微卫星DNA标记在常用实验动物遗传多态性的研究进展

国标中规定实验动物遗传质量监测方法主要是生化标记,它是通过蛋白质的变化来推测相应基因的变化。而微卫星DNA标记是对DNA的直接监测,要比生化标记更准确、更可靠。旨在把微卫星DNA标记应用到大小鼠、仓鼠、沙鼠、家兔、犬、猴和猪等常用实验动物的遗传监测当中,以期建立常用实验动物微卫星DNA标记的遗传监测方法。     

微卫星的构成及其检测技术

微卫星标记是近几年来发展起来的一种新型分子标记,由于其具有检测方便,多态性高、共显性遗传、符合孟德尔遗传定律、重复性好等优点,所以在动物遗传育种中作为标记辅助选择的手段日益得到广泛关注。试就微卫星的构成及特点、以及检测技术及应用作一综述,旨在为该技术的推广应用提供理论依据。     

微卫星多态性检测技术及其在保护遗传学中的应用

微卫星是一种新型的分子遗传标记,具有只需极少量样品即可进行PCR扩增等优点,使之极其适合于保护遗传化学研究。阐释了微卫星的结构、微卫星多态检测技术的原理,简要论述了微卫生多态检测技术的优点及其应用,并介绍了一种分离动物微卫星位点的富集方法。     

微卫星分子标记及其在动物遗传育种中的研究进展

微卫星分子标记在基因组中具有含量丰富、多态性、共显性和易于检测等优点,是动物遗传育种应用中一种重要的分子标记技术。随着科学技术的飞速发展,微卫星标记的研究方法也日新月异:生物信息学技术的兴起使得微卫星位点的获得越来越方便;高通量测序技术的成熟使得开发新微卫星标记更加简单高效;自动化的序列分析仪器使得微卫星DNA的检测越来越快速准确;同时微卫星标记的应用范围也越来越广泛,其功能的开发正逐渐从刚开始的个别位点研究转变到全基因组微卫星分析。本研究简单介绍了微卫星分子标记的特点,重点综述了目前微卫星分子标记的获得、开发和筛选方法,及其在动物遗传育种中的应用,将为微卫星分子标记的研究提供理论支持。     

微卫星DNA在分子遗传标记研究中的应用

随着种群遗传学的发展 ,分子遗传标记特别是微卫星标记已经成为研究种群遗传的有力工具。本文就微卫星遗传标记的研究背景、技术应用以及优势与不足等方面进行了综述。     

微卫星标记及其在动物亲缘关系鉴定中的应用

未来养殖业的持续发展中,离不开完善的家族系谱,微卫星的亲子鉴定为精确繁殖策略和群体总体质量提供了有力的工具。只有利用亲子鉴定技术才能对家族系谱进行有效的修改和完善,才能进行优势选择,扩大优势生产力。微卫星分子具有共显性遗传、稳定性好、多态性高等特点,已经成为第二代分子标记,并在动物上面应用广泛。通过对猪、马、羊、牛等大家畜、禽类、鱼类、鹿科动物和其它动物亲子鉴定,阐述微卫星在不同动物亲缘关系鉴定中的应用,探索出在不同动物中设计了适合该物种的多态性的微卫星引物和亲子鉴定的方法,并对动物亲缘关系鉴定的应用还需注意的问题进行了探讨。     

微卫星DNA标记及其在鱼类遗传多样性研究中的应用

微卫星DNA作为第二代分子遗传标记是高等真核生物基因组中种类多、分布广、具有高度的多态性和杂合度的分子标记,由于其具有多态性检出率高、信息含量大、共显性标记、实验操作简单、结果稳定可靠等优点,已经成为种群遗传学研究中被广泛应用的分子遗传标记。微卫星DNA标记技术在鱼类的群体遗传结构的分析、物种遗传多样性的鉴定以及遗传基因连锁图谱的构建等方面已初步得到应用。该文就微卫星技术的原理方法,在鱼类遗传多样性研究中的应用概况以及应用范围和注意事项等方面进行综述。为微卫星技术在鱼类遗传多样性研究中应用提供了理论参考。     

三个近交系C57BL/6J小鼠群体微卫星遗传变异分析(英文）

应用微卫星遗传标记对近交系C57BL/6J(B6)小鼠遗传稳定性进行分析。用FAM标记的引物PCR扩增了来自北京和上海三个实验动物生产单位提供的三个B6小鼠群体共15个微卫星位点并进行分型。结果显示,所有位点均处于纯合状态,其中7个位点为多态位点。研究表明各B6群体虽然为高度近交群体,但不同生产单位维持的B6群体之间存在遗传分化。     

微卫星DNA标记在蚌科生物多样性保护中的应用

蚌科动物是世界上最濒危的动物类群之一,对该类动物的生物多样性保护是非常有意义的。微卫星DNA标记的发展和利用将有利于蚌科动物的遗传多样性保护。从微卫星标记的特点、研究方法、研究结果等方面综述了微卫星DNA标记在蚌科动物中的研究进展,并展望了中国蚌科微卫星DNA标记的研究方向。     

转基因小鼠和基因突变小鼠微卫星不稳定性分析

目的探讨微卫星在转基因和基因突变小鼠中的变化,为基因修饰和遗传突变动物的遗传检测和表型分析提供理论依据和技术手段。方法根据文献报道,从GenBank中选取198个等位基因数量多、富含多态性的微卫星位点,以野生型动物为对照,对6种近交系遗传背景的转基因小鼠和5种自然基因突变的近交系小鼠进行微卫星多态性检测,选用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和STR扫描技术,比较分析微卫星不稳定性。结果共有40个微卫星位点在转基因和基因突变小鼠中表现出多态性。在基因突变小鼠中,微卫星不稳定性有55.6%(10/18)是由纯合变为杂合(Ⅰ型),有3个位点(16.6%,3/18)是纯合突变(Ⅱ型),有5个位点同时存在2种类型的突变。但是在转基因动物中,大多数的微卫星多态性为Ⅰ型突变(87.5%,28/32),只有2个位点(6.2%,2/32)是Ⅱ型突变。另外有2个位点同时存在2种类型的突变。结论基因修饰或基因突变可引起小鼠相关微卫星发生不稳定性,而且某些微卫星位点对基因改变敏感性较高。     

动物遗传标记辅助选择研究及其应用

随着分子数量遗传学及其相关学科的发展,有关动物遗传标记辅助选择方面的研究也在不断深入,且已经在动物遗传改良中有了一些成功应用的示例。就如何综合利用表型、系谱和遗传标记信息进行育种值估计的统计学方法研究方面,目前已基本形成了较为完善的统计学方法。同时,在标记辅助选择相对效率及其影响因素,以及标记辅助选择实施方案的研究上也取得了不少喜人的成果。本文综述了动物遗传标记辅助选择研究的一些进展,并对标记辅助选择在动物遗传改良中应用的有关问题进行了讨论。 Abstract:With the development of molecular and quantitative genetics and its related subjects,it made a great progress on the research about animal genetic marker-assisted selection (MAS).There were also some successful examples on the application of MAS to animal genetic improvement.The statistical method which using phenotypic,pedigree and genetic marker information to predict individual breeding values has already been developed.Many achievements were obtained from the researches,which carried on MAS relative efficiency and its affecting factors and selection schemes.The present paper reviewed some progresses of MAS research and discussed some problems about MAS application to animal breeding.     

悉生蚕的研究与应用

悉生蚕是指蚕体内外栖息的其他生物体是已知的蚕,不仅培育方法较哺乳动物简单,且彻底克服蚕的季节性和地域性饲育限制,为蚕在实验动物科学中的广泛应用打下基础。随着现代生物技术的发展,悉生蚕作为生物反应发生器或转基因工程动物的应用已逐步进入实用化研究阶段。     

The integration of 'omic' disciplines and systems biology in cattle breeding

Enormous progress has been made in the selection of animals, including cattle, for specific traits using traditional quantitative genetics approaches. Nevertheless, considerable variation in phenotypes remains unexplained, and therefore represents potential additional gain for animal production. In addition, the paradigm shift in new disciplines now being applied to animal breeding represents a powerful opportunity to prise open the 'black box' underlying the response to selection and fully understand the genetic architecture controlling the traits of interest. A move away from traditional approaches of animal breeding toward systems approaches using integrative analysis of data from the 'omic' disciplines represents a multitude of exciting opportunities for animal breeding going forward as well as providing alternatives for overcoming some of the limitations of traditional approaches such as the expressed phenotype being an imperfect predictor of the individual's true genetic merit, or the phenotype being only expressed in one gender or late in the lifetime of an animal. This review aims to discuss these opportunities from the perspective of their potential application and contribution to cattle breeding. Harnessing the potential of this paradigm shift also poses some new challenges for animal scientists - and they will also be discussed.     

Non-additive genetic effects in animal selection

Genetic evaluation of purebred farm animals has been carried out for about half a century, employing additive approximation to describe the genetic background. An evaluated animal has been attributed a single breeding value for each trait of the breeding goal. The predicted additive genetic value of an animal equals the average breeding value of its parents. Although the selection based on the additive approach has proved successful, there still is a possibility of increasing the reliability of the breeding value estimation by accounting for non-additive genetic effects of dominance and epistasis, disregarded in the additive model. In the non-additive model, the expected quality of the progeny equals the average of the parents plus an effect resulting from the interaction between the parents. In this case, the evaluated animal may have as many breeding values as there are possible candidates to mate to, for each trait. The dominance and epistatic effects have already been accounted for in selecting animals or populations for some crossbreeding plans (combining ability, heterosis, and recombination loss). Also, using crossbreds for the sake of the breeding value estimation of purebred animals requires removing the non-additive effects from the crossbred performance and distributing the additive component between the purebreds. Combining ability is more and more discussed as a factor for matings within breed to produce terminal progeny.     

Integrated genomic selection for rapid improvement of crops

An increase in the rate of crop improvement is essential for achieving sustained food production and other needs of ever-increasing population. Genomic selection (GS) is a potential breeding tool that has been successfully employed in animal breeding and is being incorporated into plant breeding. GS promises accelerated breeding cycles through a rapid selection of superior genotypes. Numerous empirical and simulation studies on GS and realized impacts on improvement in the crop yields are recently being reported. For a holistic understanding of the technology, we briefly discuss the concept of genetic gain, GS methodology, its current status, advantages of GS over other breeding methods, prediction models, and the factors controlling prediction accuracy in GS. Also, integration of speed breeding and other novel technologies viz. high throughput genotyping and phenotyping technologies for enhancing the efficiency and pace of GS, followed by its prospective applications in varietal development programs is reviewed.     

大型实验动物屏障设施环境微生物和尘埃粒子的动态监控

目的本实验以大型实验动物屏障设施为研究对象,分析屏障设施的环境微生物及尘埃粒子的动态变化规律及其相关影响因素。方法测定屏障设施各功能区域不同时间及不同工作状态下空气落下菌和直径≥0.3μm尘埃粒子的数量变化。结果屏障系统落下菌与尘埃粒子变化规律如下：屏障系统内空气落下菌与尘埃粒子在饲养工作后显著升高,喷雾消毒后明显降低;大、小鼠饲育室空气落下菌与尘埃数在凌晨时明显升高,而兔饲育室在凌晨时间段则较低;清洁走廊和污染走廊在工作状态时细菌含量明显上升,非工作状态时细菌含量一直处于较低的水平。结论实验动物屏障系统的环境微生物与尘埃粒子的动态数量变化与动物品种、空气消毒、人员进出及动物室内的饲养操作等有关。     

Simulation of gene pyramiding in Drosophila melanogaster

Gene pyramiding has been successfully practiced in plant breeding for developing new breeds or lines in which favorable genes from several different lines were integrated.But it has not been used in animal breeding,and some theoretical investigation and simulation analysis with respect to its strategies,feasibility and efficiency are needed before it can be implemented in animals.In this study,we used four different pure fines of Drosophila melanogaster,each of which is homozygous at a specific mutant gene with a visible effect on phenotype,to simulate the gene pyramiding process and analyze the duration and population size required in different pyramiding strategies.We finally got the ideal individuals,which are homozygous at the four target genes simultaneously.This study demonstrates that gene pyramiding is feasible in animal breeding and the interaction between genes may affect the final results.     

Review: Towards the agroecological management of ruminants,pigs and poultry through the development of sustainable breeding programmes: I-selection goals and criteria

Agroecology uses natural processes and local resources rather than chemical inputs to ensure production while limiting the environmental footprint of livestock and crop production systems. Selecting to achieve a maximization of target production criteria has long proved detrimental to fitness traits. However, since the 1990s, developments in animal breeding have also focussed on animal robustness by balancing production and functional traits within overall breeding goals. We discuss here how an agroecological perspective should further shift breeding goals towards functional traits rather than production traits. Breeding for robustness aims to promote individual adaptive capacities by considering diverse selection criteria which include reproduction, animal health and welfare, and adaptation to rough feed resources, a warm climate or fluctuating environmental conditions. It requires the consideration of genotype×environment interactions in the prediction of breeding values. Animal performance must be evaluated in low-input systems in order to select those animals that are adapted to limiting conditions, including feed and water availability, climate variations and diseases. Finally, we argue that there is no single agroecological animal type, but animals with a variety of profiles that can meet the expectations of agroecology. The standardization of both animals and breeding conditions indeed appears contradictory to the agroecological paradigm that calls for an adaptation of animals to local opportunities and constraints in weakly artificialized systems tied to their physical environment.     

实验动物替代技术在中国实验动物部分调查初步报告

为了解中国部分地区实验动物饲养机构及使用情况,特对包括高校在校研究生、教师、生物制药企业职员等专业内人员进行调查,分析中国实验动物使用现状及实验动物操作人员的实验动物福利观.     

转基因动物克隆技术的应用及生物反应器的建立

利用转基因克隆技术实现外源基因的导入宿主染色体基因组内稳定整合,并能遗传给后代,已在基因表达与调控的理论研究、人类遗传病动物模型的建立、药用蛋白的生产、抗病育种、人类移植用的器官的研究等方面得到广泛应用。转基因动物的研究与应用也已经成为21世纪生命科学领域最活跃、最具有实际应用价值的方向之一,尤其是作为生物反应器和医学上为人类提供所用器官方面,其经济价值和社会效益将是不可估量。在查阅大量近年来国内外相关资料的基础上,本文以转基因动物克隆为中心,对转基因动物克隆所采用显微注射技术、核移植技术、基因打靶与真核BAC表达载体制备等主要研究技术,以及转基因动物克隆在异种器官移植、构建生物反应器等方面的应用进行了综合性论述与分析,同时阐述了各种转基因技术的优点与缺点,以其为转基因动物克隆研究提供理论基础与技术支撑。