Recombinant protein expression in Pichia pastoris

The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is now one of the standard tools used in molecular biology for the generation of recombinant protein. P. pastoris has demonstrated its most powerful success as a large-scale (fermentation) recombinant protein production tool. What began more than 20 years ago as a program to convert abundant methanol to a protein source for animal feed has been developed into what is today two important biological tools: a model eukaryote used in cell biology research and a recombinant protein production system. To date well over 200 heterologous proteins have been expressed in P. pastoris. Significant advances in the development of new strains and vectors, improved techniques, and the commercial availability of these tools coupled with a better understanding of the biology of Pichia species have led to this microbe's value and power in commercial and research labs alike.     

牛凝乳酶基因在毕赤酵母中的重组表达

通过PCR技术从克隆载体pMD18T-Prochy上扩增牛凝乳酶原基因,双酶切后定向插入到酵母表达载体pPICZaA中,构建表达质粒pPICZaA-Prochy,线性化后电转化毕赤酵母GS115,经PCR和测序鉴定凝乳酶原基因成功插入到毕赤酵母的基因组中。在甲醇诱导下进行凝乳酶的表达,SDS-PAGE分析证明重组凝乳酶的分子量约为37 kD,培养基上清液中凝乳酶的活性为12.2 SU/mL。本研究首次应用毕赤酵母表达牛凝乳酶,在培养基中获得分泌表达的重组凝乳酶,为干酪工业提供了新型及优良的凝乳酶来源。     

Analysis of wild-type and mutant plant nitrate reductase expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris.

Recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana NADH:nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1) was produced in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and purified to near-electrophoretic homogeneity. Purified enzyme had the spectral and kinetic properties typical of highly purified NR from natural plant sources. Site-directed mutagenesis altering several key residues and regions was carried out, and the mutant enzyme forms were expressed in P. pastoris. When the invariant cysteine residue, cysteine-191, in the molybdo-pterin region of the A. thaliana NIA2 protein was replaced with serine or alanine, the NR protein was still produced but was inactive, showing that this residue is essential for enzyme activity. Deletions or substitutions of the conserved N terminus of NR retained activity and the ability to be inactivated in vitro when incubated with ATP. Enzyme with a histidine sequence appended to the N terminus was still active and was easily purified using metal-chelate affinity chromatography. These results demonstrate that P. pastoris is a useful and reliable system for producing recombinant holo-NR from plants.     

Purification and biochemical characterization of simplified eukaryotic nitrate reductase expressed in Pichia pastoris

NAD(P)H:nitrate reductase (NaR, EC 1.7.1.1-3) is a useful enzyme in biotechnological applications, but it is very complex in structure and contains three cofactors-flavin adenine dinucleotide, heme-Fe, and molybdenum-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT). A simplified nitrate reductase (S-NaR1) consisting of Mo-MPT-binding site and nitrate-reducing active site was engineered from yeast Pichia angusta NaR cDNA (YNaR1). S-NaR1 was cytosolically expressed in high-density fermenter culture of methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Total amount of S-NaR1 protein produced was approximately 0.5 g per 10 L fermenter run, and methanol phase productivity was 5 microg protein/g wet cell weight/h. Gene copy number in genomic DNA of different clones showed direct correlation with the expression level. S-NaR1 was purified to homogeneity in one step by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and total amount of purified protein per run of fermentation was approximately 180 mg. Polypeptide size was approximately 55 kDa from electrophoretic analysis, and S-NaR1 was mainly homo-tetrameric in its active form, as shown by gel filtration. S-NaR1 accepted electrons efficiently from reduced bromphenol blue (kcat = 2081 s(-1)) and less so from reduced methyl viologen (kcat = 159 s(-1)). The nitrate KM for S-NaR1 was 30 +/- 3 microM, which is very similar to YNaR1. S-NaR1 is capable of specific nitrate reduction, and direct electric current, as shown by catalytic nitrate reduction using protein film cyclic voltammetry, can drive this reaction. Thus, S-NaR1 is an ideal form of this enzyme for commercial applications, such as an enzymatic nitrate biosensor formulated with S-NaR1 interfaced to an electrode system.     

毕赤酵母菌高效表达乙肝表面抗原的研究

目的:筛选高效表达HBsAg的毕赤酵母茵,制备目的蛋白.方法:从已确诊的乙肝病人血清中提取DNA,PCR扩增HBVS基因,将其分别克隆入毕赤酵母胞内表达栽体pPICZA中.构建重组质粒pPICZA-S和pPICZA-SH,经Sac I线性化后,LiCI化学法转化入酵母茵株GS115、X-33、KM71H和SMD1168.结果:诱导表达后的GS115工程茼单位体积的培养基所得的抗原含量最高,诱导培养基中加入0.1%酪蛋氨基酸后,可抑制目的蛋白的水解,有利于目的蛋白的表达,粗略估算表达量为15.3mg/L,最佳收获时间为72 h.结论:经SDS-PAGE和Westcrn-blot分析表明,所得产物为乙肝表面抗原S蛋白.     

A chloride tolerant laccase from the plant pathogen ascomycete Botrytis aclada expressed at high levels in Pichia pastoris

Fungal laccases from basidiomycetous fungi are thoroughly investigated in respect of catalytic mechanism and industrial applications, but the number of reported and well characterized ascomycetous laccases is much smaller although they exhibit interesting catalytic properties. We report on a highly chloride tolerant laccase produced by the plant pathogen ascomycete Botrytis aclada, which was recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris with an extremely high yield and purified to homogeneity. In a fed-batch fermentation, 495 mg L⁻¹ of laccase was measured in the medium, which is the highest concentration obtained for a laccase by a yeast expression system. The recombinant B. aclada laccase has a typical molecular mass of 61,565 Da for the amino acid chain. The pI is approximately 2.4, a very low value for a laccase. Glycosyl residues attached to the recombinant protein make up for approximately 27% of the total protein mass. B. aclada laccase exhibits very low K_M values and high substrate turnover numbers for phenolic and non-phenolic substrates at acidic and near neutral pH. The enzyme's stability increases in the presence of chloride ions and, even more important, its substrate turnover is only weakly inhibited by chloride ions (I₅₀ = 1.4 M), which is in sharp contrast to most other described laccases. This high chloride tolerance is mandatory for some applications such as implantable biofuel cells and laccase catalyzed reactions, which suffer from the presence of chloride ions. The high expression yield permits fast and easy production for further basic and applied research.     

蜡样芽孢杆菌胶原酶基因colR75E在毕赤酵母中的重组表达

【目的】利用毕赤酵母真核表达系统表达蜡样芽孢杆菌胶原酶Col R75E,寻找一种安全、稳定的方式体外制备具有高活性的胶原酶。【方法】以蜡样芽孢杆菌R75E基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR法扩增胶原酶col R75E基因,构建p PICZαA/col R75E重组质粒,将该质粒线性化后电转化至毕赤酵母X-33菌株,诱导其表达并对表达条件进行优化。将表达后的酵母发酵液上清通过硫酸铵沉淀、脱盐处理及亲和层析纯化步骤获得高纯度重组Col R75E胶原酶。利用胶原酶活力测定、SDS-PAGE电泳、胶原酶谱、I型胶原蛋白及不同底物蛋白降解产物电泳等方法对重组胶原酶Col R75E的活性及底物特异性进行分析。【结果】毕赤酵母中最佳表达重组胶原酶Col R75E的条件为p H 6.0,甲醇终浓度为2.5%,诱导时间72 h,诱导后的蛋白经SDS-PAGE、胶原酶谱以及I型胶原蛋白降解产物电泳分析发现,毕赤酵母中表达的重组胶原酶分子量符合预期,蛋白纯度超过95%,具有较好的胶原蛋白水解活性并测得其比活力为4.977 U/mg。该酶对I型胶原蛋白表现出较好的专一性,但是对牛血清白蛋白、酪蛋白及溶菌酶蛋白没有水解活性。【结论】利用毕赤酵母真核表达系统能够获得高活性的蜡样芽孢杆菌胶原酶Col R75E,为该胶原酶广泛应用于医疗、食品等工业领域奠定了理论和方法基础。     

重组HSA-hG-CSF融合蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达

为了延长G-CSF半衰期,我们利用甲醇酵母表达重组人血清白蛋白融合的集落细胞刺激因子（rHSA-G-CSF）。用PCR方法从人胎肝cDNA文库扩增出HSA cDNA序列,hG-CSFcDNA序列从大肠表达载体中酶切获取。将HSA和hG-CSF两片段连接后,克隆到酵母分泌型表达载体pGENYK中,酶切线性化后原生质体转化导入酵母细胞进行整合。工程菌经发酵灌培养表达,层析法分离纯化融合蛋白。纯化的融合蛋白经Western 印迹分析表明具有HSA和G-CSF的免役原性,体外生物学活性分析表明,同縻尔数的融合表达产物的活性为E.coli表达G-CSF单体的活性的50%以上。体内动物实验研究表明,经HSA融合的G-CSF的半衰期为G-CSF单体的15-20倍。甲醇酵母表达的融合HSA的G-CSF具有比G-CSF更长的半衰期,有良好的临床应用前景。     

利用重组Pichia pastoris生产腺苷甲硫氨酸

为改造甲醇利用型酵母Pichia pastoris来生产腺苷甲硫氨酸（SAM,S－adenosyl-L-methionine),我们将一个带有SAM合成酶基因的胞内表达质粒转化入Pichia pastoris菌株GS115,经过G418抗性筛选得到一株有两个基因拷贝的转化子。该菌在含有甲醇和甲硫氨酸的培养基中生长5d后,其细胞内的SAM的产量比原始菌株提高了30余倍。对该菌生产SAM的培养基中的碳源与氮源进行了优化,结果显示碳源的控制对该菌SAM产量的影响很大。在试管水平,该菌在含有0．75％的L-methionine并且碳源和有机氮源经过一定程度优化的培养基中,生长6d后SAM产量达到1．58g/L。     

太平洋牡蛎防御素在毕赤酵母中的重组表达及其抑菌活性

防御素是一类富含精氨酸和半胱氨酸的内源性阳离子抗菌肽,是软体动物抵御各种病原微生物侵染的重要免疫因子。太平洋牡蛎防御素(Crassostrea gigas defensin,CgD)近羧基端的43个氨基酸残基构成了其成熟肽区域,决定了CgD的生物学活性。首先通过逆转录PCR和设计特异性引物从太平洋牡蛎外套膜中分离并扩增到3?端添加和不添加6×His标签的两种目的基因CgDH~+和CgDH–;与pPICZαA连接后构建的重组表达载体(pPICZαA-CgDH~+和pPICZαA-CgDH–)电转至毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris X-33中,使用1.0%甲醇诱导表达目的蛋白CgDH~+和CgDH–,最适培养条件为29℃、250 r/min、72 h;通过固化金属离子亲和层析(IMAC)获得分子量为5.78 kDa的纯化的重组蛋白CgDH~+,根据其蛋白质浓度推算表达量为2.32 mg/L。经MALDI-TOF-TOF质谱分析证明纯化产物即为预期的目的蛋白。抑菌试验结果显示分别含重组蛋白CgDH~+和重组蛋白CgDH–的培养液上清对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus和铜绿假单孢菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa都具有抑菌活性,表明重组蛋白中6×His标签的存在与否并不影响其生物学活性。     

Cloning and expression of single chain antibody fragments in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris

The potential of recombinant antibody fragments is likely to be fulfilled only if they can be produced routinely at high concentrations. We have compared the ability of Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris to produce functional recombinant single chain antibody (scAb) fragments. Two scAb fragments were expressed, an antihuman type V acid phosphatase (TRAP) and an anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipoprotein I. We report here that, while expression from P. pastoris resulted in a significantly increased level of expression of the anti-TRAP scAb compared to E. coli, neither fragment was able to bind its target antigen as well as the bacterial product.     

Arresten在毕赤酵母中的表达和鉴定

Arresten来自人Ⅳ型胶原α-1链非胶原末端,可抑制新血管生成。从人肝脏提取总RNA,RT-PCR扩增arres-ten的cDNA,T载体进一步扩增后与表达载体pPIC9连接,测序,确认后转入毕赤酵母,获得表达可溶性arresten的酵母细胞。表达产物经初步纯化后,用SDS-PAGE测定分子量为26kD,与理论计算值接近;表达产物对matrigel辅助的内皮细胞管化有明显抑制作用。上述结果表明用毕赤酵母表达了有活性的arresten。     

毕赤酵母基因工程菌胞内AOX酶的检测方法

巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)作为外源基因的表达宿主,已成功表达出一系列胞内和胞外蛋白[1～6],并已建立起了一套较成熟的发酵工艺.巴斯德毕赤酵母基因工程菌的外源基因,由胞内AOX酶(乙醇氧化酶)基因启动子调控.在非甲醇碳源条件下(如甘油或葡萄糖),AOX酶基因表达被抑制,外源基因也处于不表达状态.而以甲醇为唯一碳源时,AOX酶在胞内大量合成,同时外源基因被调控表达.在一般情况下,AOX酶的变化直接反映了外源基因的表达状况,因此通过分析检测胞内AOX酶的含量和变化速率,就可以确定外源基因所处的状态.     

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统现在已经发展成为一种高效的外源蛋白基因优秀表达系统,该系统具有高表达、高稳定、高分泌、容易放大和成本低等优点,目前已有多种外源蛋白基因在该系统中实现高效表达,对巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统的进一步研究将会促进其大规模的工业化应用。     

重组人白细胞介素11在毕氏酵母中的表达

将人白细胞介素11基因选用酵母偏爱密码子人工合成全基因,克隆到酵母分泌型表达载体pGENYk中,酶切线性化后原生质体转化导入酵母细胞进行整合,G418筛选得到多拷贝转化子,甲醇诱导表达,纯化制备产物,经过SDS－PAGE、Western印迹及体内外生物学活性等分析表明,产物活性与E.coli融合表达的Neumega一致。     

重组毕赤酵母高密度发酵生产碱性果胶酶的策略

重组Pichia pastoris GS115表达碱性果胶酶的诱导阶段, 最佳初始菌体浓度和甲醇诱导浓度分别为122 g/L和20 g/L, 两者之间最佳比值范围是0.16~0.20 g/g (甲醇/菌体浓度). 在此基础上通过生长阶段甘油的指数流加, 以及诱导阶段基于甲醇比消耗速率和溶氧等参数进行甲醇流加的方式, 将甲醇与菌体浓度比例控制在0.171~0.195 g/g之间. 此时, 酶活达到430 u/mL, 生产强度为4.34 u/mL/h, 实现了碱性果胶酶高效生产。     

人LYC5溶菌酶基因在毕赤酵母中的重组表达

LYC5是一种c型人溶菌酶蛋白。根据毕赤酵母密码子的偏爱性,对LYC5的mRNA编码序列进行优化设计,将优化后的基因序列克隆至毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K中,构建重组酵母表达质粒pPIC9K- LYC5 。重组质粒经线性化处理后转化毕赤酵母GS115,应用G418抗性筛选出高拷贝转化子,并对其进行摇瓶诱导表达,产物经SDS-PAGE电泳检测,发现在约15 kDa的位置出现了一条特异蛋白条带,此条带经LTQ Orbitra pelite MS鉴定,证明此蛋白即LYC5溶菌酶蛋白,表达量约为20 mg/L。对表达上清液进行活性分析,发现表达上清对溶壁微球菌具有较好的溶菌活性,活性约为40 000 U/mg,最适酶活反应温度为45℃,最适pH为5.0。采用基因工程方法,首次表达出了有生物学活性的人源LYC5溶菌酶蛋白,为深入探讨人溶菌酶家族成员的抗菌谱及其应用前景的研究奠定了基础。     

Production of Recombinant Proteins with Pichia pastoris in Integrated Processing

Devices and methods for Integrated Bioprocessing have been developed for production of recombinant proteins with the yeast Pichia pastoris. In doing so cross flow filtration techniques for cell separation and product concentration are connected directly to high instrumented cultivation processes. These are equipped with on‐line measuring techniques for substrates and products, e.g., glycerol, methanol and pyruvate as well as recombinant proteins, e.g., the chemokines 1–8del MCP‐1 and vMIP‐II. Complex automation structures allow for process development at virtual plants which can be used as the basis for establishing and implementing fully automated real processes. Experiments for determination of reaction kinetics, optimization of productivity in high‐cell density cultures and Integrated Bioprocessing are outlined, along with detailed illustration of the realization of the methods at industrial pilot plant scale.     

Expression of Recombinant Proteins in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris

Protein expression in the microbial eukaryotic host Pichia pastoris offers the possibility to generate high amounts of recombinant protein in a fast and easy to use expression system.As a single-celled microorganism P. pastoris is easy to manipulate and grows rapidly on inexpensive media at high cell densities. Being a eukaryote, P. pastoris is able to perform many of the post-translational modifications performed by higher eukaryotic cells and the obtained recombinant proteins undergo protein folding, proteolytic processing, disulfide bond formation and glycosylation [1].As a methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris is capable of metabolizing methanol as its sole carbon source. The strong promoter for alcohol oxidase, AOX1, is tightly regulated and induced by methanol and it is used for the expression of the gene of interest. Accordingly, the expression of the foreign protein can be induced by adding methanol to the growth medium [2; 3].Another important advantage is the secretion of the recombinant protein into the growth medium, using a signal sequence to target the foreign protein to the secretory pathway of P. pastoris. With only low levels of endogenous protein secreted to the media by the yeast itself and no added proteins to the media, a heterologous protein builds the majority of the total protein in the medium and facilitates following protein purification steps [3; 4].The vector used here (pPICZαA) contains the AOX1 promoter for tightly regulated, methanol-induced expression of the gene of interest; the α-factor secretion signal for secretion of the recombinant protein, a Zeocin resistance gene for selection in both E. coli and Pichia and a C-terminal peptide containing the c-myc epitope and a polyhistidine (6xHis) tag for detection and purification of a recombinant protein. We also show western blot analysis of the recombinant protein using the specific Anti-myc-HRP antibody recognizing the c-myc epitope on the parent vector.Download video file.^{(116M, mp4)}