共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), a European native weed, is widespread across a variety of habitats and often occurs as a coloniser of open, disturbed, ephemeral environments or wetlands, although it is also found in mountain habitats and on forest edges. As recent studies have shown the potential utility of the species in plant breeding programs, we assembled a collection of bittersweet germplasm from natural populations found in Europe. This collection was analysed with conserved DNA‐derived polymorphism (CDDP) and intron‐targeting (IT) markers to assess genetic diversity found within and among the populations. We found that there is limited genetic variability within the collected S. dulcamara accessions, with a greater proportion of allelic variation distributed among populations and considerably greater population structure at higher regional levels. Although bittersweet is an outcrossing species, its population structure might be affected by its perennial self‐compatible nature, reducing genetic diversity within regional populations and enhancing inbreeding leading to high interpopulation or spatial differentiation. We found that populations have been separated by local selection of alleles, resulting in regional differentiation. This has been accompanied by concurrent loss of genetic diversity within populations, although this process has not affected species‐level genetic diversity. Germplasm collecting strategies should be aimed at preserving overall genetic diversity in bittersweet nightshade by expanding sampling to southern Europe and to smaller regional geographic levels in northern and central Europe. 相似文献
2.
ZISSIS MAMURIS MARIA TH. STOUMBOUDI COSTAS STAMATIS ROBERTA BARBIERI KATERINA A. MOUTOU 《Freshwater Biology》2005,50(9):1441-1453
1. The genetic variation of the endangered freshwater fish Ladigesocypris ghigii, endemic to the island of Rhodes (Greece), was investigated for nine populations, originating from seven different stream systems and a reservoir, both at the mtDNA and nuclear level, in order to suggest conservation actions. 2. Both restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of five segments of mitochondrial DNA (ND‐5/6, COI and 12S‐16S rRNA) amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, revealed extremely low levels of intra‐population polymorphism. It is highly likely that the low intra‐population variability is the result of successive bottleneck events evident in shrinkage and expansion of the populations year after year, which may have led to a complete loss of several genotypes and haplotypes, and an increased degree of inbreeding. 3. Inter‐population genetic structuring was high, with fixation of haplotypes within six of the nine populations and fixation of alleles within populations originating from different waterbodies. It is probable that all haplotypes and/or alleles found were initially represented in all populations. However, because of the long time of isolation coupled with successive bottleneck and subsequent genetic drift, common mtDNA haplotypes and alleles among the populations may have become rare or extinct through stochastic lineage loss. 4. Although nucleotide divergence among haplotypes was very shallow, half of the haplotypes recorded (three of six), resulted from nucleotide changes on the 12S–16S rRNA segments, which are the most conserved part of the mitochondrial genome. This fact may indicate that the observed genetic variation did not necessarily result only from the retention of ancestral polymorphism, but may have arisen through mutation and complete lineage sorting over a relatively small number of generations, once the populations had become isolated from one another. 5. Our data suggest that two of the L. ghigii populations may be on independent evolutionary trajectories. Considering that each population appears so far well adapted within each site, all populations should be managed and conserved separately. 相似文献
3.
Thomas Remerie y Vierstraete Peter H. H. Weekers Jacques R. Vanfleteren Ann Vanreusel 《Journal of Biogeography》2009,36(1):39-54
Aim The brackish water mysid, Neomysis integer, is one of the most common mysid species along the coasts of the north‐east Atlantic. In the present study, the phylogeographical patterns were examined throughout the distribution range of N. integer. In particular, the latitudinal trends in genetic diversity and the distribution of genetic variation were examined in order to elucidate the imprints of the Pleistocene glaciations. Location North‐east Atlantic coasts from the Baltic Sea to the south of Spain. Methods A total of 461 specimens from 11 populations were analysed by means of single‐stranded conformation polymorphism analysis combined with DNA sequencing of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene. The genetic structure was examined by using a progression of phylogenetic, demographic and population genetic analyses to elucidate not only the geographical structure, but also the evolutionary history producing that structure. Results The levels of genetic diversity were relatively uniform throughout the distribution range, with the exception of a decline at the northern and southern edges of distribution. A high heterogeneity was observed between the populations analysed (global ΦST = 0.787). This is caused by the disparate distribution of the cytochrome oxidase I haplotypes, with several population‐specific haplotypes. A clear genetic break (2.4% sequence divergence) occurred between the southernmost Guadalquivir population and all other populations. Main conclusions The present study corroborates the expectations of the genetic patterns typically observed in an estuarine species. The within‐population variability was low, whereas a significant (moderate to high) divergence was observed between populations. Phylogeographical analysis revealed that northern populations within the English Channel, North Sea and Baltic Sea are characterized by several widespread haplotypes, while the Irish population and all sites south of the Bay of Biscay consist solely of unique haplotypes. This pattern, combined with the relative high levels of genetic diversity, could be indicative for the presence of a glacial refugium in the English Channel region. Under this scenario N. integer must have survived the Last Glacial Maximum in the palaeoriver system present in that region. 相似文献
4.
It is well known that there is heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within and among natural populations of same species.
The polymorphism level of particular regions of mtDNA gives valuable results in detection of population genetic structure.
The aim of this paper was to detect polymorphism of three mtDNA regions: cytochrome oxidase I (COI), Control region, and 12S/16S
rRNA, by the mtDNA RFLP-PCR method, in three Lepus europaeus populations from Vojvodina province (Serbia and Montenegro). Polymorphism was detected within the two regions, COI and Control
region, while 12S/16S rRNA region was monomorphic in all 77 individuals. Eight haplotypes were detected in the brown hare
population in Vojvodina, and three were unique for the Srem brown hare population. 相似文献
5.
To characterize the genetic diversity of present populations of Symplocos laurina, which grow in the montane forests in India, we analyzed the DNA sequences of a nuclear gene. Using the 881 bp sequence of cytosolic Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene, we detected 24 haplotypes among 195 individuals sampled from 14 populations. Two dominant haplotypes were distributed
over the entire range of this species in India and several private haplotypes were found. Low genetic diversity within population,
high differentiation, number of population specific haplotypes and deviation from neutral evolution characterized the present
populations of S. laurina. An analysis of molecular variance indicated the presence of geographic structure within the haplotype distribution. The
occurrence of S. laurina preglaciation in India is the most parsimonious explanation for the current geographic structure observed. The populations
are presumably ancient and might have spread across its extant distribution range in India through a recent range expansion
event. 相似文献
6.
《Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série III, Sciences de la vie》1997,320(7):551-556
This study presents a revised method for the extraction of mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) from crayfish species of aquacultural interest, Pacifastacus leniusculus. The mean size of the mitochondrial genome is approximately 18 000 bp. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis performed on the mtDNA has revealed extensive genetic variability within this species. The estimated percentage of nucleotide sequence divergence among the four haplotypes found for P. leniusculus ranges from 1.16 to 3.99%. These data suggest that RFLP analysis of mtDNA may provide greater resolution than protein electrophoresis for population identification among signal crayfish populations. This marker offers new avenues for aquaculture and for understanding the genetic structure and evolutionary history of crayfish populations. 相似文献
7.
Valeria Spagnuolo Stefano Terracciano Simonetta Giordano 《Journal of plant research》2009,122(2):161-170
This paper describes our investigation of genetic variation and clonal structure of the Mediterranean moss Pleurochaete squarrosa (Brid.) Lindb. (Pottiaceae), using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers and trnLUAA (intron of plastid gene for Leu tRNA) sequence, choosing different sampling strategies and scales on 16 European populations.
Moreover, the intercontinental distribution of two trnL haplotypes, previously found over a large area and including 24 populations in three continents, was also investigated.
Despite the prevalent asexual reproduction, P. squarrosa shows a high level of genetic diversity. Some site features seem to affect the clonal structure at the local scale, influencing
the relocation of detached fragments and the level of intermingling, but they do not substantially affect genetic diversity.
The peculiar vegetative reproduction coupled with somatic mutation could partly account for the genetic variation detected.
Genetic distances highlight geographic isolation and limited gene flow among populations. We found only two trnL haplotypes in Europe due to length polymorphism, but, over an intercontinental scale, only non-delete trnL was found in Africa and the USA. ISSR analysis within each population detected a higher genetic distance between the samples
with different trnL haplotypes, suggesting the presence of two different genetic lineages within this species, geographically overlapping in
the Mediterranean Basin. 相似文献
8.
Eriston Vieira Gomes Lucas Breseguello
Do Nascimento Marcos Augusto
De Freitas Luiz Carlos Bhering Nasser Silvana Petrofeza 《Journal of Phytopathology》2011,159(2):94-99
Microsatellites are powerful markers to infer population genetic parameters. We used 10 microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of 79 samples of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolated from four Brazilian dry bean populations and observed that eight of them were polymorphic within populations. We identified 102 different haplotypes ranging from 6 to 18 per locus. Analyses based on genetic diversity and fixation indices indicated variability among and within populations of 28.79% (FST = 28793) and 71.21%, respectively. To examine genetic relatedness among S. sclerotiorum isolates, we used internal spacer (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2) restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) and sequencing analysis. PCR‐RFLP analysis of these regions failed to show any genetic differences among isolates. However, we detected variability within the sequence, which does not support the hypothesis of clonal populations within each population. High variability within and among populations may indicate the introduction of new genotypes in the areas analysed, in addition to the occurrence of clonal and sexual reproduction in the populations of S. sclerotiorum in the Brazilian Cerrado. 相似文献
9.
Fernando F. Mendonça Claudio Oliveira Otto B. F. Gadig Fausto Foresti 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2011,21(4):799-814
Sharks of the genus Rhizoprionodon are among the most important predators along the coastal marine ecosystems, and they represent an important economic resource
for the small-scale fisheries. To properly manage and conserve exploited shark species, detailed analyses of their population
structure are needed. To evaluate the gene flow and levels of the genetic diversity among populations of the Caribbean sharpnose
shark R. porosus, we identified the nucleotide sequence based on collections (n = 321 specimens) from 10 different areas, including the Caribbean
Sea and several locations along the entire Brazilian coast. The analysis of 802 nucleotides from the mitochondrial DNA control
region revealed 53 distinct haplotypes. The majority of these haplotypes were restricted to their collection locales with
a significant genetic structure detected among the overall populations (Φ
ST = 0.237, P < 0.0001). The data suggest a population division with two distinct management units in the western Atlantic. These management
units are likely separated by the Equatorial Current. The strong population structure in R. porosus indicates that regional populations, if depleted, will not recover swiftly through immigration. 相似文献
10.
Genetic relationships among Undaria species and among populations of each species were studied based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cox3 gene. Although three Undaria species, U. peterseniana (Kjellman) Okamura, U. pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar and U. undarioides (Yendo) Okamura, have been described based mostly on blade morphology, plants with intermediate morphologies have also been found. Multiple plants from several populations in Japan were collected. Morphological characters could identify most of the samples unambiguously. A few samples with intermediate morphologies were also collected. Mitochondrial haplotypes found in each population were different for each identified species, and each species had multiple haplotypes. In the cox3 haplotype network analysis, the numbers of steps between haplotypes within and between species were similar, and haplotypes of each species did not group together. The close genetic relationships among species strongly suggest that these species are conspecific. Alternatively, recent speciation could be possible with maintenance of ancestral polymorphisms within the species (i.e. incomplete lineage sorting). Haplotypes of samples with intermediate morphologies were different for each sample and the same as ones found in the local population, suggesting interspecific hybridizations among species. 相似文献
11.
Ascidians are sessile marine chordate invertebrates found along seashores worldwide and are typically regarded as invasive organisms. Knowledge concerning their global genetic structure and subsequent invasive potential is limited. Here, we identified three ascidians—Ciona robusta, Ciona savignyi, and Styela clava from the northeast region of China using morphological characteristics and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) as genetic marker. We additionally used phylogenetics to aid in the identification of these three species. The results of a population genetic analysis showed that among the three species, the level of haplotype diversity was particularly high within C. savignyi, and nucleotide diversity varied moderately. We divided the three species separately into native and invasive populations using 170 cox1 sequences from global resources to explore population genetic structure and invasive potential. Although in the network analysis Ciona spp. formed haplogroups of native and invasive populations, some haplotypes were still shared. We found that the haplotypes did not cluster within the network of S. clava. Our AMOVA results also showed that Ciona spp. had a weak genetic structure, and less genetic differentiation was present in S. clava. These data suggest that there are extensive incursions of these three ascidians into different geographical regions. Global comparisons of ascidian populations will help in the understanding of their population genetic structure and invasive potential, hence providing important insights regarding conservation as well as management. 相似文献
12.
Y chromosome haplotype distribution of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Northern Europe provides insight into population history and recovery
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Molecular ecology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Julia Schregel Hans Geir Eiken Finn Audun Grøndahl Frank Hailer Jouni Aspi Ilpo Kojola Konstantin Tirronen Piotr Danilov Alexander Rykov Eugene Poroshin Axel Janke Jon E. Swenson Snorre B. Hagen 《Molecular ecology》2015,24(24):6041-6060
High‐resolution, male‐inherited Y‐chromosomal markers are a useful tool for population genetic analyses of wildlife species, but to date have only been applied in this context to relatively few species besides humans. Using nine Y‐chromosomal STRs and three Y‐chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphism markers (Y‐SNPs), we studied whether male gene flow was important for the recent recovery of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Northern Europe, where the species declined dramatically in numbers and geographical distribution during the last centuries but is expanding now. We found 36 haplotypes in 443 male extant brown bears from Sweden, Norway, Finland and northwestern Russia. In 14 individuals from southern Norway from 1780 to 1920, we found two Y chromosome haplotypes present in the extant population as well as four Y chromosome haplotypes not present among the modern samples. Our results suggested major differences in genetic connectivity, diversity and structure between the eastern and the western populations in Northern Europe. In the west, our results indicated that the recovered population originated from only four male lineages, displaying pronounced spatial structuring suggestive of large‐scale population size increase under limited male gene flow within the western subpopulation. In the east, we found a contrasting pattern, with high haplotype diversity and admixture. This first population genetic analysis of male brown bears shows conclusively that male gene flow was not the main force of population recovery. 相似文献
13.
A. M. L. Azeredo-Espin R. F. W. Schroder G. K. Roderick W. S. Sheppard 《Biochemical genetics》1996,34(7-8):253-268
Restriction endonuclease analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to examine genetic variability and population structure
inLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). A group of three enzymes, EcoRI, HpaI, and PstI, was used to reveal polymorphism both within and among some of the 10 populations tested, yielding 16 haplotypes in combination.
The frequencies of these 16 haplotypes differed significantly across geographic regions, indicating some partitioning of mtDNA
haplotypes. Estimates of mtDNA sequence divergence (δ) between haplotypes ranged from 0.016 to 0.135%, suggesting local differentiation
of mtDNA in some populations. Analysis of these data suggests that Texas was colonized by more than one mtDNA lineage, most
likely originating in Mexico. We hypothesize that a larger founder size for the initial introductions or high levels of variability
in the parent population at the edge of the CPB expanding range led to the initial partitioning of haplotypes observed in
samples from Texas. 相似文献
14.
Mitochondrial DNA diversity, population structure, and gender association in the gynodioecious plant Silene vulgaris 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A highly variable mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) locus is used to assess the population structure of mitochondrial genomes in the gynodioecious plant Silene vulgaris at two spatial scales. Thirteen mtDNA haplotypes were identified within 250 individuals from 18 populations in a 20-km diameter region of western Virginia. The population structure of these mtDNA haplotypes was estimated as thetaST = 0.574 (+/- 0.066 SE) and, surprisingly, genetic differentiation among populations was negatively correlated with geographic distance (Mantel r = -0.246, P < 0.002). Additionally, mtDNA haplotypes were spatially clumped at the scale of meters within one population. Gender in S. vulgaris is determined by an interaction between autosomal male fertility restorers and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) factors, and seed fitness is affected by an interaction between gender and population sex ratio; thus, selection acting on gender could influence the distribution of mtDNA RFLP haplotypes. The sex ratio (females:hermaphrodites) varied among mtDNA haplotypes across the entire metapopulation, possibly because the haplotypes were in linkage disequilibrium with different CMS factors. The gender associated with some of the most common haplotypes varied among populations, suggesting that there is also population structure in male fertility restorer genes. In comparison with reports of mtDNA variation from other published studies, we found that S. vulgaris exhibits a large number of mtDNA haplotypes relative to that observed in other species. 相似文献
15.
Michael S. Blouin John B. Dame Christine A. Tarrant Charles H. Courtney 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1992,46(2):470-476
Very little is known about the distribution of genetic variance within and among populations of parasitic helminths. In this study we used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment analysis to describe the population genetic structure of Ostertagia ostertagi, a nematode parasite of cattle, in the United States. Estimates of within-population mtDNA diversity are 5 to 10 times greater than typical estimates reported for species in other taxa. Although populations are genetically differentiated for a key life–history trait, greater than 98% of the total genetic diversity is partitioned within populations, and the geographic distribution of individual mtDNA haplotypes suggests high gene flow among populations. 相似文献
16.
Molecular phylogeography of Dryas integrifolia: glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Chloroplast DNA variation in the Arctic plant species Dryas integrifolia (Rosaceae) was analysed in relation to both the present-day geographical distribution of populations and to Pleistocene fossil records of this species. The phylogeographical structure was weak but the analysis of haplotype diversity revealed several groups of haplotypes having present-day geographical ranges that overlap locations postulated from geographical and fossil evidence to have been glacial refugia. Based on this information we infer that two important refugial sources of Arctic recolonization by this species were Beringia and the High Arctic. Two other putative refugia, located southeast of the ice sheet and along coastal regions of the eastern Arctic may have served as sources for recolonization of smaller portions of the Arctic. The genetic substructure in the species is mostly due to variation among populations regardless of the ecogeographical region in which they are found. Spatial autocorrelation at the regional scale was also detected. High levels of diversity both within populations and ecogeographical regions are probably indicative of population establishment from several sources possibly combined with recent gene flow. 相似文献
17.
This paper illustrates the phylogeographical structure of Saxifraga callosa in order to describe its genetic richness in refugial areas and to reconstruct its glacial history. S. callosa is a species spread throughout south-east France and Italy with a high distribution in the Maritime Alps. Four chloroplast
microsatellite and AFLP markers were analyzed in populations of S. callosa. The size variants of all tested loci amount to 11 different haplotypes. Intrapopulational haplotype variation was found
in two of the populations analyzed: on the Mt. Toraggio in the Maritime Alps, and in the Apuan Alps. On the other hand, no
intrapopulational variation was found in 25 populations, most of which were sampled from isolated areas. Analysis of the haplotype
distribution showed that population subdivision across all populations was high (G
ST = 0.899). Moreover, its genetic structure was studied using AMOVA and STRUCTURE analysis. The study legitimated inferred
conclusions about the phylogeographical structure of the species and identified centers of diversity. Considerations concerning
genetic structure and divergence among three major clades (Maritime Alps, Apuan Alps and Apennines), the patchy distribution
of haplotypes, and the high number of private haplotypes support the proposal that S. callosa survived in some refugia within the Italian Peninsula refugium, and that mainly northern populations of refugia were involved
in postglacial recolonization. 相似文献
18.
Genetic variation at chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) in Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.) Mattei and three neighboring Abies species 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
L. Parducci A. E. Szmidt A. Madaghiele M. Anzidei G. G. Vendramin 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(5):733-740
Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.) Mattei (Sicilian fir) is an endangered species represented by only one population of 29 adult individuals occurring
in a limited area of the Madonie Range in northern Sicily (Italy). Taxonomic boundaries between this taxon and the neighboring
Abies species are not clear. In this study, we used six chloroplast simple-sequence repeats (cpSSRs) to investigate the population
genetic structure and the distribution of chloroplast haplotypic variation in A. nebrodensis and three of the neighboring Abies species: Abies alba (Mill.), Abies numidica (De Lann) and Abies cepha-lonica (Loud.). Our aims were to quantify the level of cpDNA differentiation within the Abies populations and to shed light on the history of A. nebrodensis. Diversity levels based on the haplotype frequency at six cpSSRs were high, especially in A. alba and A. cephalonica. In all, we found 122 haplotypes among the 169 individuals analyzed, and the four species were distinguished from each other
by their haplotype composition. The majority of the haplotypes (76%) were detected only once, but in A. nebrodensis seven individuals (41% of the sample population) shared the same haplotype. Moreover, the seven A. nebrodensis individuals with an identical haplotype showed a tendency to be geographically grouped within the population"s limited range.
The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed a significant difference in the level of apportionment of gene diversity
between the species A. alba and A. cephalonica (FST=0.191 and 0.012, respectively). AMOVA analysis conducted over all populations from the four species showed that 19% of the
total cpSSR variation was attributable to differences among species, 6% was due to differences among populations within species,
and 74% to differences within populations. The high percentage of unique haplotypes identified confirms the power of cpSSR
haplotype analysis for identifying individual trees in individual Abies populations. Our results indicate that A. nebrodensis differs from the other three Abies species investigated and support its classification as an independent taxon. The results also showed a decreased level of
variation in A. nebrodensis and suggested that the species has experienced a genetic bottleneck during the last two centuries.
Received: 10 April 2000 / Accepted: 13 July 2000 相似文献
19.
Jan De Riek Shuang Zhang Selena Ahmed Johan Van Huylenbroeck Chunlin Long 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(21):8915-8926
Camellia reticulata is an arbor tree that has been cultivated in southwestern China by various sociolinguistic groups for esthetic purposes as well as to derive an edible seed oil. This study examined the influence of management, socio‐economic factors, and religion on the genetic diversity patterns of Camellia reticulata utilizing a combination of ethnobotanical and molecular genetic approaches. Semi‐structured interviews and key informant interviews were carried out with local communities in China's Yunnan Province. We collected plant material (n = 190 individuals) from five populations at study sites using single‐dose AFLP markers in order to access the genetic diversity within and between populations. A total of 387 DNA fragments were produced by four AFLP primer sets. All DNA fragments were found to be polymorphic (100%). A relatively high level of genetic diversity was revealed in C. reticulata samples at both the species (Hsp = 0.3397, Isp = 0.5236) and population (percentage of polymorphic loci = 85.63%, Hpop = 0.2937, Ipop = 0.4421) levels. Findings further revealed a relatively high degree of genetic diversity within C. reticulata populations (Analysis of Molecular Variance = 96.31%). The higher genetic diversity within populations than among populations of C. reticulata from different geographies is likely due to the cultural and social influences associated with its long cultivation history for esthetic and culinary purposes by diverse sociolinguistic groups. This study highlights the influence of human management, socio‐economic factors, and other cultural variables on the genetic and morphological diversity of C. reticulata at a regional level. Findings emphasize the important role of traditional culture on the conservation and utilization of plant genetic diversity. 相似文献
20.
Yidan Li Xiaohui Shan Xiaoming Liu Lanjuan Hu Wanli Guo Bao Liu 《Ecological Research》2008,23(5):927-930
We report here that by using a modified scoring criterion, the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism or MSAP marker
can be used effectively to detect polymorphism in DNA methylation patterns within and among populations of a perennial wild
barley species, Hordeum brevisubulatum. Twenty-four selected individual genotypes representing four natural populations of H. brevisubulatum distributed in the Songnen Prairie in northeastern China were studied. The utility of MSAP was evidenced by its detection
of high levels of polymorphism in DNA methylation patterns between individuals within a given population, and the clear inter-population
differentiation in methylation patterns (methylation-based epigenetic population structure) revealed among the four populations.
The resolving power of MSAP to detect DNA methylation polymorphism was found to be comparable with that of a retrotransposon-based
sequence-specific amplified polymorphism marker, or SSAP, to detect genetic polymorphism in the same set of plants, suggesting
that MSAP with a modified scoring criterion can be used efficiently to detect DNA methylation polymorphism and assess epigenetic
population structure in natural plant populations.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献