining factor of A. lycopersici attack on tomato plants. High trichome densities and type VI glandular trichomes which produce tridecan-2-one are important resistance factors on tomato plants. L. hirsutum showed a high resistance level to A. lycopersici due to high densities of type VI glandular trichomes and consequently higher levels of tridecan-2-one in its leaves.     

Taxonomic review of the tribe Anthocoptini (Acari: Eriophyidae) from Korea

Tribe Anthocoptini (Prostigmata: Eriophyidae) from Korea was reviewed. A total of eight species in the tribe were presented, among them, four species, Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa), Aculus fockeui (Nalepa and Trouessart), Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) and Tegolophus zizyphagus (Keifer) were newly recorded to the fauna. All the Korean species of the tribe were redescribed and illustrated. Keys to the Korean species of the tribe and distributions were also presented with the biological information such as host plants and damage symptoms.     

中国瘿螨科三新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:瘿螨总科)

记述瘿螨科3新种：紫珠瘤瘿螨Aceria callicarpae,sp.nov.,寄主为大叶紫珠;甜茶叶刺瘿螨Phyllocoptes suavissimi,sp.nov.,寄主为甜茶;以及黄瑞木畸瘿螨Abacarus adinandrae sp.nov.,寄主为亮叶黄瑞木。     

中国瘿螨亚科Eriophyinae二新种记述 （蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨科）

 描述了瘿螨亚科二新种：胡枝子瘤瘿螨Aceria lespedezae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地 辽宁鞍山市;竹斜瘿螨Acaralox bambusae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地湖南冷水江市。     

中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:瘿螨科)

记述叶刺瘿螨亚科4新种：粗毛榕上三脊瘿螨Calepitrimerus fici Wei,sp．nov．,大叶紫珠上瘿螨Epitrimerus callicarpae Wei et Li,sp．nov．,木姜子五脊瘿螨Pentamerus litseae Wei et Chen,sp．nov．和三又苦顶背瘿螨Tegonotus evodiae Wei,sp．nov．。模式标本保存在广西大学农学院。     

中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述

记述叶刺瘿螨亚科4新种:野葛藤裂柄瘿螨 Dichopelmus puerariae,sp.nov.,猪肚勒上三脊瘿螨 Calepitrimerus jasmini,sp.nov.,环江顶冠瘿螨 Tegolophus huanjiangensis,sp.nov.,类芦新四瘿螨 Neotetra neyraudiae,sp.nov..模式标本保存在广西大学农学院.     

中国瘿螨亚科Eriophyinae二新种记述（蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨科）

描述了瘿螨亚科二新种：胡枝子瘤瘿螨Acerialespedezae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地辽宁鞍山市;竹斜瘿螨Acaralox bambusae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地湖南冷水江市。     

中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨科)

记述了叶刺瘿螨亚科(Phyllocoptinae)四新种：茅莓上三脊瘿螨Calepitrimerus rubi sp.nov.,槐顶冠瘿螨Tegolophus sophorae sp.nov.,丁香四刺瘿螨Tetraspinus syringae sp.nov.和柳副四瘿螨Paratetra sallicis sp.nov.。     

Monitoring the susceptibility of citrus rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) populations to abamectin.

A citrus leaf disk bioassay was developed to monitor the susceptibility of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), populations to abamectin. Disks from leaves of several citrus cultivars were equally suitable bioassay substrates, and there was no difference in mortality when mites were sprayed directly or exposed to dry abamectin residue. The concentration-response relationship was determined at intervals over 2 yr for a reference population of citrus rust mites that had been maintained in culture and never exposed to acaricides. Three diagnostic concentrations of abamectin were selected based on the response of the reference population and were used to test the susceptibility of 15 populations of mites from commercial citrus groves. Comparisons with the reference population showed reduced levels of susceptibility in some populations. Populations of citrus rust mites from 6 commercial groves were sprayed twice in 1997 with combinations of acaricides designed to exert different intensities of selection pressure from abamectin. None of these populations showed a change in their response to abamectin in pre- and postspray bioassays, although their susceptibility was usually less than that of mites from the susceptible reference population. Biweekly counts of rust mites on fruit in these 6 groves suggested that, relative to groves which received no abamectin or 1 abamectin spray, mite control was not adversely affected in the groves sprayed twice with abamectin. The bioassay method is discussed in relation to factors that affect the interpretation of results from its use, and factors that may affect the development of resistance to abamectin in citrus rust mite populations are presented. This study has provided baseline data with which the results of ongoing tests of the response of citrus rust mite populations to abamectin can be compared.     

中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:瘿螨科)

记述叶刺瘿螨亚科4新种：野葛藤裂柄瘿螨Dichopelmus puerariae,sp．nov．,猪肚勒上三脊瘿螨Calepitrimerus jasmini,sp．nov．,环江项冠瘿螨Tegolophus huanjiangensis,sp．nov．,类芦新四瘿螨Neotetra neyraudiae,sp．nov．。模式标本保存在广西大学农学院。     

Binomial sampling to estimate rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) densities on orange fruit

Binomial sampling based on the proportion of samples infested was investigated for estimating mean densities of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), and Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae), on oranges, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. Data for the investigation were obtained by counting the number of motile mites within 600 sample units (each unit a 1-cm2 surface area per fruit) across a 4-ha block of trees (32 blocks total): five areas per 4 ha, five trees per area, 12 fruit per tree, and two samples per fruit. A significant (r2 = 0.89), linear relationship was found between ln(-ln(1 -Po)) and ln(mean), where P0 is the proportion of samples with more than zero mites. The fitted binomial parameters adequately described a validation data set from a sampling plan consisting of 192 samples. Projections indicated the fitted parameters would apply to sampling plans with as few as 48 samples, but reducing sample size resulted in an increase of bootstrap estimates falling outside expected confidence limits. Although mite count data fit the binomial model, confidence limits for mean arithmetic predictions increased dramatically as proportion of samples infested increased. Binomial sampling using a tally threshold of 0 therefore has less value when proportions of samples infested are large. Increasing the tally threshold to two mites marginally improved estimates at larger densities. Overall, binomial sampling for a general estimate of mite densities seemed to be a viable alternative to absolute counts of mites per sample for a grower using a low management threshold such as two or three mites per sample.     

Five new species of Phyllocoptinae (Acari: Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae) from China

Five new species of eriophyoid mites of the subfamily Phyllocoptinae from China are described and illustrated, namely Tegolophus liquidambaricola sp. nov.(Anthocoptini) infesting Liquidambar formosana Hance var.(Hamamelidaceae), Abacarus paniceus sp. nov.(Anthocoptini) infesting Panicum notatum Retz.(Poaceae), Tetra armato sp. nov.(Anthocoptini) infesting Zanthoxylum armatum DC. var. armatum(Rutaceae), Pentaconvexus lambertianus sp. nov.(Acaricalini) infesting Rubus lambertiannus Ser.(Rosaceae) and Parategonotus acanthopanacinus sp. nov.(Tegonotini) infesting Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith(Araliaceae). All these new species are free-living on the undersurface of leaves and cause indistinctive damage to the host plants.     

Altitudinal variation in body size in Abacarus panticis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae)

We found that body length of a minute eriophyoid mite, Abacarus panticis Keifer, increased with elevation and rainfall, decreased with temperature, and exhibited a female-biased dimorphism. There was a negative temperature–body length relation in the female instead of the male, whose size remained constant along temperature gradients. In addition, scaling of body length between sexes is not significantly different from one. We conclude that within-species body length of A. panticis conforms to Bergmann’s trend but not Rensch’s rule. Further studies could take advantage of the more rigorous and flexible hierarchical model in the revelation of scale-specific determinants of phenotypic variation.