Mass rearingCeratitis capitata: reuse of the finisher larval diet

The standard finisher larval diet used at Seibersdorf for rearing the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was reused following autoclave heat-treatment to kill larvae or pupae remaining from its first use. Only when the spent diet was mixed with water (about 40% of final diet, w/w) to reconstitute fresh-diet texture, and combined with fresh starter, a similar, but still inferior in respect to larval duration and pupal recovery and size, to the fresh finisher diet production of flies was achieved. Enrichment of the autoclaved spent finisher with small quantities of nutrients gave inconclusive results. Although spent-diet pupae were significantly smaller than fresh-diet control pupae, their adults survived significantly longer than control adults.

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Zur massenaufzucht vonCeratitis capitata: die wiesderverwendung der endkomponente der larvendiät

Zusammenfassung Die in Seibersdorf zur Aufzucht der Mittelmeerfruchtfliege,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), verwendete Standardendkomponente der Larvendiät konnte nach Abtötung der von der Erstverwendung verbliebenen Larven oder Puppen mittels Autoklavensterilisation wiederverwendet werden. Eine zur frischen Kontrolldiät vergleichbare, jedoch bezüglich der Länge des Larvenstadiums, der Entwicklung der Puppen nach dem Schlüpfen sowie der Größe der Puppen noch immer schlechtere Fliegenproduktion wurde erreicht, wenn die wiederverwendete, autoklavierte Diät mit Wasser (ca. 40% der Enddiät, w/w) zwecks Rekonstitution zur frischen Diättexture gemischt und mit frischem Starter kombiniert wurde. Eine Anreicherung der wiederverwendeten Diätendkomponente mit geringen Mengen von Nährstoffen ergab keine schlüssigen Resultate. Obwohl Puppen der wiederverwendeten Diät signifikant kleiner als Puppen der Frischdiät-Kontrolle waren, überlebten deren Erwachsene signifikant länger als die Erwachsenen der Kontrolle.

     

同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术

本文从人工饲料的组成与类型、饲养方法及饲养结果等方面总结了同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术的研究现状 ,并简要讨论了其存在的问题和改进方法。     

利用人工饲料养蚜虫的技术

对利用人工饲料饲养蚜虫的方法、人工饲料类型及其组成做了介绍．概述了利用人工饲料饲养蚜虫的效果．并结合献报道和作本人经历．讨论了影响蚜虫人工饲料饲养效果的关键因子及改进方法。     

饲养五种夜蛾科昆虫的一种简易人工饲料

以黄豆粉、酵母粉及麦麸粉等为主要营养成分 ,研制和筛选出了一种既可工厂化饲养斜纹夜蛾幼虫 ,又可大量饲养甜菜夜蛾、银纹夜蛾、粉纹夜蛾和棉铃虫幼虫的简易人工半合成饲料。利用该饲料目前已实现了工厂化饲养斜纹夜蛾幼虫增殖斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒     

斜纹夜蛾的人工饲养技术

本文介绍一种斜纹夜蛾的人工饲养技术 ,室内连续饲养斜纹夜蛾 7代 ,平均蛹重达 4 0 6mg ,化蛹率、羽化率均为 90 %以上 ,该饲养方法可用于室内大量饲养斜纹夜蛾。     

Larval diet with a starter phase for mass-rearing Ceratitis capitata: substitution and refinement in the use of yeasts and sugars

Replacing commercial granular sucrose by inexpensive sugar-cane molasses in the finisher bulk phase of the Seibersdorf standard larval diet with starter (SLDS) for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) had no detrimental effect on larval stage duration, pupal size, pupal recovery from hatched eggs, adult emergence, and adult flight ability. When a low-cost yeast from Cairo replaced Schwechat brewer's yeast in the Seibersdorf standard larval diet without the starter (SLD), all quality measurements except the larval stage duration were improved by 5–10%, the increase found significant for adult emergence and flight ability. When sugar and Schwechat yeast were replaced by molasses and Cairo yeast, respectively, in both starter and finisher phases of the SLDS, all quality measurements except the pupal size were affected negatively, the difference from control found almost always significant for larval stage duration and pupal recovery. When the SLDS diet contained molasses and Cairo yeast, molasses could be reduced in the finisher by 50% with no significant reduction on any of the quality measurements except the pupal size which was reduced by 6%. A similar reduction of Cairo yeast resulted in a significant reduction of both pupal recovery (by 26%) and adult emergence (by 18%). Yeast could be reduced by 50% only when molasses was simultaneously increased by 25%. Finally, in the starter phase of SLDS sodium benzoate or citric acid could be reduced considerably without a significant effect on any of the quality measurements.

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Zusammenfassung Der Ersatz von kommerziell verfügbarem, granuliertem Rübenzucker durch billige Zuckerrohrmelasse in der Endkomponente der in Seibersdorf für die Massenaufzucht von Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) verwendeten Standard-Larven-Diät mit Starter (SLDS) hatte keine negativen Auswirkungen auf (i) die Dauer des Larvenstadiums (ii) die Größe der Puppen (iii) die Entwicklung der Puppen nach dem Schlüpfen sowie auf (iv) die Entwicklung und (v) die Flugfähigkeit erwachsener Fruchtfliegen. Desgleichen führte ein Ersatz von Schwechater Brauhefe durch billige Hefe aus Kairo in der standardisierten Seibersdorfer Larvendiät ohne Starter (SLD) zu einer 5–10% igen Verbesserung der bewerteten Qualitätsparameter mit Ausnahme der Dauer des Larvenstadiums; die Entwicklung und Flugfähigkeit erwachsener Fliegen war zudem signifikant verbessert.Bei Ersatz von Zucker und Schwechater Brauhefe durch Melasse bzw. Hefe aus Kairo sowohl in der Starterphase als auch in der Endkomponente der SLDS wurden alle bewerteten Qualitätskriterien mit Ausnahme der Größe der Puppen negativ beeinflußt; signifikant verschlechterte Werte zu den Kontrollen traten insbesonders bei der Dauer des Larvenstadiums und der Entwicklung der Puppen auf. Enthielt dagegen die SLDS-Diät Melasse und Hefe aus Kairo, so konnte der Melasseanteil in der Endkomponente der Diät ohne signifikante negative Auswirkungen auf die Qualitätskontrollmerkmale um 50% verringert werden; nur die Größe der Puppen war um 6% reduziert. Eine gleich große Verringerung des Anteils an Kairohefe führte zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Entwicklung der Puppen (um 26%) und der Entwicklung erwachsener Fliegen (um 18%). Hefe aus Kairo konnte nur dann um 50% vermindert werden, wenn der Melasseanteil gleichzeitig um 25% erhöht wurde.Letztendlich konnte Natriumbenzoat oder Zitronensäure in der Starterphase der SLDS ohne significante Auswirkungen auf die bewerteten Qualitätskriterien wesentlich reduziert werden.

     

大螟人工饲养技术的初步研究

利用大豆粉、玉米粉、麦胚和鲜茭白等成分配制了大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)的半合成人工饲料,利用该饲料配方,发展了大螟的长期、继代饲养技术,即初孵-2日龄幼虫在茭白上饲养,3日龄-化蛹在人工饲料上饲养。利用该方法连续饲养大螟3代,幼虫的发育历期、蛹重、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、卵孵化率和单雌产卵量等生活史参数与在天然饲料茭白上饲养的大螟相比,二者没有任何显著差异。而且利用该方法饲养,成本低、省工省力,能显著减少病原菌的感染。这说明该饲养技术适于大螟种群的长期、继代饲养。     

甜菜夜蛾人工饲料及饲养技术研究

研究了人工继代繁殖甜菜夜蛾饲料配方及饲养方法 ,测定了各虫态发育历期、幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、羽化率、蛹畸形率及不同世代蛹重。采用改进的饲料配方饲养的深圳种群 ,第 2代幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、蛹畸形率、羽化率分别为 7 8% ,97 3 % ,2 7%和 93 8% ,第 2 ,5 ,9,1 2代平均单头蛹重分别为 1 1 9 7± 1 6 1 ,98 3± 1 1 4,94 3± 1 2 6和 82 4± 9 6mg,平均单雌产卵量分别为 1 1 3 7 2± 63 3 ,684 5± 5 3 7,45 6 9± 40 2和 3 91 7± 45 6粒。人工饲养的甜菜夜蛾 ,卵、幼虫、蛹、雌性成虫的发育历期分别为 2 5～3 5 ,1 0～ 1 2 5 ,7～ 8 5和 8～ 1 4天 ,完成一个世代需要 2 1～ 2 5天。     

二化螟人工饲养技术

二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)是我国水稻上的重要害虫,为促进其防控技术研究,迫切需要建立二化螟标准化饲养技术。根据二化螟对关键营养成分的需求,研制了一种适合其生长发育、存活和繁殖的人工饲料配方,并发展了其长期、继代、规模化饲养的标准饲养技术。已用该饲料配方和饲养技术连续饲养二化螟69代,其适合度指标仍保持较高水平。该饲料配方和饲养技术适合二化螟的周年继代和规模化饲养,同时也为其它寡食性昆虫人工饲料的研制与开发提供借鉴和参考。     

Larval development of Diploptera punctata reared alone and in groups

Larvae of the cockroach Diploptera punctata were reared in isolation, in pairs, or in groups of 8–10. Duration of larval development, age at each ecdysis, weights at birth and ecdyses, and adult head-capsule width were measured. Duration of larval development was longer and adult size was larger in isolated animals than in animals reared in pairs and groups. The effect of isolation on development was more pronounced in males. All females had 4 larval instars, whereas males had 3 or 4 instars. The proportion of males with 4 larval instars was higher among animals reared in isolation. There was no difference in the duration of larval development or adult size between pair- and group-reared animals. The sex of animals in the group did not affect adult size or the duration of larval development. Males which underwent 3 or 4 larval instars had different schedules of moulting. Rates of growth of males of both instar types reared in isolation and pairs were similar. Greater adult weight of isolated animals and 4-instar-type males was a result of their longer duration of larval development. Both a higher rate of growth and longer duration of larval development contribute to the larger adult size of females than males.     

二化螟人工饲料研究初报

在温度为(29±1)℃,相对湿度为80%~90%的条件下,分别以3种人工饲料和天然饲料(新鲜水稻茎杆)对二化螟Chilo suppressalisWalker进行连续继代饲养。结果表明,3种人工饲料饲养的二化螟幼虫的生长历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹期及羽化率等均与天然饲料的基本接近,而且这3种人工饲料配制简便、成本较低,也不易霉变,是3种较为理想的人工饲料。通过第2代和第3代的继代繁殖表明,3种人工饲料和天然饲料饲养的二化螟的发育情况都稍有下降,但3种人工饲料与天然饲料间不存在显著差异。     

Culture of Tetraselmis tetrathele and its utilization in the hatchery production of different penaeid shrimps in Asia

The prasinophyte Tetraselmis tetrathele is an important live feedorganism for shrimp/prawn hatchery operations because of its highnutritional value and ease of culture. It can replace Brachionus plicatilisand Artemia nauplii as live diet during the protozoeal and mysis feedingstage. This study tried to determine the different optimum cultureconditions for T. tetrathele, and to evaluate its application in thehatchery production of different penaeid species. Tetraselmis tetrathelewas cultured at combinations of six levels of salinities (10–60 gkg^–1), nine levels of pH (3–10.5), and two temperatures(25°C and 30°C) in a three factorialcombination experiment. Effects of varying concentrations of differentorganic and inorganic media including the use of vitamins and trace metalswere also assessed. The dietary value of T. tetrathele was evaluated byfeeding it to different shrimp larvae from protozoea-1 (PZ-1) untilpostlarva-1 (PL-1). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) inthe growth of T. tetrathele at 25°C and30°C in acidic media; but, there were significantdifferences (P < 0.05) in the range favoring fast growth at25°C. For the inorganic media test, the optimumconcentration for the maximum growth rate of T. tetrathele was at 1 gkg^–1 of Yashima medium without urea (k = 0.57). Thegrowth rate for the other media was highly variable with some approximatingthe optimum. For inorganic nutrients, the optimum concentration for maximumgrowth was at 4 g kg^–1 of unsterilized bio-conversion mediumwith 30 mg l^–1 of Clewat-32 (k = 0.72). The othergrowth rates also indicated significant positive rates but were far from theoptimum. The combination of T. tetrathele and Chaetoceros gracilis or C.calcitrans could be used as the only diet from protozoea-1 (PZ-1) untilpostlarva-1 (PL-1) for Metapenaeus ensis, Metapenaeopsis barbata,Trachypenaeus curvirostris, Penaeus indicus, P. merguiensis, P.latisulcatus, and P. japonicus, with high survival rates. However, thelarvae of P. semisulcatus, P. monodon and P.chinensis can benefit from apure phytoplanton diet until the second mysis stage (M-2) only. Beyond thisstage, the larvae need bigger zooplankton as live feed.     

A key to the Mexican and Central America Genera of Anthonomini (Curculionidae,Curculioninae)

Presently the only keys available for identification of genera of Anthonomini are limited to those of the United States of America and Canada. A dichotomous key is presented to identify all genera of Mexican and Central American Anthonomini. Previous keys do not include the genera Achia, Botanebius, Loncophorus, Loncophorellus and Melexerus. A brief synopsis is given for each genus and photographs of representative species are included.     

瓜实蝇幼虫人工饲料设计及其优化

采用正交试验设计,对瓜实蝇幼虫人工饲料四种主要组成成分南瓜∶玉米粉=1∶1、酵母粉、蔗糖、苯甲酸钠进行优化筛选,以瓜实蝇幼虫的存活率、幼虫历期、老熟幼虫化蛹率、平均蛹重和羽化率作为试验考察指标,筛选出上述4种成分在瓜实蝇幼虫基础人工饲料中的最优量为南瓜∶玉米粉=200 g∶200 g、酵母60 g、蔗糖15 g、苯甲酸钠1.2 g。     

In VitroRearing ofTrichogramma minutumRiley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for Ten Generations, with Quality Assessment Comparisons ofin Vitroandin VivoReared Adults

Trichogramma minutumRiley were reared for 10 generations on an artificial diet containing a yeast extract, FreeAmine III, nonfat dry milk, chicken egg yolk, chicken embryo extract, andManduca sexta(L.) egg liquid. Quality control parameters, including adult longevity, sex ratio, pupation rate, percentage of pupae to emerge as adults, adult female body length, number ofHelicoverpa zea(Boddie) eggs parasitized by a female, and percentage of deformed females were assessed and compared to insects rearedin vivoon irradiatedH. zeaeggs. The development time was longer forin vitroreared insects, but there were more deformed females in thein vitroculture. The sex ratio, however, was generally not significantly different between thein vitroandin vivocultures. Thein vitroreared females generally were larger, lived longer, and parasitized moreH. zeaeggs. Emergence of adults was in excess of 75% in all but the firstin vitrogeneration and was generally not significantly different from adult emergence in thein vivoculture. These findings will be of value in the development of a practical system forin vitromass rearing ofTrichogrammafor use in biological control.