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1.
Quantitative ethnobotany of two east Timorese cultures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sean Collins Xisto Martins Andrew Mitchell Awegechew Teshome John Thor Arnason 《Economic botany》2006,60(4):347-361
This is the first time aspects of the ethnobotany of East Timor have been reported. The medicinal plant traditions of two
distinct East Timorese cultures, the Laklei and Idate, were studied and compared using quantitative ethnobotanical methods.
A total of 86 medicinal plant species were identified. The medicinal plant traditions of the Laklei and Idate cultures were
compared using Trotter and Logan’s (1986) quantitative “informant agreement ratio.” On average, informant consensus was greater
in Laklei, suggesting a medicinal plant tradition that is more defined than in Idate, where informants are more likely to
use the same medicinal plants when treating the same usage categories. Furthermore, only 11 of the 86 medicinal plant species
documented were used by both cultures, of which only six had similar mentions. These findings have important implications
for the understanding of ethnobotany as they demonstrate how relatively closely situated cultural groups can have significantly
different traditional knowledge systems. 相似文献
2.
Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted to locate culturally important, regionally scarce, and disappearing medicinal plants
via a novel participatory methodology which involves healer-expert knowledge in interactive spatial modeling to prioritize
conservation efforts and thus facilitate health promotion via medicinal plant resource sustained availability. These surveys,
conducted in the Maya Mountains, Belize, generate ethnobotanical, ecological, and geospatial data on species which are used
by Q’eqchi’ Maya healers in practice. Several of these mountainous species are regionally scarce and the healers are expressing
difficulties in finding them for use in promotion of community health and wellness. Based on healers’ input, zones of highest
probability for locating regionally scarce, disappearing, and culturally important plants in their ecosystem niches can be
facilitated by interactive modeling. In the present study, this is begun by choosing three representative species to train
an interactive predictive model. Model accuracy was then assessed statistically by testing for independence between predicted
occurrence and actual occurrence of medicinal plants. A high level of accuracy was achieved using a small set of exemplar
data. This work demonstrates the potential of combining ethnobotany and botanical spatial information with indigenous ecosystems
concepts and Q’eqchi’ Maya healing knowledge via predictive modeling. Through this approach, we may identify regions where
species are located and accordingly promote for prioritization and application of in situ and ex situ conservation strategies
to protect them. This represents a significant step toward facilitating sustained culturally relative health promotion as
well as overall enhanced ecological integrity to the region and the earth. 相似文献
3.
Interactions between exotic plants and animals can play a major role in determining success or failure of plant introductions.
Seed predation has been seen as important in explaining biotic resistance to plant invasion, but this hypothesis has rarely
been tested. We studied seed predation on exotic forest plants on an island in Patagonia, Argentina where 43 pine species,
including 60% of the world’s known invasive Pinaceae, were introduced ca. 80 years ago, but where exotics attain relatively
high densities only near the original plantings. To test if seed predation limits exotic conifer establishment in this area,
we compared seed predation in areas close to plantations (colonized by exotics) and far from them (not invaded). Seeds of
exotics were preferred over seeds of native species, possibly because exotic seeds are bigger. Predation was more intense
in areas far from plantations than in areas close to them, substantially reducing the chances of exotic seed establishment.
Using automatic cameras, we found that both rodents and birds preyed on exotic seeds. This study suggests that native seed
predators can be an important component of biological resistance to plant invasion. 相似文献
4.
Łukasz Łuczaj 《Economic botany》2011,65(1):66-75
Changes in Assumption Day Herbal Bouquets in Poland: A Nineteenth Century Study Revisited. The aim of this study is to compare a list of plants blessed in herbal bouquets on Assumption Day (August 15th) in Poland
over a century ago with the bouquets blessed in the same locations in 2009. Assumption Day has been the main occasion when
plants are blessed in Polish Roman Catholic churches for centuries. Such bouquets, composed of medicinal herbs and crop plants,
are long believed to possess apotropaic properties. In 1894–1899, Seweryn Udziela made an herbarium documenting the composition
of these bouquets (over 100 species) in 13 locations in the Kraków area. In 2009, 482 bouquets were photographed on Assumption
Day and the plant species were identified. Results indicate that only half the species from Udziela’s list are still blessed.
A total of 233 taxa were found in the bouquets in 2009, an average of nine species per bouquet. The proportion of cultivated
ornamentals has increased over time, whereas the proportion of wild species and dry grassland plants has decreased. The proportion
of crop plants, as well as species from grassland and forest habitats, remained the same. The most commonly blessed species
were Solidago spp., Tanacetum vulgare, Dahlia sp., Sanguisorba officinalis, Anethum graveolens, Achillea millefolium, Mentha spp., Zinnia elegans, Triticum sp., Avena sativa, and Sorbus aucuparia. The tradition of blessing bouquets continues, although the composition of the plant species has changed. These changes are
due to alterations in the surrounding vegetation and the species of plants in cultivation, the transformation of species’
value from medicinal and apotropaic, the maintenance of floral traditions, and artistic competition. 相似文献
5.
6.
Rajasri Bhattacharyya Sabita Bhattacharya Siddhartha Chaudhuri 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2006,15(8):2705-2717
In India, activities in the field of medicinal plants, including conservation of germplasm, have been enhanced significantly
during the past couple of decades and a huge volume of data is being generated out of these works. For maintaining the records
in a consolidated form, documentation is required to store and manage all information on the related studies. In accordance
with the implementation of various plans and programmes, some pioneer organisations started developing databases on medicinal
plants. Based on the knowledge on contemporary works, as collected from published literature and websites, this article presents
information on current activities in India in two important aspects of the field, namely, (1) conservation of medicinal plants;
and (2) management of data generated from such studies. Another important aspect of the article is the announcement of a plant
conservation related software, ‘PlantCon’. This digitised database contains data of 40 selected nationally prioritised medicinal
plants (list enclosed). The notable difference of ‘PlantCon’ from other databases lies in its conservation-related information
which is up-to-date and covers a wide area of Indian geographical sites. The database provides information in a user-friendly
manner. 相似文献
7.
The Muséum national d’histoire naturelle (MNHN) in Paris holds ca. 70 million specimens. The collections were in need of a
strategy to ensure their long-term conservation. We discuss how the Department of Botanical and Zoological Gardens (DJBZ;
tropical living collections), and the Department of Systematics and Evolution (DSE; herbarium) contribute to achieving GSPC’s
Target 1 (‘a widely accessible working list of known plant species as a step towards a complete world flora’). The DJBZ started
encouraging better management of the collections, evolving towards focused reference collections, where all specimens have
well-documented collection data. The objective is to link all collections to a scientific referee. This has already been achieved
for a number of taxa. The herbarium of the DSE (acronym P) is among the world’s largest (11 million specimens, including 400,000
types). The collection’s heterogeneity impedes access to its data, since P is a mix of recent well-documented collections
and historical collections at various curational levels. P is currently under renovation, which started by mounting all ca.
2 million unmounted specimens. The project also includes databasing and imaging of every specimen. The database now holds
around 1,000,000 records. For taxonomic studies, living collections are crucial, especially for plants that are not easily
preserved as herbarium specimens. Living collections also enable studies impossible to forecast at the time of collecting.
Herbaria and living collections should therefore be conceived as interoperable entities requiring common scientific curation.
Through a combination of its assets and the expertise of its researchers, the MNHN is well prepared to tackle the new objectives
of the GSPC beyond 2010. 相似文献
8.
The contributions of mycorrhizal fungi to the determination of plant community structure 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
While it is now widely accepted, even by ecologists, that most plants in the majority of ecosystems are infected by mycorrhizal
fungi, few experiments have been designed to investigate the function of the mutualism at the community level. Those involved
with mycorrhizal research have been largely preoccupied with questions of the mineral, particularly phosphorus, nutrition
of individual plants, while plant community ecologists have too often found it convenient, even when acknowledging the presence
of infection, to ignore its possible function in the ecosystem.
This presentation examines a selected number of seminal papers written by plant community ecologists and highlights some of
‘the most striking mysteries’ which they reveal. It describes experiments designed to determine whether knowledge of the presence
and activity of the mycorrhizal mycelium can help us to unravel the ‘mysteries’ which they define.
It is revealed that by having direct adverse effects upon seedlings of many ‘r’ selected species, while at the same time being
beneficial, if not essential, to those that are ‘K’ selected, the activities of the mycelium of VA fungi have a direct bearing
upon community composition. The extent to which ‘turf compatibility’ is actually a reflection of the compatibility of plant
species with the VA mycorrhizal mycelium is discussed and the possible role of the mycelium in consigning some species to
the ruderal habit is considered.
It is concluded that those attempting scientifically to understand, or managerially to manipulate, plant communities, without
recognizing the role of the mycorrhizal mycelium, do so at their peril, and it is recommended that scientists involved in
research on mycorrhiza extend their vision beyond the limited horizons which are currently so often defined by considerations
of the phosphorus nutrition of individual host plants. 相似文献
9.
深圳市重要药用植物资源调查 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
经调查,深圳市共有重要药用植物资源124科211种,其中蕨类植物20科20种,裸子植物3科3种,被子植物88科174种,单子叶植物13科15种,其中只有桫椤等国家一级保护植物被很好的保护起来,大部分药用植物有待进一步开发利用。 相似文献
10.
Fynbos is a vegetation type in the Cape Floral Region (CFR), at the southern tip of Africa. Portions of the CFR are recognised
as a ‘serial’ World Heritage site and acclaimed by UNESCO as the world’s ‘hottest hot spot’ for plant species richness and
endemism. Habitat degradation and species losses through human intrusion in the CFR include transformations brought about
by introduced invasive alien tree species. Since 1970, ten invasive tree species in the fynbos biome have been subjected to
biological control, namely: six Acacia species and Paraserianthes lophantha (Mimosaceae), Hakea sericea (Proteaceae) and Leptospermum laevigatum (Myrtaceae), all from Australia, and Sesbania punicea (Fabaceae) from South America. A total of 19 species have been deployed as biological control agents, including nine weevil
species (eight Curculionidae and one species in the family Brentidae: Apioninae), a seed-feeding moth species (Lepidoptera:
Carposinidae), two species of bud-gallers (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), two species of flower-gallers (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae),
and a gall-forming rust fungus (Uredinales: Pileolariaceae). Most of these agents primarily reduce seed production, directly
or indirectly, but some also cause die-back and mortality of their host plants. The overall result, often in combination with
mechanical clearing and herbicide applications, has been a substantial decline in the abundance and/or aggressiveness of most
of the targeted host-plants. In this review, four representative but contrasting case studies are used to show that biological
control is an indispensible supplement to other management practices for long-term conservation of the remnants of the fynbos
biome. 相似文献
11.
Vania Smith-Oka 《Economic botany》2008,62(4):604-614
Plants Used for Reproductive Health by Nahua Women in Northern Veracruz, Mexico. This paper reports the use of medicinal plants by Nahua women in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. It documents the women’s
plant knowledge for reproductive purposes, which includes uses such as conception, pregnancy, birth, contraception, menstruation,
post-partum, and general reproductive health. The concept of equilibrium is very important in regaining health among the Nahua;
consequently, many of the medicinal plants have this as their primary purpose. The introduction of biomedical clinics and
hospitals in the region has had a significant effect on the loss of knowledge about medicinal plants. Additionally, the midwives
are not taking any new apprentices and laywomen are not passing on their knowledge to future generations. This generational
gap contributes to the loss of knowledge about medicinal plants. This research contributes to the study of indigenous ethnobotany
by (a) creating a record of the plant knowledge possessed by indigenous women, (b) giving voice to some of their health concerns,
(c) indicating how the introduction of biomedicine has affected their plant use, and (d) providing a framework for understanding
how marginal peoples around the world respond to the impact that globalization and change has on their health needs and local
ethnobotanical knowledge. 相似文献
12.
The European flora is of global significance but many species are facing an ever increasing range of threats, especially the
growing impacts of climate change. While various estimates have been made for the number of threatened plant species in Europe,
an up-to-date European plant Red List does not presently exist. Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC)
calls for 60% of threatened plant species to be conserved in ex situ collections by 2010. In the absence of a European plant
Red List, it is difficult to monitor progress at the regional level towards this target. To address this gap Botanic Gardens
Conservation International (BGCI) has developed a consolidated list of European threatened species as a step towards a formal
Red List. The database consists of national Red List data from 28 European countries and includes records for over 11,000
taxa. National Red List data were supplemented by information on the critically endangered plants of Europe provided by the
Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity and the Conservatoire Botanique National
de Brest. A list of regionally threatened species was extracted from the database and screened against BGCI’s database of
plants in cultivation in botanic gardens (PlantSearch) and ENSCONET’s (European Native Seed Conservation Network) database
of plants conserved in European seed banks. This analysis revealed that 42% of European threatened species are currently included
in ex situ conservation programmes in Europe. 相似文献
13.
The role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in improving plant zinc nutrition under low soil zinc concentrations: a review 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Timothy R. Cavagnaro 《Plant and Soil》2008,304(1-2):315-325
Many of the world’s soils are zinc (Zn) deficient. Consequently, many crops experience reduced growth, yield and tissue Zn
concentrations. Reduced concentrations of Zn in the edible portions of crops have important implications for human Zn nutrition;
this is a cause of global concern. Most terrestrial plant species form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) with a relatively limited
number of specialized soil fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can take up nutrients, including Zn, and transfer them
to the plant, thereby enhancing plant nutrition. Under high soil Zn concentrations the formation of AM can also ‘protect’
against the accumulation of Zn in plant tissues to high concentrations. Here, a short review focusing on the role of AM in
enhancing plant Zn nutrition, principally under low soil Zn concentrations, is presented. Effects of Zn on the colonisation
of roots by AMF, direct uptake of Zn by AMF, the role of AM in the Zn nutrition of field grown plants, and emerging aspects
of Zn molecular physiology of AM, are explored. Emergent knowledge gaps are identified and discussed in the context of potential
future research. 相似文献
14.
15.
Established methods of genetic transformation, such asAgrobacterium transfection and DNA uptake by protoplasts have not been successfully applied to some of the world’s major crops. This article
reviews the evolution of microprojectile bombardment, from its inception to establishment at the method of choice for transformation
of otherwise recalcitrant crops such as maize, wheat and barley. The potential of microprojectile bombardment, as a universal
method of transformation, is discussed in the context of the wide range of species transformed, together with the transformation
of plastid genomes and the contribution of this technology beyond the boundaries of the plant kingdom. 相似文献
16.
Analysis of numbers of invasive species (insects, plants, plant diseases) in each of Chinese provinces and the world’s climatic
zones respectively, demonstrated positive correlations between diversity of bioinvasion and air temperature and precipitation
(the two main criteria for classifying world climate types). When the air temperature is within the range of 1–25°C, the degree
of diversity of invasive alien species increases exponentially with air temperature. However, when the air temperature falls
outside the range of 1–25°C, the diversity of harmful invasive alien species changes with air temperature in a parabolic pattern,
showing a “mid-latitude bulge”. Namely, when air temperatures are too high or too low, a lower average invasion frequency
of harmful alien species is observed. Invasion by harmful invasive alien species is more weakly related to precipitation.
Different climatic zones showed dramatic differences in resistance to the invasion of invasive alien species due to their
different characteristic climatic factors, mainly including air temperature and precipitation. 相似文献
17.
京族药用红树林民族植物学知识及现状 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
京族是我国唯一的海洋民族,在长期与红树林为伴的生存环境中,积累了丰富的利用红树林植物的民族植物学知识。然而,这些知识至今仍不为外界所知。为掌握京族药用红树林民族植物学知识和现状,该研究采用民族植物学和植物分类学方法,调查京族药用红树林知识中的红树林植物种类,记录其具体药用用途,并分析其生存现状及其中包含的可持续利用红树林植物资源经验。结果表明:共记录到京族药用红树林植物15种隶属于10科,具体药用用途共49种。其中,20种已有报道,29种未见报道;通过京族对红树林药用知识认知程度和依赖程度的调查还表明,京族历史上依赖本民族草医的情形已经基本消失,对红树林医药的依赖性和需求性也在消失。最后,剖析了京族在药用红树林植物选择与采集中的可持续利用经验。该研究结果不仅补充和拓宽了红树林民间药物的利用知识,而且为红树植物资源的管理与可持续利用提供了新视角。 相似文献
18.
Quantifying Medicinal Plant Knowledge among Non–Specialist Antanosy Villagers in Southern Madagascar
Quantifying Medicinal Plant Knowledge among Non–Specialist Antanosy Villagers in Southern Madagascar. Medicinal plant knowledge among non–specialist Antanosy villagers of southeastern Madagascar was investigated in a two–stage
study. First, free–listing was used to collect the names of medicinal plants most familiar to local people. Data were organized
by habitat and frequency into a short list of the 42 most frequently listed plants by habitat. A second group of interviewees
were asked to name health conditions that could be treated with plants on the short list. Age, gender, and dwelling proximity
to the forest were tested across the general habitat in which medicinal plants were found: in or near the village, in disturbed
buffer areas between the village and the forest, or in the forest itself. Neither age nor gender was significant in free–listing.
Naming health conditions treated with specific plants showed that knowledge increases with age and that for all but the oldest
age group, women knew more plant uses than men. Women knew more plants from the village and buffer areas, and fewer from the
forest than men. The proximity of the home to the forest had no influence on medicinal plant knowledge. The non–specialists
interviewed named an average of 14 medicinal plants and most knew an average of 37 uses for 9 of the 42 most common medicinal
plants. The most common conditions for people knew of plant treatments were stomach ache, babies’ fevers, and several unlisted
conditions. Both exotic and endemic plant species were known to the non–specialists indicating that medicinal plant knowledge
is being sustained and adapted to changes affecting both the people and their environment. 相似文献
19.
Sonia Gómez-Galera Eduard Rojas Duraialagaraja Sudhakar Changfu Zhu Ana M. Pelacho Teresa Capell Paul Christou 《Transgenic research》2010,19(2):165-180
Staple food crops, in particular cereal grains, are poor sources of key mineral nutrients. As a result, the world’s poorest
people, generally those subsisting on a monotonous cereal diet, are also those most vulnerable to mineral deficiency diseases.
Various strategies have been proposed to deal with micronutrient deficiencies including the provision of mineral supplements,
the fortification of processed food, the biofortification of crop plants at source with mineral-rich fertilizers and the implementation
of breeding programs and genetic engineering approaches to generate mineral-rich varieties of staple crops. This review provides
a critical comparison of the strategies that have been developed to address deficiencies in five key mineral nutrients—iodine,
iron, zinc, calcium and selenium—and discusses the most recent advances in genetic engineering to increase mineral levels
and bioavailability in our most important staple food crops. 相似文献
20.
Medicinal plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites extensively used in traditional health care systems. High altitude biodiversity encompasses the diversified and valuable medicinal plant species. The extreme environmental conditions of high altitude region viz. fluctuating temperatures, high UV radiation, salinity, low oxygen concentration, and high wind velocity limits the plant growth and distribution. Yet, how medicinal plants respond to these extreme conditions is not sufficiently understood. Therefore, addressing plant acclimation to different stresses presents an opportunity to unravel adaptive mechanism of medicinal plants along altitude gradient. This article reviews the recently published research that highlights the major role of proteins in plant adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. In the last few decades, climate change has made a profound impact on high altitude plants. Stress conditions alter cellular homeostasis of plants. With the advent of proteomics, it has become evident that stresses induce changes in proteome by synthesis/expression of novel stress responsive proteins. These proteins constitute a highly organized, complex network that leads to changes in the molecular, biochemical, physiological, and morphological responses of plants. Herein, we comprehensively discuss the proteomics of medicinal plants and its role in adaptation along altitude gradient. This review aims to provide impetus to current research in medicinal plants ranging from developmental to stress biology and to generate basis for genetic engineers and plant breeders to produce next-generation medicinal plants. 相似文献