Urban Lead Exposures of Children in Cincinnati,Ohio

Abstract

Environmental dust lead and other lead measures were highly intercorrelated for the wide range of housing in the Cincinnati prospective study. The causal pathway revealed by the data (soil and paint lead to surface dust lead to hand lead to blood lead) has been used to develop intervention strategies to reduce blood lead and hand lead levels which are currently being implemented in the Cincinnati Soil Lead Abatement Demonstration Project. These interventions, soil lead abatement, exterior dust abatement, and interior dust abatement, are being applied in various combinations in an examination of data for children residing in a single type of housing from birth, blood lead levels were compared according to three paint lead categories (low: < 2 mg cm^?2; medium: 2.1 to 6.0 mg cm^?2, and high: > 6.0mg cm^?2). Geometric mean blood lead values were 14.1 and 12.1 μg dL^?1, respectively, for the low and medium paint lead categories and much greater for children living in housing in the highest paint lead category, 24.8 μg dL^?1. These data suggest that for situations similar to those in Cincinnati, priority for lead-based paint abatement should be considered for the housing with paint lead above 6 mg cm^?2. A Ln—Ln relationship between environmental lead and blood lead for children in the Cincinnati study was found to represent the data much more closely than did a linear relationship such as that used in the current US EPA Lead Uptake/Biokinetic Model.     

城市山地保护：美国俄亥俄州辛辛那提市案例研究

记录了辛辛那提市自成立以来的发展历史,包括那些成为城市及其居民的长期财政负担的资源开发型的土地利用模式和不理智的工程实践。强调了过去40年里该市为缓解坡地不稳定性而采取的步骤,并提出了其他一些该市可以采取的关于未来山地开发的更为积极的措施。还记录了山地信托基金会（Hillside Trust）的工作,该基金会是一个成立于1976年的非营利组织,旨在倡导慎重利用和保护辛辛那提地区的山地。     

The claryville clay and early glacial drainage in the Cincinnati,Ohio, region

The Claryville Clay is lacustrine sediment that has been preserved in an entrenched meandering valley beyond the maximum extent of glaciation southeast of Cincinnati, Ohio. Deposition of this and related preglacial material occurred when the north-flowing rivers of the region were dammed by an early episode of glaciation. Although the Claryville Clay is pre-Illinoian in age, its “normal” remmant magnetism suggests that deposition occurred within the past 690,000 years.On the basis of variations in clay mineralogy, grain size, and sedimentary structures, three lithologic units of the Claryville Clay are defined. The upward progression of sedimentary characteristics in the sandy to silty clay is interpreted as reflecting the increasing influence of the southward-advancing glacial dam and fluctuations in this ice margin. Retreat of the ice allowed this proglacial lake to drain. Because of drainage changes initiated by overflow from this and other ponded valleys of the region, the Claryville River valley was abandoned, and new drainage routes were established that discharged west into the Old Ohio River watershed near Madison, Indiana, rather than north into the Teays River valley of central Ohio and Indiana. Present-day rivers lie more than 50 m below the floor of the abandoned Claryville River valley.     

Acrofacial Dysostosis,Cincinnati Type,a Mandibulofacial Dysostosis Syndrome with Limb Anomalies,Is Caused by POLR1A Dysfunction

We report three individuals with a cranioskeletal malformation syndrome that we define as acrofacial dysostosis, Cincinnati type. Each individual has a heterozygous mutation in POLR1A, which encodes a core component of RNA polymerase 1. All three individuals exhibit varying degrees of mandibulofacial dysostosis, and two additionally have limb anomalies. Consistent with this observation, we discovered that polr1a mutant zebrafish exhibited cranioskeletal anomalies mimicking the human phenotype. polr1a loss of function led to perturbed ribosome biogenesis and p53-dependent cell death, resulting in a deficiency of neural-crest-derived skeletal precursor cells and consequently craniofacial anomalies. Our findings expand the genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity of congenital acrofacial disorders caused by disruption of ribosome biogenesis.     

Cincinnetina,a new Late Ordovician dalmanellid brachiopod from the Cincinnati type area,USA: implications for the evolution and palaeogeography of the epicontinental fauna of Laurentia

Abstract: The most common forms of Late Ordovician dalmanellid brachiopods from the Cincinnatian type area, previously treated as either Dalmanella or Onniella, are assigned to Cincinnetina gen. nov. The new genus differs from Dalmanella and Onniella in having a consistently developed primary medial costa in the dorsal valve, a larger cardinal process that tends to develop a trilobed myophore, strongly differentiated fine and coarse punctae, and sparse aditicules. Cincinnetina can be distinguished from the closely related Paucicrura and Diceromyonia in its smaller trilobed cardinal process (when developed) that does not have a dominant medial lobe and does not extend into the delthyrial cavity of the ventral valve. Globally, Dalmanella and Onniella occur most commonly in deposits of relatively deep‐ or cool‐water palaeoecological settings, whereas in North America, Cincinnetina, Paucicrura and Diceromyonia are found mainly in carbonate‐rich deposits in warm‐water depositional environments, with Cincinnetina and Paucicrura most common in pericratonic settings and Diceromyonia in palaeoequatorial inland seas.     

High-performance vision training improves batting statistics for University of Cincinnati baseball players

Purpose

Baseball requires an incredible amount of visual acuity and eye-hand coordination, especially for the batters. The learning objective of this work is to observe that traditional vision training as part of injury prevention or conditioning can be added to a team''s training schedule to improve some performance parameters such as batting and hitting.

Methods

All players for the 2010 to 2011 season underwent normal preseason physicals and baseline testing that is standard for the University of Cincinnati Athletics Department. Standard vision training exercises were implemented 6 weeks before the start of the season. Results are reported as compared to the 2009 to 2010 season. Pre season conditioning was followed by a maintenance program during the season of vision training.

Results

The University of Cincinnati team batting average increased from 0.251 in 2010 to 0.285 in 2011 and the slugging percentage increased by 0.033. The rest of the Big East''s slugging percentage fell over that same time frame 0.082. This produces a difference of 0.115 with 95% confidence interval (0.024, 0.206). As with the batting average, the change for University of Cincinnati is significantly different from the rest of the Big East (p = 0.02). Essentially all batting parameters improved by 10% or more. Similar differences were seen when restricting the analysis to games within the Big East conference.

Conclusion

Vision training can combine traditional and technological methodologies to train the athletes'' eyes and improve batting. Vision training as part of conditioning or injury prevention can be applied and may improve batting performance in college baseball players. High performance vision training can be instituted in the pre-season and maintained throughout the season to improve batting parameters.