乙、丁酸添加条件下丁醇发酵图论模型的构建

有机酸代谢途径在丁醇发酵过程中具有重要的作用,对细胞内碳流的分配和产物的合成影响显著。在7 L厌氧发酵罐中,进行了间歇添加乙酸或丁酸的发酵实验。结果表明,乙、丁酸的添加显著提高了总溶剂的生产效率,分别提高了47.1%和39.2%;此外,丁醇/丙酮比在添加丁酸的批次中提高了21.7%,在添加乙酸的批次中降低了16.2%;厌氧瓶中的发酵实验也证实了以上结果。有机酸代谢计算的结果表明,乙、丁酸的添加基本上阻断了相应有机酸闭环的吸收途径。基于相关报道和代谢计算结果,构建了针对乙、丁酸添加批次的图论模型,并利用该模型对不同发酵条件下的溶剂浓度和丁醇/丙酮比进行了计算。结果表明,该模型很好地预测了实验结果,合理地构建了乙、丁酸添加批次的信号传递线图。     

生物柴油耦联丙酮丁醇发酵的初步研究

以4种生物柴油(原料为地沟油、菜籽油、棕榈油和废肯德基油)作为萃取剂,开展了丙酮丁醇静态萃取发酵。通过分析发酵过程中的产气量及发酵40 h后油水两相中的溶剂浓度,发现生物柴油对丙丁梭菌有毒性。另外,静置条件下丁醇在不同油水两相中的液液平衡系数大致相同。在发酵24 h时加入棕榈生物柴油(油水体积比为0.4∶1),丁醇发酵强度达到最大值0.213 g.(L.h)-1、比对照(传统发酵)提高10.9%,且生物柴油中的丁醇质量浓度达到6.44 g.L-1。     

萃取耦合发酵工艺生产丁醇研究

萃取耦合发酵可有效减弱产物抑制和提高底物利用效率,本文就萃取耦合发酵生产丁醇工艺中的萃取剂的选择、萃取剂加入量、底物浓度等发酵条件进行了研究。结果表明:最佳萃取剂为大豆油生物柴油,油水比为3∶5,发酵过程无需搅拌,静置发酵为宜,在发酵之初加入萃取剂。分别以玉米和木薯为发酵底物,确定其最适底物浓度为100 g/L,以玉米为原料萃取耦合发酵中丁醇和总溶剂产量分别为18.17 g/L和29.31 g/L。以木薯为原料萃取耦合发酵生产丁醇及总溶剂产量比传统发酵分别提高了48.69%和51.80%。     

利用以废弃毕赤酵母为氮源的丁酸发酵上清液和葡萄糖高效生产具有高丁醇/丙酮比特征的生物丁醇

【背景】生物丁醇是高效的液态燃料。丁醇发酵,也称丙酮-丁醇-乙醇(Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol,ABE)发酵,其发酵的产品是丁醇、丙酮和乙醇的混合物,主产物丁醇与主要副产物丙酮的质量比率(B/A比)约为2.0。【目的】丁酸是ABE发酵合成丁醇的重要前体物质,以丁酸/葡萄糖为双底物可以高效生产具有以高B/A比为特征的丁醇,提高ABE发酵产品的品质。【方法】7L厌氧发酵罐下,以玉米淀粉/废弃毕赤酵母处理液为原料得到的丁酸发酵上清液与葡萄糖溶液直接复配作为ABE发酵培养基,并按需要在发酵途中添加该上清液和浓缩葡萄糖溶液。【结果】与使用150 g/L玉米淀粉的传统ABE发酵相比,丁醇浓度保持在12.7-12.8 g/L的较高水平,B/A比从2.0大幅提高到4.4-5.0,丁醇对总碳源的得率从0.32-0.34提升至0.39-0.41 (摩尔基准),丁酸/葡萄糖质量消耗比高达37%-53%。【结论】ABE发酵性能的改善得益于丁酸发酵上清液中丁酸、寡糖和氨基酸等得到了有效利用,NADH利用效率大幅提高。该发酵策略节省了ABE发酵的原料和操作成本,大幅降低了丁酸发酵上清液中残存的寡糖浓度,还可根据市场供需和产品价格变化的状况实现发酵产品的多样性和生产操作的灵活性,具有良好的经济和环保意义。     

酵母浸粉刺激以木薯为原料的丁醇生产的发酵相转型

在7L静态厌氧发酵罐下,使用"非粮"作物木薯替代玉米淀粉开展丁醇发酵。无论是传统发酵还是油醇萃取发酵,木薯粉丁醇发酵的性能均远不及以玉米淀粉为原料时的水平,主要体现在发酵产酸相向溶剂生产相的转型严重迟延或无法转型、发酵时间长、丁醇生产效率低。实验结果表明,当发酵相转型迟延出现后,添加2.5g/L的酵母浸粉,可以刺激丁酸/乙酸向丁醇/丙酮的转化、转型延迟时间缩短10~30h左右。在此条件下,传统和萃取发酵方式下的丁醇总产量分别达到12.95g/L和29.81g/L,丁醇生产效率与使用玉米淀粉为原料时基本持平。     

丁醇萃取发酵耦联生产改良型生物柴油过程的性能优化

传统丙酮丁醇发酵的产物浓度太低,蒸馏回收发酵产品大量耗能.为研究探讨直接利用发酵产物的可能性,在15%高初始玉米醪浓度条件下、以地沟生物柴油为萃取剂,探讨了生物柴油添加量,萃余液回用率、和添加微量电子供体对丁醇发酵耦联生产改良型生物柴油过程各主要性能指标的影响.通过环境条件优化,地沟生物柴油的质量显著提高,16烷值由51.4提高至54.4;添加微量中性红后"丁醇实质性得率"可以达到18%,耗能的发酵产品回收过程有望省去;萃余液回用率超过50%,有望逐步向国家所大力倡导的"节能减排"的工业生产模式靠近.     

丁酸胁迫耦联丙酮丁醇梭菌-酿酒酵母混合培养强化丁醇发酵性能

为改善丁醇发酵性能,提出丁酸胁迫与丙酮丁醇梭菌-酿酒酵母混合培养体系协同作用的新型丁醇发酵优化控制策略.7L发酵罐中,在溶剂生产期(24 h)添加4.0 g/L-broth的丁酸浓缩液和0.2 g-DCW/L-broth的酿酒酵母进行发酵,丁醇浓度、丁醇/丙酮比和总溶剂生产效率与对照相比分别提高35％、43％和79％,达到15.74 g/L、2.83和0.52 g/L/h的最高水平.若将精馏后溶剂混合物作为高效柴油添加剂,柴油添加剂中B∶A∶E比例可达74∶17∶9(w/w)的高水平,产品质量获得显著改善.试验及分析阐明该优化控制策略可大幅诱发赖氨酸的分泌及在梭菌中的吸收/利用,提高梭菌对高丁醇浓度环境的耐受能力,促进丁醇合成;可强化梭菌对底物利用的竞争能力、提高电子往复穿梭传递系统中还原力再生速率、产生更多用于丁醇合成的NADH.两者的协同作用大幅提高了丁醇发酵的整体性能.     

添加表面活性剂改善丁醇萃取发酵性能

研究了各种表面活性剂对丁醇萃取发酵的影响。丁醇发酵中有大量H2、CO2气体生成,生成的气泡携带发酵溶剂产物（丁醇、丙酮）进入萃取液相,促进了水相中发酵毒性产物向萃取液相的移动。研究发现,表面活性剂可以降低气-液膜的表面张力,促使大气泡破碎,从而使发酵产气以较小气泡的形式穿过萃取液相。添加表面活性剂可以强化发酵溶剂产物从水相到萃取相的移除速度,缩短发酵产物在油水两相中达到平衡的时间。有利于提高发酵生产强度。以地沟生物柴油为萃取剂,吐温-80的添加量为质量分数0．140％时,与对照相比（无表面活性剂的萃取发酵）,相同发酵时间内萃取相中丁醇体积分数提高了21．2％．总溶剂生产强唐也提高了16．5％．     

萃取耦合技术对玉米秸秆水解液发酵产丁醇的影响

本研究以玉米秸秆水解液为原料,通过萃取发酵技术生产燃料丁醇,以提高丁醇产量,降低生产成本。通过对萃取剂的筛选与条件优化,确定纤维丁醇发酵的萃取剂为油醇,添加时间为发酵0 h,添加比例为1:1 (V/V)。该条件下发酵32 g/L糖浓度的玉米秸秆水解液,丁醇和总溶剂产量分别为3.28 g/L和4.72 g/L,比对照分别提高958.1%和742.9%。以D301树脂脱毒后5%总糖浓度的玉米秸秆水解液进行丁醇萃取发酵,丁醇和总溶剂产量分别达到10.34 g/L和14.72 g/L,发酵得率为0.31 g/g,与混合糖发酵结果相当。研究结果表明萃取发酵技术能够显著提高原料的利用率和丁醇产量,为纤维丁醇工业化生产提供了技术支撑。     

添加有机酸对Clostridium acetobutylicum合成丙酮和丁醇的影响

为提高丙酮-丁醇梭菌厌氧发酵生产丙酮和丁醇的能力,在发酵过程中添加有机酸（乙酸和丁酸）,考察其对菌体生长、溶剂合成影响。实验表明：当添加1.5 g/L乙酸时能够促进菌体的生长,促进丙酮的合成,在600 nm处的最大OD值比参照值高出18.4%,丙酮的最终质量分数提高了21.05%,但不能促进丁醇的合成;当添加1.0g/L丁酸时能够促进菌体生长,促进丁醇的合成,在600 nm处的最大OD比参照值高22.29%,丁醇的最终质量分数比对照组提高了24.32%,但不能促进丙酮的合成。     

Evaluation of high butanol/acetone ratios in ABE fermentations with cassava by graph theory and NADH regeneration analysis

Higher butanol/acetone ratio is always desirable in ABE fermentation, and this ratio is closely associated with the complicated patterns of metabolic reactions and NADH generation rate. The patterns of acetate/butyrate formation and re-assimilation in multiple closed reaction loops, as well as NADH regeneration in ABE fermentation using different substrates varies. In this study, we evaluated butanol/acetone ratio in ABE fermentations utilizing cassava and corn based media by graph theory and NADH regeneration analysis. The theoretical calculations and experimental data revealed that a lower metabolic strength in butyrate loop and enhanced NADH generation rate were responsible for the achievement of higher butanol/acetone ratio when fermenting cassava based substrate. In traditional fermentations and extractive fermentations with oleyl alcohol/bio-diesel as the extractants when using cassava based substrate, butanol/acetone ratios reached 2.24, 2.84, and 2.19 with the increasing increments of 14.9, 61.4, and 6.8% respectively, while butanol productivities stayed at comparably high levels as compared with those of the fermentations when cultivating on corn based substrate.     

Increasing butanol/acetone ratio and solvent productivity in ABE fermentation by consecutively feeding butyrate to weaken metabolic strength of butyrate loop

In this study, we attempted to increase butanol/acetone ratio and total solvent productivity in ABE fermentations with corn- and cassava-based media, by consecutively feeding a small amount of butyrate/acetate during solventogenic phase to weaken the metabolic strengths in butyrate/acetate closed-loops. Consecutively feeding a small amount of butyrate (a total of 3.0 g/L-broth) is most effective in improving performance of corn-based ABE fermentations, as it simultaneously increased average butanol/acetone ratio by 23 % (1.92–2.36) and total solvent productivity by 16 % (0.355–0.410 g/L/h) as compared with those of control. However, the butyrate feeding strategy could not improve butanol/acetone ratio and total solvent productivity in cassava-based ABE fermentations, where the metabolic strength of butyrate closed-loop had already been very low.     

电子载体对丁醇发酵的影响

研究在培养基中加入不同电子载体对丁醇发酵的影响。结果表明:添加微量的苄基紫精可以促进丁醇的产生,同时可强烈抑制丙酮的合成,丁醇体积分数由66.92%提高到82.35%。苄基紫精可促进菌株快速进入产溶剂期,发酵周期明显缩短,丁醇生产强度显著提高。7%玉米培养基中加入40 mg/L苄基紫精,丁醇产量最高达16.10 g/L,生产强度为0.37 g/(L.h),分别较对照提高10.96%和60.87%。在初始丁醇体积分数较低的条件下,苄基紫精对丁醇合成的促进作用更明显。     

Enhancement of butanol tolerance and butanol yield in Clostridium acetobutylicum mutant NT642 obtained by nitrogen ion beam implantation

As a promising alternative biofuel, biobutanol can be produced through acetone/butanol/ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Currently, ABE fermentation is still a small-scale industry due to its low production and high input cost. Moreover, butanol toxicity to the Clostridium fermentation host limits the accumulation of butanol in the fermentation broth. The wild-type Clostridium acetobutylicum D64 can only produce about 13 g butanol/L and tolerates less than 2% (v/v) butanol. To improve the tolerance of C. acetobutylicum D64 for enhancing the production of butanol, nitrogen ion beam implantation was employed and finally five mutants with enhanced butanol tolerance were obtained. Among these, the most butanol tolerant mutant C. acetobutylicum NT642 can tolerate above 3% (v/v) butanol while the wide-type strain can only withstand 2% (v/v). In batch fermentation, the production of butanol and ABE yield of C. acetobutylicum NT642 was 15.4 g/L and 22.3 g/L, respectively, which were both higher than those of its parental strain and the other mutants using corn or cassava as substrate. Enhancing butanol tolerance is a great precondition for obtaining a hyper-yield producer. Nitrogen ion beam implantation could be a promising biotechnology to improve butanol tolerance and production of the host strain C. acetobutylicum.     

The relationship between hydrogen gas and butanol production by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum

Two simultaneous fermentations were performed at 26 degrees C with simultaneous inocula using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum. Fermentation 1 prevented the gas formed by the biomass from escaping the fermentor while 2 allowed the gas formed to escape. Fermentor 1 provided for the production of butanol, acetone, and ethanol, while when the H(2) formed was allowed to escape with fermentor 2, neither butanol nor acetone were produced. Ethanol was also formed in both fermentors and began along with the initial growth of biomass and continued until the fermentations were complete. Butanol and acetone production began after biomass growth had reached a maximum and began to subside. The butanol-acetone-ethanol millimolar yields and ratios were 38:1:14 respectively. The fermentor 2 results show that a yield of 2.1 L H(2), 93 or 370 mmol H(2)/mol glucose, was formed only during the growing stage of growth; neither butanol nor acetone were produced; ethanol was formed throughout the fermentation, reaching a yield of 15.2 mmolar. It appears that hydrogen gas is required for butanol production during the resting stage of growth.     

The acetone butanol fermentation on glucose and xylose. II. Regulation and kinetics in fed-batch cultures

The kinetics in fed-batch cultures of acetone butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum is compared on glucose, xylose, and mixtures of both sugars. The final conversion yield of sugars into solvents always increases with the sugar feeding rate. At low feeding rates, the sugar concentration in the medium becomes limiting, which results in a slower cellular growth, a slower metabolic transition from an acid to a solvent fermentation and, thus, a higher accumulation of acids. It is only at sufficiently high feeding rates that fed-batch fermentations yield kinetic results comparable to those of batch fermentations. With mixtures of glucose and xylose, because of a maintained low glucose level, both sugars are taken up at the same rate during a first fermentation period. An earlier accumulation of xylose when the fermentation becomes inhibited suggest that xylose utilization is inhibited when the catabolic flux of glucose alone can satisfy the metabolic activity of the cell. Kinetic results with batch and fed-batch fermentations indicate several important features of the regulation of C. acetobutylicum metabolism: an early inhibition by the produced acids; an initiation of solvent formation between 4 and 6 g/L acetic and butyric acid depending on the metabolic activity of the cell; a metabolic transition from acids to solvents production at a rate closely related to the rate of sugar uptake; during solvent production, a reassimilation of acids above a minimal rate of sugar consumption of 0.2 h(-1); a final inhibition of the fermentation at a total butanol and acids concentration of ca. 20 g/L.     

多轮次胁迫驯化及多因子复合筛选丁醇高产菌

【目的】从陕西省石泉县玉米地土壤中分离获得一株产丁醇菌株并提高其丁醇耐受性和丁醇产量。【方法】采用自行设计的多因子复合筛选方法和丁醇胁迫驯化处理,在获得丁醇高产菌株的同时提高菌株的丁醇耐受性。【结果】野生菌株D64经多轮次丁醇胁迫驯化处理和多因子复合筛选,分离获得突变株T64,其丁醇耐受性明显提高,能在丁醇浓度为20 g/L的复合筛选培养基上正常生长,发酵7%玉米醪丁醇产量由13.35 g/L提高到15.18 g/L,总溶剂(丙酮、丁醇、乙醇)达到21.8 g/L。【结论】采用长时间且丁醇浓度呈梯度渐进增加的胁迫驯化方式,可使菌种在丁醇的环境中不断进化并有效地提高菌株对丁醇的耐受性。多因子复合筛选方法较其他单一因子筛选方法更为有效,能较快获得丁醇高产菌。