近年广西银杏病虫害发生及防治对策

近年来 ,银杏病虫害在广西各栽培地区普遍发生。主要报导了在广西危害比较严重 ,造成较大经济损失的病虫害及其危害症状、形态特征、发生规律和防治措施。这些病虫害在广西多属首次发现报导。     

Molecular detection of Leishmania infection in sand flies in border line of Iran–Turkmenistan: Restricted and permissive vectors

A molecular study was carried out to incriminate sand fly vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in rural areas of Sarakhs district, Khorassane-Razavi Province, northeastern Iran, in 2011. Sand flies of Sergentomyia with three species and Phlebotomus with six species respectively comprised 73.3% and 26.7% of the specimens. Phlebotomus papatasi was the most common Phlebotomine species in outdoor and indoor resting places. Leishmania infection was found at least in 17 (22%) specimens including Ph. papatasi (n = 9 pool samples), Phlebotomus caucasicus (n = 6), Phlebotomus alexandri (n = 1), and Sergentomyia sintoni (n = 1). The parasites were found comprised Leishmania major (n = 5), Leishmania turanica (n = 10), and Leishmania gerbilli (n = 4). Infection of Ph. papatasi with both L. major and L. turanica supporting the new suggestion indicating that it is not restricted only with L. major. Circulation of L. major by Ph. alexandri, and both L. gerbilli and L. turanica by Ph. caucasicus, in addition to previous data indicating the ability of Ph. alexandri to circulate Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani, and Ph. caucasicus to circulate L. major, suggests that these two species can be permissive vectors. The results suggest that Ph. papatasi and Ph. alexandri are the primary and secondary vectors of CL where circulating L. major between human and reservoirs, whereas Ph. caucasicus is circulating L. turanica and L. gerbilli between the rodents in the region.     

鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害调查与防控策略

为了解广东省连平县鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害的发生为害情况,于2015-2016年对连平县鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害的发生为害进行了系统调查。记录发现11种病害和13种虫害,其中为害严重的病害有果腐病、流胶病、细菌性穿孔病、炭疽病、果肉海绵组织病害5种;害虫有天牛、桑白蚧、蚜虫和桔小实蝇4种。在系统调查病虫害为害程度的基础上,对几种重要病虫害的发生、为害情况及相应的防治措施作了相应的阐述。     

设施蔬菜病虫绿色防治技术初探

详细论述了绿色防治技术的内涵,阐明了设施蔬菜病虫绿色防治的必要性和紧迫性,并在充分掌握设施蔬菜病虫发生规律的基础上,提出了一套包括选用抗病虫品种、O3棚室消毒、健身栽培、嫁接、生态调控、果实类蔬菜套袋、防虫网阻隔技术及科学限量使用化学农药等设施蔬菜病虫绿色防治关键技术,将对实现绿色食品蔬菜生产、保护菜田环境具有十分重要的指导作用。     

水晶梨病虫害防治预测模型

[目的]为提高水晶梨病虫害防治工作效率,进一步提升病虫害的预测效果和精度。[方法]深入研究了灰色模型(GM),利用GM对水晶梨环境因子数据进行建模得到病虫害预测公式,通过差分方程推导出时间响应式和参数估计,建立了优化初始值的灰色模型(OIVGM),将OIVGM与BP神经网络预测模型(BP)进行组合,建立了优化初始值的灰色BP神经网络预测组合模型(OIVGM-BP)。[结果]通过单位根检验法测量模型的稳定性,OIVGM-BP一阶差分处理后,T统计量(-5.487654)小于5%临界值(-2.878073),数据序列表明平稳,OIVGM-BP可以稳定进行预测。通过白噪声检验方法测量OIVGM-BP的适应性,OIVGM-BP的残差P值从第二阶开始,均大于0.05,说明OIVGM-BP的适应性较好,各阶均通过了白噪声检验。LRM、GM、TSM、BP、OIVGM-BP对梨锈病、白粉病、腐烂病、梨黄粉蚜、梨二叉蚜、梨木虱6种病虫害的预测准确率的平均值分别为70.81%、70.09%、69.74%、65.64%、83.01%,OIVGM-BP的预测准确率优于其他4种预测模型。[结论]OIVGM-BP能够对水晶梨病虫害进行有效预测,能够更好地指导农业生产。     

Phlebotomine sandflies and leishmaniasis risks in Colombian coffee plantations under two systems of cultivation

The phlebotomine sandfly fauna of traditional (shaded) and intensified (unshaded) coffee plantations in Colombia was sampled by a variety of methods and the species composition and density under the two systems compared. Twenty species of Lutzomyia sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) were collected, of which eight were found only in the 'Coffee Axis' ('Eje Cafetero') of the departments of Caldas, Risaralda and Quindio, six were exclusive to the department of Norte de Santander and six occurred in both regions. Four species were collected only in traditional plantations and two exclusively in intensified ones. At least 13 species occurred in both plantation types. Fifteen species are opportunistic man-biters and eight are suspected vectors of leishmaniasis caused by Le. braziliensis, Le. panamensis or Le. mexicana. Seven species were collected inside houses and may be involved in intradomiciliary transmission of Leishmania. The dominant species in Norte de Santander was Lu. spinicrassa, which made up 93.8% of all the sandflies collected in this department. This species was absent from the Eje Cafetero and a number of others among the 15 recorded there might be responsible for Leishmania transmission in this region, including Lu. trapidoi, Lu. yuilli, Lu. gomezi, L. hartmanni and Lu. ovallesi. Sandfly population densities were significantly higher in traditional plantations than in intensified ones. Residents of traditional plantations were able to describe sandflies in significantly more detail than those of intensified plantations, based on seven basic characteristics related to the appearance and biting behaviour of the insects.     

Vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-central Venezuela

Abstract. An entomological survey was undertaken from January 1991 to February 1992 in El Ingenio, Miranda State, Venezuela, an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis: prevalence of 10.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.
A total of 4863 female sandflies (Phlebotominae) of fourteen species were collected in Shannon traps, then dissected and examined for leishmanial infections.
Lutzomyia ovallesi (85.4%) and Lu. gomezl (11.2%) were the predominant anthropophilic species of sandfly. Fifty-one (1.19%) Lu. ovallesi and two(0.47%) Lu. gomezi had natural infection with Leishmania promastigotes. Identification of the parasites was done by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA hybridization. Two isolates from Lu. gomezi and forty-nine from Lu. ovallesi were typed as Leishmania braziliensis and three of the latter reacted with Le. mexicana also. This is the first report of Lu. gomezi with parasites typed as Le. braziliensis.
We concluded that Lu. ovallesi is the primary vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the north-central area of Venezuela and Lu. gomezi should be regarded as an additional vector.     

芽胞杆菌防治烟草病虫害的研究进展

烟草病虫害严重影响烟草产业的可持续发展,更为安全的生物防治方法已成为烟草病虫害防治研究的热点领域。芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)是一类比较理想的生防微生物,在植病生物防治领域显示出了广阔的应用前景。本文论述了芽胞杆菌属细菌的生物学特性及其在烟草黑胫病、赤星病、青枯病、炭疽病、根黑腐病、花叶病、白粉病、烟草斜纹夜蛾和甲虫等烟草病虫害防治中的应用。