洋葱"昌激99-3"的激光诱变选育

采用CO2和He-Ne两种激光的三种剂量,分别辐照两个洋葱品种的湿种子,从He-Ne和CO2激光辐照元谋洋葱变异后代中选育出高产、优质、多抗、适应性较强的红皮洋新品种“昌激99-3”,经专家组实地验收亩产达9186.7Kg,是红皮洋葱经专家正式验收的全国最高产量。     

小麦抗锈变异体的RAPD分子验证

将长穗偃麦草DNA导入普通小麦甘麦8号,在其后代出现广泛变异,并从中选育出两个优良的抗条锈病的姊妹变异体。本实验以原供体和受体作为对照,对两个变异体进行了RAPD分子验证,其主要结果为：两个变异体的大多数引物扩增产物带型类同于受体,而与供体带型差异显著;在81个引物中有2个引物检测出了DNA的多态生,主要表现为变异体90001-17中1条带活性不仅超过受体,而且也远超过90001-1的相应带活性,同时两个变异体都出现了1条供体和受体都没有的新带,分子量约为1044bp;另一引物扩增后,变异体90001-17和90001-1分别出现了2条和1条特异性带,分子量约为1073bp和1020bp,此外在两个变异体阳极端带明显被激活,而受体中1条分子量约为968bp的带在变异体中活性降低或消失等。从而表明抗锈变异体9001-17和90001-1的形成是供体的DNA片段进入受体基因组的结果。     

葡萄He—Ne激光诱变育种研究

用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光照射伊豆锦,先锋,黑奥林的腋芽,诱发其变异。通过五年五代的筛选,选育出了极早熟芽变体“激早丰”用同工酶检测,证明了变异的可靠性。     

抗大麦黄矮病毒小麦——中间偃麦草二体异代换系的选育和细胞,生？…

结合花药培养和常规选育,从７７－５４３３＊中５杂交组合后代中选育出６个抗大麦黄矮病毒（ｂａｒｌｅｙ ｙｅｌｌｏｗ ｄｗａｒｒｆ ｖｉｒｕｓ,ＢＹＤＶ）、染色体数目为４２的小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）新种质,并用减数分裂配对分析、单体小麦测交法、基因组原位杂交、Ｃ分带、同工酶等电聚焦和ＲＡＰＤ对上述材料进行了综合鉴定;表明这些材料都是小麦－中间偃麦草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎ ｉｎｔｅｒ     

红皮洋葱"昌激99-3"的激光诱变选育

采用两种激光的三种剂量,分别辐照两个红皮洋葱品种的种子,从He-Ne和c02激光辐照云南元谋本地洋葱的变异后代中选育出高产、优质、多抗、适应性较强的红皮洋葱新品种“昌激99．3”,经专家组实地验收667m^2产量达9186．7kg,属红皮洋葱经专家正式验收的全国最高产量。     

黄欧系玉米育种应用探索与分析

优良种质资源的创制是优良品种选育的重要基础,目前我国宜机械化粒收的玉米育种材料较为缺乏,将国外优良早熟种质导入中国骨干种质有助于创制宜机械化粒收新种质。本研究以欧洲早熟种质与中国黄旅种质杂交后代选育的258份黄欧系与测验种京MC01和郑58组配的测交组合为材料,在春夏播玉米鉴定试验中,通过对测交组合产量和收获时籽粒含水量表现分析,探讨遗传改良效果。结果表明:(1)黄欧系与京MC01测交组合在收获时籽粒含水量和产量方面表现优于郑58;(2)不同遗传背景黄欧系与京MC01的测交组合表现差异较大:在春播和夏播玉米区,黄早四和京2416类黄欧系收获时籽粒含水量较低,产量较高,昌7-2类黄欧系籽粒含水量较高,但产量突出;(3)导入不同比例欧洲早熟种质黄欧系的测配效果存在明显差异,导入25%比例的黄欧系目标性状表现较好,测交组合在保持较高产量水平情况下,呈现出早熟、籽粒脱水速度快等宜机械化粒收性状。研究结果将为玉米主产区特别是夏播区新型宜机械化粒收育种材料的创制及应用提供可鉴思路及实践路径。     

稻瘿蚊种群DNA指纹及水稻抗稻瘿蚊分子标记育种技术研究

文章综述经10年(1996~2005)研究建立的亚洲稻瘿蚊Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason种群DNA指纹检测技术和水稻抗稻瘿蚊分子育种技术的研究成果。其核心技术包括5点:(1)在国际和国内首先用AFLP方法研究亚洲5国(中国,印度,斯里兰卡,尼泊尔和老挝)及广东省7个地点亚洲稻瘿蚊种群DNA指纹及其生物多样性;(2)分别用RAPD和微卫星SSR技术对来源于我国的水稻资源大秋其的抗亚洲稻瘿蚊基因Gm6进行精细定位;(3)分别用与Gm6基因紧密连锁的STS分子标记和SSR标记,建立了分子标记辅助选择(MAS)方法选育抗稻瘿蚊新品种的技术体系;(4)应用建立的分子标记辅助选育新技术选育出一批抗亚洲稻瘿蚊中国种群的新品系,创造出一批新种质,包括抗蚊18号、抗蚊软占等达国优3级的抗稻瘿蚊新品系6个;(5)将Gm6基因导入杂交稻恢复系,选育出4个抗稻瘿蚊两系杂交稻新组合培矮64S/KG18,培矮64S/KI41,培矮64S/AK7,培矮64S/03W16(国优2级)和1个三系杂交稻新组合抗蚊博优。其中江西省宁都市名林水稻研究所应用本研究鉴定出的带有Gm6基因的品系抗蚊青占作为抗性亲本,培育出的2个抗稻瘿蚊的两系杂交稻组合安两优青占和培两优抗占通过省级品种审定,率先选育出抗稻瘿蚊种群的杂交稻。该项研究成果为控制华南稻瘿蚊的灾害发生提供新的技术措施,选育的抗稻瘿蚊品种和新种质,在华南广为应用,取得显著的经济效益。     

用培养细胞筛选对农业有价值的几种突变体

从高等植物细胞培养筛选突变体与体细胞无性系变异、原生质体融合和把外源基因导入植物体,都是在细胞中产生新遗传组合的途径,同属于植物细胞遗传操作的范畴;与育种关系密切。突变育种广泛地包含诱导出突变的任何过程,故Reisch也把体细胞无性系变异视为突变育种的一种形式。十多年来,有些人积极研究用培养细胞选择高等植物突     

生物的变异和组合

生物在不断地发生变异,变异是大量的,这已为人们在观察实验的基础上所公认。达尔文提出了变异加选择的进化理论,认为大量不定的变异受到一定的选择,从而使生物发生进化。一般的观点认为变异是不定的变异,即是无规律的。事实上变异是有规律可循的,变异的本质是组合。组合是一些基本元素、基本元件的结合。例如:质子、中子、电子组合成原子,不同的或相同的原子又组合为分子。新的物质、新的事物及新的类型、新的系统都由组合产生。非生物界是由基本粒子、基本元素组合而形成的有不同层次的有序的世界,同样,生物界也是由组合发生的。     

应用细胞工程技术选育四倍体龙牙百合的研究

用二倍体龙牙百合鳞片为外植体,培养在添加２,４Ｄ,６-ＢＡ的ＭＳ培养基上,诱导愈伤组织、不定牙与小鳞茎分化,建立了二倍体的体细胞无性系。用浓度０.０２％～０.０５％的秋水仙碱或再加２％～４％的二甲基亚砜溶液处理二倍体小鳞茎、鳞片与愈伤组织均诱导出变异试管苗,通过多代筛选与增殖培养首次获得了变异苗无性系,选育出同源四倍体龙牙百合,其染色体数目为４８（２ｎ＝４ｘ＝４８）。同源四倍体苗粗壮,叶片宽而厚,小鳞茎增殖速度快,小鳞茎所含核酸、蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉、脂肪、ＡＴＰ及维生素Ｂ２的量均高于二倍体     

航天与辐射共诱变在水稻育种中的应用

利用航天诱变与辐射诱变相结合的方法进行水稻新种质、新品种的选育,显著地提高其突变频率和突变类型,提高诱变育种的选择效果,育成1个两系杂交水稻新组合“培两优721”及一批优质水稻新种质和新品系(组合)。     

空间搭载诱导水稻种子突变的分子标记多态性分析

以卫星空间搭载广东水稻品种特籼占13干种子,返地种植后经5代选择、培育,获得一批形态及育性变异的突变体及品系（种）,如株高变矮,稻穗变大,雄性不育等。为了探索空间诱变的本质,对选出的6个突变体及2个优良品系,选用了130个10－mer随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD经物和17对扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）引物组合,分别对其基因组DNA进行多态性位点扫描分析,两种方法的结果均显示：不同的突变体与原种DNA之间存在不同程度的多态性差异,且由两法得到的结果较接近,为6％－12％。此结果从分子水平上进一步证明了空间环境确实对植物种子存在诱变作用。     

Tissue Culture-Induced Heritable Genomic Variation in Rice,and Their Phenotypic Implications

Background

Somaclonal variation generally occurs in plants regenerated from tissue culture. However, fundamental issues regarding molecular characteristics, mutation rates and mutation spectra of plant somatic variation as well as their phenotypic relevance have been addressed only recently. Moreover, these studies have reported highly discrepant results in different plant species and even in the same plant genotype.

Methodology/principal findings

We investigated heritable genomic variation induced by tissue culture in rice by whole genome re-sequencing of an extensively selfed somaclonal line (TC-reg-2008) and its wild type (WT) donor (cv. Hitomebore). We computed the overall mutation rate, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small scale insertions/deletions (Indels) and mobilization of transposable elements (TEs). We assessed chromosomal distribution of the various types of genomic variations, tested correlations between SNPs and Indels, and examined concomitancy between TE activity and its cytosine methylation states. We also performed gene ontology (GO) analysis of genes containing nonsynonymous mutations and large-effect mutations, and assayed effects of the genomic variations on phenotypes under both normal growing condition and several abiotic stresses. We found that heritable somaclonal genomic variation occurred extensively in rice. The genomic variations distributed non-randomly across each of the 12 rice chromosomes, and affected a large number of functional genes. The phenotypic penetrance of the genomic variations was condition-dependent.

Conclusions/significance

Tissue culture is a potent means to generate heritable genetic variations in rice, which bear distinct difference at least in space (chromosomal distribution) from those occurred under natural settings. Our findings have provided new information regarding the mutation rate and spectrum as well as chromosomal distribution pattern of somaclonal variation in rice. Our data also suggest that rice possesses a strong capacity to canalize genetic variations under normal growing conditions to maintain phenotypic robustness, which however can be released by certain abiotic stresses to generate variable phenotypes.     

水稻空间诱变恢复系杂种优势测定试验初报

利用返回式科学卫星搭载水稻一晚明恢63、外七、湘哥和粳稻北K15等纯系干种子,由于空间环境条件的综合作用,使空间诱变的品种均产生了变异。从诱变后代的突变体中选育出对三系籼型不育系具有恢复能力的强恢复系明恢63、无恢复能力的籼稻外七、湘哥和粳稻北K15。同时选出早熟强恢复系SP40098、具有育性恢复能力的SP40115、SP40037、SP50025等恢复系突变体。结果说明,空间诱变既可改良现有恢复系,又可创造新恢复系。具恢复能力的突变体能遗传重现。 Abstract：Pure seeds of rice varieties including Minghui 63,Wa i qi,Xiangge and Bei K 15（Japanica rice）,were carried into space by retrieve d satellite, and under space condition, mutation took place in all the s eed above mentioned. From these mutants, new restorer lines Minghui 63 with r estoring ability to the sterile line of three-line indica hybrid rice had be en developed, and other early restorers SP40098,SP40115,SP40037 and SP50025 ha ve also been selected from the mutants of Indica rice Waiqi,Xiangge,and Ja panica rice Bei K 15.The results indicated that space mutagenesis can n ot only improve existing restorers,also create new restorers.In addition,thei r restoring ability can be stably inherited.     

航天与60 Co-γ射线辐射诱变对光温敏核不育水稻M1代农艺性状的影响研究

研究航天搭载、~(60)Co-γ射线及其复合处理光温敏核不育水稻干种子M_1代的发芽率、幼苗生长、植株生长发育及其农艺性状变化.结果表明,对M_1代的生物学效应(抑制或刺激),因不同性状和不同的处理方式而不同;两种光温敏核不育水稻在当代对三种不同诱变处理的辐射敏感性表现一致,而两种光温敏核不育水稻各自对三种不同诱变处理的敏感性不一致.     

水稻空间技术育种的研究

为探讨空间条件对水稻育种的影响,利用返回式卫星搭载水稻干种子,返地种植,考察分析了12个亲本品种后代的性状表现及遗传与变异情况。结果表明：空间条件诱变的后代性状具有多样性变异和多向性遗传,且能稳定遗传,并有超亲遗传现象,诱变后代具有变异类型多、变异频率高、特殊突变体、育种周期短等特点。为进一步开发利用空间技术育种,在研究实践的基础上,提出了程序化、规范化、可操作性强的水稻空间育种技术规范。     

超级杂交稻两优培九及其亲本的光氧化特性

通过比较超级杂交稻两优培九和其亲本的光能利用与活性氧代谢的差异,为培育耐光氧化的杂交稻提供选亲配组的生理依据．使用TPS-光合仪和FMS2荧光仪(Hansateeh,UK)分别测定了人工光氧化处理后水稻叶片的光合速率与叶绿素荧光,同时测定了叶绿素、蛋白质和丙二醛的含量。以及超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性．结果表明,两优培九的光合速率低于母本2．4％,高于父本23％;光氧化处理8d后,与母本相比。两优培九的叶绿素、蛋白质、原初光化学效率、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶分别高于母本33％、15％、30％、32％和100％;光化学猝灭系数和丙二醛分别低于母本9％和50％。与父本相比,则差异不大．超级杂交稻两优培九在光氧化条件下光能利用率较高,在耐光氧化特性上具有超亲的光合生理特性．     

Development of a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system for simultaneous authentication of Korean ginseng cultivars "Gumpoong" and "Chungsun"

BACKGROUND AND AIMS. Molecular authentication of Korean ginseng cultivars was investigated using the mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 7 (nad7) intron 3 region. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A mutation site specific to Panax ginseng "Gumpoong" and "Chungsun" cultivars was detected within the sequence data. Based on this mutation site and the "Gumpoong"-specific single nucleotide polymorphism site reported in 26S rDNA, two modified allele-specific primer pairs were designed and a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (MARMS) was applied to identify "Gumpoong" and "Chungsun." RESULTS. The results showed that "Gumpoong" and "Chungsun" can be clearly discriminated from the other Korean ginseng cultivars by simultaneously identifying the haplotype of "Gumpoong" and the specific allele of "Chungsun" by applying the MARMS. CONCLUSION. This study, therefore, provides a simple and reliable method for simultaneous authentication of "Gumpoong" and "Chungsun" cultivars.