Two-patch model of spatial niche segregation

Spatial niche segregation between two habitats and the related adaptive dynamics are investigated. Independent population regulations operate in the two patches by a single resource in each. The populations migrate between the habitats with a constant rate. In line with a general mathematical concept published elsewhere, the niche of a species is described by the measures of the two-way interactions between the species and the resources. Increasing migration rate tends to equalize the population sizes between the habitats and diminish the dependence of the niches on the environmental tolerances of the species. In line with the expectations, when two species coexist, their realized niches are more segregated than their fundamental ones. We demonstrate that robust coexistence requires sufficient niche segregation. That is, the parameter range that allows coexistence of the two species shrinks to nil when the niche-differences between the species disappear. In turn, niche segregation requires separation of tolerances and sufficiently low migration rate. For the evolutionary study we assume a continuous, clonally inherited character that has different optima at the two patches. Evolution of this trait may end up in an intermediate “generalist” optimum, or it can branch and leads to a dimorphic population. The condition of the latter outcome is in line with the conditions that allow niche segregation: the patches have to be sufficiently different and the migration has to be sufficiently low. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

湟水流域生态系统服务供需匹配关系

生态系统服务供需可以反映出区域生态经济发展协调水平，在空间上量化生态系统服务的供给和需求，识别生态系统服务的供需匹配关系，对区域生态系统可持续管理具有重要意义。湟水流域是西北生态屏障建设的重要组成部分，其生态系统服务供需平衡直接关系到青海东部地区的生态安全，为了识别流域生态系统服务供需匹配状况，综合集成多源数据，运用多种生物物理模型定量评估湟水流域食物生产、产水、土壤保持和碳固定服务，刻画流域内生态系统服务供需格局的空间特征，揭示各项生态系统服务供需的空间聚集模式，生成具有高度连通性的区域，为生态优先保护区划分提供参考。研究表明：（1）湟水流域生态系统服务供给和需求在空间分布上具有高度异质性，除去产水服务，其他三项生态系统服务整体上能够满足流域内部需求，但局部区域仍然呈现明显的赤字特征；（2）不同生态系统服务的供需比差异明显，由高到低依次为是碳固存（0.188）、食物生产（0.114）、土壤保持（0.026）和产水服务（-0.021），各项服务的供需比都具有显著的空间差异；（3）流域内生态系统服务供需的空间错配现象突出，除产水服务外，各项生态系统服务都有"高供给低需求"地区和"低供给高需求"地区，"高供给低需求"区主要分布在流域上游生态基底条件好的区域，"低供给高需求"区集中在流域中下游的河湟谷地；（4）土地利用类型影响生态系统服务供需平衡，流域实现供需平衡需要适度增加林草地比例，控制耕地和城市用地的扩张。研究系统分析了湟水流域生态系统服务供需盈亏状况，可为流域生态系统可持续管理与土地资源配置决策提供科学支撑。     

玉米营养成分时空动态

研究了玉米营养成分时空动态变化．结果表明,随着玉米生育期的推进,玉米籽粒的总淀粉、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量逐渐升高;而茎、叶的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量逐渐下降,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量逐渐升高．茎、叶粗蛋白含量下降的幅度大于籽粒粗蛋白含量上升幅度．同时,玉米植抹上部叶片的粗蛋白含量高于下部叶片,而中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质索含量低于下部叶片．茎上部粗蛋白含量高于下部,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量低于下部．     

The effect of spatial variation for predicting aphid outbreaks

In order to improve forecasting of pest epidemics, it is important to know the spatial scale at which specific forecasts are reliable. To investigate the spatial scale of aphid outbreaks, we have developed a spatio-temporal stochastic aphid population growth model and fitted the model to empirical spatial time series of aphid population data using a Bayesian hierarchical fitting procedure. Furthermore, detailed spatial data of the initial phases of population growth were investigated in semivariograms. Our results suggest that spatial variation is low in the initial occurrence probability at a spatial scale of 10 km. Consequently, the results support the hypothesis that initial aphid population sizes and outbreaks may be predicted in fields within a 10 km radius. For farmers, this may imply that they can rely their decision of whether to spray against aphids on observations made by other nearby farmers or by the consultancy service.     

Fecundity of Baltic cod: temporal and spatial variation

Potential and relative potential fecundity of 701 cod Gadus morhua caught in the Bornholm Basin (ICES Sub-division 25) during 1987–1996 and 106 from the Gdansk Deep (ICES Sub-division 26) in 1995 and 1996 varied significantly between years but neither between different spawning grounds nor between different sampling months within one spawning season. Growth and water temperature are factors identified to influence the mean relative fecundity explaining 66% of the variance between years.     

Mechanisms of spatial segregation of actin isoforms

Actin sequences are conserved to a much greater degree than those of almost any other proteins, such that two cytoplasmic isoforms differ by only 4 out of 374 amino acid residues. Nevertheless, the results of biochemical, immunocytochemical, and molecular biology experiments demonstrate that the appearance, amount, and localization of actin isoforms are strongly controlled by the cellular machinery. Although at the early stages of cell differentiation expression of any actin gene is potentially possible, under normal physiological conditions, while differentiation proceeds, synthesis of specific actin isoforms is temporally regulated and the produced proteins are segregated spatially. Pathological situations of a tissue injury or a mammalian disease correlate either with up-and down-regulation of distinct actin genes returning to a fetal gene program or with a failure to sort actin isoforms. Different actin isoforms cannot substitute for each other, and changes in the expression of specific actin genes are accompanied by alterations in cell structure and function, suggesting that specific actin isoforms perform unique cellular functions. This article summarizes the data on the segregation of actin isoforms in cell compartments and analyzes the mechanisms suggested to explain spatial segregation of cytoplasmic actin isoforms in the cell.     

Temporal, spatial and substrate-dependent variations of Danish hard-bottom macrofauna

Detailed knowledge of the Danish hard-bottom fauna is at present limited because of sampling problems. In this study, two different sampling units were used to yield quantitative results of the fauna on two stone reefs in Kattegat: natural holdfasts of Laminaria digitata and plastic pan-scourers imitating the holdfasts. On the two reefs a total of 135 taxa (102 species) were identified, representing 12 phyla. One species, the bryozoan Cribrilina cryptooecium, has not previously been recorded in Denmark. The fauna was characterized by a mixture of a large number of rare species, yielding high values on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and it showed a high degree of spatial and temporal variation. ANOSIM analyses showed a significant difference in species compositions between both sampling location, time and substrate type. The plastic pan-scourers proved to be a valuable substrate for quantitative investigations of the fauna. In contrast, the Laminaria holdfasts were too small and variable to be suitable for such studies. Electronic Publication     

华北地区土壤水分的时空变化特征

土壤水分是重要的水文参数,也是水循环、气候变化等研究的基本要素。本研究利用中国气象局新一代自动土壤水分观测网逐小时土壤水分观测数据,分析2013—2019年间华北地区土壤水分的时空分布和变化趋势及其与降水和温度的关系。结果表明: 研究期间,华北地区10~100 cm土层土壤水分整体呈波动下降趋势,尤以100 cm根区土壤水分减少最明显。华北地区不同深度土壤水分空间分布均呈东南高、西北低的特征。10 cm土层63%面积缺墒。不同深度土壤水分随季节变化明显,夏季各层土壤水分达到最高,墒情适宜,春季土壤水分处于低值。土壤水分与降水和温度均具有较好的响应关系,随着土壤深度的增加相关性逐渐减弱,且土壤水分对降水的响应比对气温的响应更显著。     

Differential control of temporal and spatial aspects of cockroach leg coordination

Ensembles of neuronal networks and sensory pathways participate in controlling the kinematic and dynamic parameters of animal movement necessary to achieve motor coordination. Determining the relative contribution of proprioceptive feedback is essential for understanding how animals sustain stable, coordinated locomotion in complex natural environments. Here, we focus on the role of chordotonal organs (COs), proprioceptors found in insect legs, in the spatial and temporal regulation of walking. We compare gait parameters of intact cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) and sensory-impaired ones, injected with pymetrozine, a chemical previously shown to abolish CO function in locusts. We verify that afferent CO activity in pymetrozine-treated cockroaches is inhibited, and analyze the effect of this sensory deprivation on inter-leg coordination. We find significant changes in tarsi placement and leg path trajectories after pymetrozine treatment. Leg touchdown accuracy, measured from relative tarsi positions of adjacent legs, is reduced in treated animals. Interestingly, despite poorer spatial coordination in both stance and swing, temporal properties of the gait remain largely the same as in the intact preparations, apart from changes in ipsilateral phase differences between front and middle legs. These findings provide insights into the role of COs in insect gait control and establish pymetrozine as a useful tool for further studies of insect locomotion.     

Including tree spatial extension in the evaluation of neighborhood competition effects in Bornean rain forest

Classical tree neighborhood models use size variables acting at point distances. In a new approach here, trees were spatially extended as a function of their crown sizes, represented impressionistically as points within crown areas. Extension was accompanied by plasticity in the form of crown removal or relocation under the overlap of taller trees. Root systems were supposedly extended in a similar manner. For the 38 most abundant species in the focal size class (10–<100 cm stem girth) in two 4‐ha plots at Danum (Sabah), for periods P₁ (1986–1996) and P₂ (1996–2007), stem growth rate and tree survival were individually regressed against stem size, and neighborhood conspecific (CON) and heterospecific (HET) basal areas within incremented steps in radius. Model parameters were critically assessed, and statistical robustness in the modeling was set by randomization testing. Classical and extended models differed importantly in their outcomes. Crown extension weakened the relationship of CON effect on growth versus plot species’ abundance, showing that models without plasticity overestimated negative density dependence. A significant negative trend of difference in CON effects on growth (P₂−P₁) versus CON or HET effect on survival in P₁ was strongest with crown extension. Model outcomes did not then support an explanation of CON and HET effects being due to (asymmetric) competition for light alone. An alternative hypothesis is that changes in CON effects on small trees, largely incurred by a drought phase (relaxing light limitation) in P₂, and following the more shaded (suppressing) conditions in P₁, were likely due to species‐specific (symmetric) root competition and mycorrhizal processes. The very high variation in neighborhood composition and abundances led to a strong “neighborhood stochasticity” and hence to largely idiosyncratic species’ responses. A need to much better understand the roles of rooting structure and processes at the individual tree level was highlighted.     

中国潜在植被NPP的空间分布模拟

在对1980年以来气候要素进行空间化的基础上,利用分类回归树模型CART计算中国的潜在归一化植被指数(NDVI),采用改进的光能利用率模型(CASA)和潜在NDVI数据对中国的潜在植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行模拟。结果表明:中国潜在NDVI和潜在NPP均呈现出南高北低、东高西低的格局,低值多分布在沙漠、戈壁等干旱地带,高值多出现在低、中山平原区;400 mm等降水量线是潜在NDVI和潜在NPP高值与低值的分界线;全国潜在NDVI和潜在NPP的平均值分别为0.396和319.31 g C·m-2;夏季潜在NPP的平均值最大,其次是春季,冬季最小;依据潜在NPP与2015年现实NPP的差异,可将中国植被恢复区划分为西部高潜力区、北部低潜力区和南部非潜力区3部分;潜在NDVI和潜在NPP的空间模拟可以将人类活动对自然生态系统的直接影响与气候变化的影响分离,量化了外界压力下真实的生态状况和潜在生态状况的差异,为制定差别化的生态恢复对策提供了科学依据。     

流沙湾海草床海域浮游植物的时空分布及其影响因素

2008年2月至11月对广东省流沙湾海草床海域的浮游植物进行了周年的季节调查,结果共检出浮游植物151种:冬季57种、春季66种、夏季73种、秋季66种,其中硅藻门44属123种,占浮游植物种类数的81.4%;甲藻门11属26种,占浮游植物种类数的17.2%;绿藻门和蓝藻门各1属1种,各占浮游植物种类数的0.7%。优势种共有26种,主要为夜光藻Noctiluca scintillans、威氏角毛藻Chaetoceros weissflogii、圆海链藻Thalassiosira rotula、菱形海线藻Thalassionema nitzschioides等,都是链状群体或个体较细长或较大的种类,没有个体较短小的优势种群;各季节间共有种类数在22-43种,Jaccard种类相似性指数范围在0.211-0.448,多样性指数和均匀度平均值分别为2.12和0.35,群落结构较脆弱;细胞丰度在0.24×10⁴-5.72×10⁴ 个/L,秋季最高,夏季次之,冬季最低,属季节单峰型变化,与一般亚热带春、秋季出现丰度高峰不一致。相关性分析发现,浮游植物丰度与活性硅酸盐呈极显著的正相关,与盐度呈显著的负相关,与其他因子不存在明显的相关性;叶绿素a浓度与水温呈极显著的负相关,与浮游动物丰度呈显著的负相关。从浮游植物吸收N、P的配比分析,N为四季的营养限制因子,但从N、P的绝对值看,N和P都是全年的营养限制因子,因此其水质营养类型属于亚热带贫营养型。     

景观生态学中的尺度分析方法

多尺度空间分析法是发现和识别景观特征尺度的主要方法.当前这类方法很多,缺乏归类和对比分析评价.基于空间类型变量和数值变量,对多尺度空间分析方法进行了重新梳理.同时对当前常用的尺度分析方法:半方差分析、尺度方差分析、小波分析和孔隙度指数分析,以中国三北防护林为例,对比了各种尺度分析方法的特点和优劣.结果表明,在特征尺度的识别上:小波方差方法清晰明了;半方差分析法灵活简捷,结果明显;尺度方差分析法和孔隙度指数法在本研究中的判识结果不甚明显.在计算速度上:半方差分析法计算量最大、耗时最长,尺度方差次之,小波方差速度最快,孔隙度指数法计算速度快于前两种,慢于小波方差分析方法.半方差分析方法简单灵活,而且相关理论方法成熟,但缺乏对大尺度格局的整体把握,而小波分析恰恰能很好的弥补这一不足.最后提出,半方差分析和小波变换相结合将会是最优的尺度分析方法.     

香溪河水体中生源要素磷的时空分布研究

Phosphorus is an essential and oftenlimiting nutrientin both marine andfreshwater ecosystems,yetits oversup-plyis of concern in many environments due to its role ineutrophication[1].Phosphorus enters rivers from diffusecatchment sources(particularly agriculture)and point(effluent)sources.However,river systems have an im-portant internal capacity to remove or release phosphorusfrom/to the water column and to trans-form phosphorusbetween organic,inorganic,particulate and dissolvedforms.River bed…     

斑马鱼转座子时空表达特性

转座子是基因组中可移动和扩展的元件,能够插入新的位点,影响基因组和基因的结构和功能,是基因组进化的内在驱动。为探讨转座子的时空表达特性,首先通过生物信息学方法鉴定出斑马鱼9个疑似活性转座子,包括DNA转座子Tc1家族(Tc-a、Tc-b、Tc-c、Tc-d、Tc-e)、反转录转座子ERV家族(ERV-1、ERV-2)和LINE家族(L1-323、L1-21),然后采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测上述转座子在斑马鱼早期胚胎发育7个阶段及成鱼各主要脏器的表达活性。结果表明:Tc1家族在0.75、2.00、3.00 h各阶段无转录活性,在6.00、15.00、24.00、48.00 h各阶段各转座子均有较高转录活性;反转录转座子转录活性最早出现于3 h,最晚出现于15 h,且随着发育时间的延长,转录活性显著增强。9种转座子在成鱼心脏、大脑、肌肉、肝脏、睾丸和卵巢均有表达,且大脑和心脏中的表达水平显著高于其他组织,睾丸表达水平最低。分析表明转座子的表达具有时间和组织的特异性,可能参与斑马鱼胚胎和组织器官发育调控,尤其是大脑和心脏发育。这些结果为进一步研究转座子是否具有基因表达调控功能提供重要参考。     

Energy and spatial order in niche and community

The concept of a varying evolutionary tempo that is regulated by energy was first suggested in the 1950s. It was based on the observation that energy‐rich habitats appear to be the centres of evolutionary change, producing novel characters more frequently and having greater speciation rates. Subsequently, a number of studies have found positive relationships between evolutionary rate and energy. Gradients of energy occur across a range of scales and these have been invoked to explain, for example, higher tropical species richness. Precipitation has also been found to influence evolutionary rate, suggesting that biologically available energy and productivity are the important variables in the relationship rather than solar energy alone. Here, we take the theoretical step of investigating at smaller scales the implications of faster evolutionary tempo where productivity is greater: first at the level of the species population and, subsequently, for the same‐guild co‐habitants in a community. To facilitate, this we begin by applying the concept of gradients of available energy, from more productive to less productive sectors within the species niche, in the context of source‐sink theory. We then propose that a species population will have its highest rate of evolution, for changes that confer a positive selection coefficient throughout the niche, in that sector where it has best adaptive fit and greatest per capita energy flux. We also posit that, where it conferred a shift in fitness, an evolutionary change at niche optimum could subsequently affect conspecific populations occupying lower energy niche sectors via the selection‐mediated dispersal of the apomorphy into the more marginal components of the niche. We then infer that this type of change in a species with a generally higher per capita energy flux might negatively affect adjacent more slowly evolving species (living in less productive peripheral niches) in situations where the increased fitness conferred by a particular apomorphy was relevant to conditions occurring beyond the limits of the progenitor niche hypervolume. We therefore suggest a directional component to evolution at the compressed scales of niche and community level microevolution whereby populations and species occupying more productive conditions have greater tempos of change with attendant enhancements of both their competitive influence and their evolutionary potential. In this manner, previously recorded macro‐evolutionary patterns indicating faster evolution with increased energy at larger scales are interpreted in the context of proposed micro‐evolutionary relationships at intraspecific and locally interspecific scales. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110 , 696–714.     

北京地区黄檗种群数量结构及空间分布特征

黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)为我国二级国家重点保护野生植物,在北京地区黄檗多散生于阔叶林中,数量稀少,为了解北京地区黄檗种群的年龄结构和空间分布特征,促进种群扩繁,在北京百花山、松山和雾灵山自然保护区共设置了12个20 m×20 m的样地,从种群的径级结构、静态生命表、空间分布格局等3个方面分析了黄檗种群的数量特征与空间分布格局。结果表明:1)黄檗幼龄期个体数较多,中龄期个体数相对稳定,老龄期个体数量稀少,倒"J"的径级结构表明黄檗种群总体属于增长型种群;但局部小种群的径级结构组成比例差异很大。2)在整个黄檗种群的静态生命表中有3个死亡率高峰,第一个是从幼树阶段至小树阶段,第二个是从小树阶段至大树阶段,第二阶段死亡率最高,第三个是大树阶段的末期;3)黄檗空间分布格局总体为集群分布,在不同发育阶段的分布格局受其生物学、生态学特性以及种群发展过程中种内、种间关系的影响呈现出不同的分布格局。因此,调整局部种群的径级结构,采取促进黄檗小树集群分布的措施是促进其种群扩大的重要环节。     

Analysis on spatial and temporal characteristics drought of Yunnan Province

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the global warming trend is an increasing cause for concern. Frequent extreme weather events occur under the conditions of global change. Exploring the relationship between climate change and drought disasters using climate change performance characteristics has become a prime research problem. It is increasingly important to study the temporal and spatial distribution of aridity and drought causes in the southwest region. We collected meteorological data from 16 meteorological stations from 1956 to 2010 in Yunnan Province of Southwest China, and used a composite index (CI) of meteorological drought to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of droughts in the province. Based on daily CI values of each station during the 50 years, drought processes there were confirmed individually. Occurrence frequencies, scopes and severities of meteorological droughts were computed and analyzed to reveal their temporal and spatial occurrence patterns in different parts of the province. The results are as follows: (1) Temperature in the province, showing the well-being of the turn, has an obvious 4-year principal cycle. Temperature gradually rose after 1980. Fluctuation of precipitation was relatively stable, with a cycle of about 2 years. (2) On the spatial scale, drought occurred over wide areas in the province. Its overall distribution showed a gradual increase from northwest to southeast. Drought days were the most numerous in the southeast, and fewer in the southwest. (3) Examining seasonal variation, the occurrence of spring droughts was high. The multi-year average of drought frequency exceeded 70%. The frequency of summer and autumn drought was less, and that of winter drought was highest. (4) The causes of drought are complex, comprising the combined effects of atmospheric circulation, geography, and human factors. There was a strong negative correlation between the interannual variation of drought days and precipitation anomaly values. With warming temperatures, the chances for regional drought significantly increased, but the interaction mechanism remains unexplained and should be explored in the future. The climate in Yunnan Province has typical characteristics. The temperature and extreme weather of recent years has certainly changed in response to global climate change, and has caused regional disasters. The aforementioned mechanism represents the next research direction.     

基于信息熵的新疆降水时空变异特征研究

基于信息熵理论对新疆降水序列的时空变异性进行研究。利用边际熵研究不同时间尺度降水序列的变化特征。利用分配熵和强度熵分别研究降水量和降水天数年内和年代际(10a)分配情况。利用改进的Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析新疆降水过程不确定性变化趋势。研究表明:(1)新疆降水量与降水天数年内分配不均匀性主要表现为由南向北减小的空间分布特征;(2)新疆不同尺度的降水序列不确定性具有明显空间特征;(3)越降水越稀少的地区,降水量与降水天数变异性就越大。本研究对该区域降水时空变异研究与水资源规划具有重要意义。