Species ofAnthostomella from Brunei, includingA. oblongata sp. nov.

Species ofAnthostomella reported from Brunei have been re-examined and the data is summarized in this paper. Five species are accepted, four are synonyms of previously described species and one is a new species. The new speciesAnthostomella oblongata is described and illustrated and a list ofAnthostomella species known from Brunei and a key to these species are provided.     

Chassalia magnificens sp. nov. and C. chrysoclada comb. nov. (Rubiaceae) from central Africa

Chassalia magnificens, a new species from the Albertine Rift in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, is described and illustrated. The species is recognised inter alia by its large stipules and montane habitat. Chassalia chrysoclada is a new combination for a widespread, but hitherto overlooked, central African species originally described in the genus Psychotria. Chassalia chrysoclada is related to C. pteropetala (K. Schum.) Cheek but lacks the bicostate twigs and dorsally winged corolla lobes of that species.     

Sphagnum divinum (sp. nov.) and S. medium Limpr. and their relationship to S. magellanicum Brid.

Sphagnum magellanicum has been viewed as being a predominantly circumpolar species in the northern hemisphere, but it occurs in the southern hemisphere and was originally described from the southern parts of Chile. It is an ecologically important species in mire ecosystems and has been extensively used as a model to study processes of growth, carbon sequestration and peat decomposition. Molecular and experimental studies have, however, revealed genetic structure within S. magellanicum, and morphological differences associated with these genetic groups. Here we describe Sphagnum divinum in Sphagnum subgenus Sphagnum (Sphagnaceae, Bryophyta) as a new species, based on molecular and morphological evidence. Sphagnum medium is reinstated as a distinct species and is epitypified. Consequently, a new species concept of S. magellanicum is presented including an epitypification. Important morphological characters to separate these three species in the field and under the microscope are presented. Ecology and distribution differ among the species; S. divinium has a wide habitat range including mire margin, forested peatlands and moist heaths, and a circumpolar distribution around the northern hemisphere. Sphagnum medium seems to be more restricted to ombrotrophic mire expanse habitats and shows an amphi-Atlantic distribution in the northern hemisphere. Sphagnum magellanicum has a very broad ecological niche in peatlands and is found in most mire habitats in Tierra del Fuego on the southern tip of South America.     

AMPHIDINIUM REVISITED. II. RESOLVING SPECIES BOUNDARIES IN THE AMPHIDINIUM OPERCULATUM SPECIES COMPLEX (DINOPHYCEAE), INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF AMPHIDINIUM TRULLA SP. NOV. AND AMPHIDINIUM GIBBOSUM. COMB. NOV.1

Amphidinium operculatum Claparède et Lachmann, the type species of the dinoflagellate genus Amphidinium, has long had an uncertain identity. It has been considered to be either difficult to distinguish from other similar species or a morphologically variable species itself. This has led to the hypothesis that A. operculatum represents a “species complex.” Recently, the problem of distinguishing A. operculatum from similar species has become particularly acute, because several morphologically similar species have been found to produce bioactive compounds of potential interest to the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we cultured and examined existing cultures of several species of Amphidinium, most of which have been previously identified as A. operculatum or as species considered by some to be synonyms or varieties of A. operculatum. Thirty strains were examined using comparative LM, SEM, and partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequence data. Through morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, six distinct species were identified, including Amphidinium trulla sp. nov. and Amphidinium gibbosum comb. nov. Amphidinium operculatum was redescribed based on four cultures. Genetic variability within the examined Amphidinium species varied greatly. There was little difference among strains in partial LSU rDNA for most species, but strains of A. carterae and A. massartii Biencheler differed by as much as 4%. In both A. carterae and A. massartii, three distinct genotypes based on partial LSU rDNA were found, but no morphological differences among strains could be observed using LM or SEM. In the case of A. carterae, no biogeographically related molecular differences were found.     

PALEOZOIC LYCOPSID FRUCTIFICATIONS. I. LEPIDOCARPON PETRIFACTIONS

A reinvestigation of the 4 American species of Lepidocarpon described from petrifactions and of Illiniocarpon cadyi, also described from petrifactions, shows that they are all conspecific. When they, in turn, are compared with specimens of the British petrifaction L. lomaxi, no significant differences can be demonstrated. The criteria cited as diagnostic for the American petrifaction species of Lepidocarpon were found to fail as bases of discrimination when 400 specimens of Lepidocarpon found in coal balls of Pennsylvanian age were studied. Measurements and observations made of a sample size of 136 of these 400 specimens reveal a degree of variation compatible with that of a single species. All previously described American and British petrifaction taxa fall within (or not significantly beyond) this range of variability of a single species as determined from this sample. Additional evidence concerning the 3-dimensional sporophyll structure of this one species of Lepidocarpon and the configurations obtained by certain planes of section through it have served to demonstrate that Illiniocarpon cadyi is in reality a taxon based on sectioned structures of the sporophyll of this Lepidocarpon species. Under the rules of priority, this species of Lepidocarpon and the following are assigned to Lepidocarpon lomaxi: Illiniocarpon cadyi, Lepidocarpon ioense, L. magnificum (megasporangiate form), L. crenatum and L. palmerensis. On the basis of the morphological evidence, the British petrifaction described as Lepidocarpon wildianum is also equated with L. lomaxi.     

On Chytridium braun,Diplochytridium N. G., and Canteria N. G. (Chytridiales)

Summary The operculate genus Chytridium Braun is emended and restricted to approximately 25 known species and several incompletely known members which lack an apophysis and develop much like species of Rhizophydium, insofar as the zoosporangium and absorbing or rhizoidal system are concerned, and form endobiotic or intramatrical resting spores. This interpretation corresponds fairly closely to Braun's diagnosis of the type species.A new genus, Diplochytridium, is established to segregate the former Chytridium species with an endobiotic or intramatrical apophysis or prosporangium and resting spores, which may develop sexually or asexually. Some of these species have a well-defined endo-exogenous alternation of growth and development in which the apophysis appears to function as a prosporangium. As interpreted here, Diplochytridium includes approximately 20 of the known species.Another new genus, Canteria, is created for a parasite of Mougeotia which Canter first described as a species of Phlyctidium but later found to develop endobiotic resting spores or zygospores by the fusion of conjugation tubes.     

Legionella bozemanii sp. nov. andLegionella dumoffii sp. nov.: Classification of two additional species ofLegionella associated with human pneumonia

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness was used to distinguish strains ofLegionella-like organisms (LLO) fromLegionella pneumophila. Two of these LLO strains, WIGA and MI 15, showed sufficient DNA relatedness to one another to be classified in the same species. The nameLegionella bozemanii species nova is proposed for this new species. The type strain ofL. bozemanii is WIGA (=ATCC 33217) Two other LLO strains, NY 23 and Tex-KL, were shown to represent a new species. The nameLegionella dumoffii species nova is proposed for this species. The type strain ofL. dumoffii is NY 23 (=ATCC 33279). These two species joinL. pneumophila andL. micdadei in the genusLegionella.     

Studies in Heterobasidiomycetes,Part 38*)Sphacelotheca polygoni-persicariae G. Demi & Oberw. spec. nov.

A new species, Sphacelotheca polygoni-persicariae, parasitizing the ovaries of Polygonum persicaria L. is described. This smut, collected several times in Madeira, Portugal, differs from other species of that genus, by its host plant and the reticulated teliospore ornamentation. On the basis of the morphological and ultrastructural characters of S. polygoni-persicariae, in connection with some recently published data on siderophore formation and 5S ribosomal RNA sequences it can be assumed that 1) members of the genus Sphacelotheca are separated from typical Ustilago species of Poaceae, 2) Sphacelotheca is restricted to species parasitizing Polygonaceae, and 3) species of Sphacelotheca and Microhotryum as well as those Ustilago species which parasitize in the flowers of Polygonaceae are closely related.     

Cousinia brevicaulis sp. nov. (sect. Lasiandra) for the flora of Iran

Cousinia brevicaulis is described and illustrated as a new species from eastern Iran. This species belongs to the C. sect. Lasiandra Bunge as defined by hairy anther tube, yellow, pale yellow or rarely milky flowers, monocarpic growth form and corymbose branching of stem. It is easily distinguished from other species of the section by its very short‐stemmed habit. The new species is distributed in the same region as other species of C. sect. Lasiandra.     

Mollugo viscosa sp. nov. (Molluginaceae), a segregate of M. brasiliensis from Minas Gerais in eastern Brazil

The new species Mollugo viscosa Thulin & Harley is described from Minas Gerais in eastern Brazil. It was previously part of the recently published M. brasiliensis Thulin & Harley, a species that was found to be non‐monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Mollugo brasiliensis is here divided into a northern species (M. brasiliensis s.str.) in Bahia and a southern species (M. viscosa sp. nov.) in Minas Gerais. The new species differs from M. brasiliensis in its denser and more viscous indumentum, and in its distinctly smaller seeds with smaller tubercles and a smaller hilar peg, and from its sister species M. ulei by being a perennial herb with bisexual flowers.     

Trichosporon siamense sp. nov. isolated from insect frass in Thailand

A strain of yeast isolated from insect frass collected in Thailand was found to represent a hitherto undescribed species of a basidiomycetous anamorphic genus Trichosporon. It is described as Trichosporon siamense. In the phylogenetic tree based on the D1/D2 region sequences of 26S rDNA, this yeast constitutes a cluster with several Q-9 having species of Trichosporon including T. otae and T. brassicae but is clearly differentiated from these species by 1.8% or more base substitutions. In the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 and ITS2), this species differs from T. scarabaeorum, the nearest species, by 6.5% base substitution.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE. IV. AMBROSIEAE

New chromosome observations are reported for 30 species and varieties from 4 genera of Ambrosieae: Ambrosia (including Franseria), Diceria, Hymenoclea and Iva. Neither polyploidy nor aneuploidy is known in the genera Dicorea, Hymenoclea or Xanthium. Aneuplcid reduction appears to have played a role in the genome evolution of several species of Iva and Ambrosia. Polyploid species occur in both Iva and Ambrosia and polyploid series exist for at least 5 species or species aggregates of the latter. All available evidence indicates that the primitive chromosome number for the tribe is x = 18, differentiation and speciation having occurred at this level, which is here termed diploid. The group, however, must ultimately have been of polyploid origin from forms with x = 9.     

Microfungi on the Pandanaceae:Polytretophora macrospora sp. nov.

Polytretophora macrospora is introduced based on specimens from two species ofPandanus in Seychelles. The new species is compared with currently accepted species. A key and a comparative synopsis toPolytetophora species are provided. Numerous specimens ofP. calcarata, collected on members of the Pandanaceae from Australia, Fiji, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Palau, Philippines, Seychelles and Solomon Islands are also reported, along withP. dendroidea onPandanus sp. from Malaysia.     

1071. Corydalis hamata Franch: Papaveraceae.

Corydalis hamata Franch. is described and illustrated. Variation within the species and relationships with related species are discussed. Corydalis pseudohamata Fedde is reinstated as a species.     

Chemotaxonomy of the Hymenophyllaceae. II. C-GLYCOSYLFLAVONES AND FLAVONE-O-GLYCOSIDES OF TRICHOMANES S.L.

An analysis of 23 species of Trichomanes s. 1. indicates that the presence of C-glycosylflavones, especially mono-C-glycosylflavones, may be a basic characteristic for this genus. Except for the morphologically unique Cardiomanes reniforme, this feature appears to delimit the species of Trichomanes s. 1. from those of Hymenophyllum s. 1. Several species, primarily those classified within Didymoglossum (according to both Copeland and Morton), synthesize flavone-O-glycosides in addition to their C-glycosylflavone profiles. Two species, T. birmanicum and T. radicans, appear to be unique in synthesizing the di-C-glycosylflavones violanthin and isoviolanthin; five species (T. collariatum, T. scandins, T. birmanicum, T. bicorne, and T. alatum) appear to synthesize di-C-glycosylflavones but lack mono-C-glycosylflavones. Based on this and other studies, it may be appropriate to consider these C-glycosylflavone-producing plants as representing primitive leptosporangiate stock.