The effects of early experience on adult copulatory behavior in zoo-born chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

This paper examines the relationship between the early rearing experience of zoo-born, zoo-reared chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and the subsequent occurrence of successful copulation as adults. Developmental histories were acquired for 71 subjects via questionnaires and phone interviews. The following variables related to aspects of chimpanzees' early rearing experience were examined: (1) Rearing conditions, that is, hand reared alone, reared with siblings or peers, or reared by at least one adult conspecific. (2) Age removed from mother. (3) Sex of subject, and/or (4) participation in shows. Each of these variables was then compared to the subjects' sexual competence, defined here as having been observed to exhibit functional copulatory behavior as adults. Seventy-five percent of the subjects were observed to exhibit functional copulatory behavior on at least one occasion. No single component of rearing was successful in producing sexually competent adults 100% of the time; no rearing condition, as defined in this study, resulted in reproductive failure for all subjects experiencing those conditions. Chimpanzees that were hand reared alone, that is, in the total absence of conspecifics, were least likely to copulate as adults; about half of those chimpanzees that were reared with siblings or peers (and in the absence of adult conspecifics) copulated as adults. Almost 90% of those chimpanzees that were reared with at least one adult conspecific copulated as adults. Chimpanzees removed from their mothers at an early age (less than one year of age) were less likely to reproduce as adults. Male and female chimpanzees were equally likely to reproduce as adults. Participation in shows or demonstrations appeared to have no effect on chimpanzees' ability to copulate as adults. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

赤眼蜂生物学与繁殖技术研究及应用——广东省生物资源应用研究所(原广东省昆虫研究所)赤眼蜂研究50年

本文介绍了广东省生物资源应用研究所(原广东省昆虫研究所)50多年来有关赤眼蜂生物学与繁殖技术及应用研究工作。内容包括赤眼蜂种质资源挖掘、寄生生态学、药剂敏感性、滞育贮存和体外培育技术等应用基础研究。研究的赤眼蜂近20种(品系),重点研究了使用范围广的松毛虫赤眼蜂、拟澳洲赤眼蜂、广赤眼蜂以及可用米蛾卵繁殖并对南方水稻、甘蔗和玉米等作物螟虫有较好防控效果的稻螟赤眼蜂、欧洲玉米螟赤眼蜂和亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂。     

铜绿丽金龟的室内人工饲养

对室内饲养铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky的方法和主要影响因子进行了研究。结果表明：室内饲养的铜绿丽金龟种群完成一个世代平均为272.3天,3龄幼虫期比田间种群缩短了103.8天。在饲养过程中,幼虫的生长容易受到土壤湿度、食料、病原微生物的影响。卵的孵化率为86.0%,1龄、2龄和3龄幼虫的存活率分别为82.0%、76.0%和60.0%。10和15日龄幼虫在含有马铃薯的土壤中饲养14天后的死亡率分别为8.8%±16%和4.0%±1.6%,明显低于初孵幼虫及5日龄幼虫的死亡率,可以作为生物测定的最佳供试幼虫。紫外线处理的壤土和沙壤土中铜绿丽金龟幼虫可以正常生长,死亡率较低。     

Olive fruit fly [Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae)] adult rearing diet without antibiotic

The olive fruit fly [Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae)] adult diet since its development in the 1960’s regularly incorporates antibiotic. Considering recent findings on the importance and function of the indigenous microbial flora of insects, the effects of antibiotic removal were measured on the survival and egg laying of wild flies derived from McPhail trappings and from field infested olive fruits. In the first case wild flies fed no antibiotic laid significantly greater numbers of eggs for two generations (in 5 out of 10 and 2 out of 10 counting dates for G1 and G2 respectively), while there were no significant differences in survival in either test (P = 0.221 for P generation, P = 0.988 for G1 generation from McPhail traps, P = 0.056 for flies from infested fruits). Percent egg–pupa recovery and adult emergence were not significantly affected by lack of antibiotic. An antibiotic‐free strain has been maintained for eight generations, showing acceptable performance when compared to the long‐reared standard ‘Laboratory’ strain. Overall results suggest the feasibility of an adult diet free of antibiotic without negative effects on colony survival and performance.     

Development of an artificial host egg for in vitro egg laying of Trichogramma galloi and T. pretiosum using plastic membranes

An artificial host egg was developed as a first attempt to improve the techniques for in vitro rearing of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi and T. pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). Plastic membranes (polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene) of different thickness were tested for their usefulness in manufacturing artificial eggs, using a thermal system to produce semi-spherical cupules on the plastic surface. These artificial eggs were filled with larval hemolymph of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), and the optimal size of the artificial egg and density of females/artificial egg for the highest host acceptance (percentage of artificial eggs with at least one parasitoid egg) as well as the ideal level of parasitism (eggs/artificial egg) were determined. High-density polyethylene 7–8 and 9–10 m thick resulted in the best acceptance and level of parasitization for both parasitoid species. Six females per artificial egg resulted in the best rate of parasitization for these parasitoids, although these data were not different when using 4 or 5 females of T. galloi. The size, shape and surface texture of the artificial eggs were found to provide enough cues to elicit parasitization behavior in Trichogramma females, since no chemical stimulus was provided.     

A method for both mass and individual rearing of fungivorous astigmatid mites (Acari)

Several species of common fungi were assessed as food for fungivorous astigmatid mites. Hypocrea nigricans, Botrytis cinerea and Flammulina velutipes were generally good food sources for most mites examined. Fungal mycelia growing on PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium were not only nutritionally adequate but the system also maintained high humidity through the water-based agar medium. Among acarid mites, most species of Rhizoglyphinae could be reared easily with the method. Although filter-feeding histiostomatid mites do not feed directly on hyphae, some species were successfully maintained with the same method through multiple generations. Presumably, these mites obtained sufficient nutrition from the agar medium and fungal metabolites leaching into it. Most species ultimately produced dispersing heteromorphic deutonymphs on these media. Individual mites were also maintained in isolation within glass rings on fungal colonies. Using this technique, we were able to compare developmental periods, fecundity and survival periods of mites reared under different conditions.     

基于自然寄主的稻虱缨小蜂规模化饲养的条件优化

稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang是稻飞虱卵期的主要寄生性天敌,是调控稻飞虱种群密度的关键因子。本研究用正交试验设计的方法,对影响稻虱缨小蜂及其自然寄主褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens产卵的主要因子（温度、光照强度、水稻品种、水稻苗龄、寄主卵龄以及接蜂雌雄比）进行分析和比较,优化带褐飞虱卵苗生产和稻虱缨小蜂生产的方法和条件。生产带卵苗时,25℃强光照条件下用10日龄的黄华占稻苗为佳,扩繁稻虱缨小蜂时,30℃强光照条件下用1日龄的褐飞虱卵接入雌雄比5∶3的蜂为佳,平均产蜂量可达481.3头/盆。以此为基础建立四室繁蜂法进行稻虱缨小蜂规模化饲养,该技术能够进行连续饲养,并提供同一发育阶段产品,稻虱缨小蜂培养与收集室在18 m^2的规模下,每批次可以生产约58万头蛹或成蜂,且有提升空间。     

Laboratory rearing of wild Arctic cod Boreogadus saida from egg to adulthood

The techniques and protocols used to successfully capture, transport and breed Arctic cod Boreogadus saida, as well as to rear their larvae through to adulthood are summarized. Breeding B. saida will increase the opportunity to study this fish species, which is a critical part of the Arctic food web.     

甜菜夜蛾的饲养方法介绍

介绍一种甜菜夜蛾的室内饲养方法 ,采用本方法累代饲养甜菜夜蛾 8代 ,平均蛹重达 1 1 2 .9mg ,平均化蛹率 97% ,平均羽化率为 91 .3% ,室内饲养结果表明 ,该饲养方法可用于室内大量饲养甜菜夜蛾     

树实验种群的繁育

探讨了树实验种群的繁育。结果是5对成年树在7个月内共产11窝31只仔树。27只出生后即人工喂养的仔树中,25只健康存活至进入动物实验。成年树平均产仔周期为（52±8.9）d;仔树的人工喂养成活率为92.6%。可以认为树实验种群的人工繁育是可行的。人工繁育的树有望取代野外捕获的树用于有关的动物实验研究。     

用马铃薯人工饲养马铃薯块茎蛾的方法

介绍一种马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaeaoperculella的室内人工饲养方法。在人工养虫室内用 1 0 %的蜂蜜水喂养成虫 ,用滤纸收集卵块 ,幼虫在薯块上饲养 ,化蛹于牛皮纸卷成的纸筒中 ,饲养结果发现马铃薯块茎蛾完成 1代大约需要 35～ 4 6d ,室内连续饲养块茎蛾 3代 ,卵的孵化率、幼虫化蛹率、成虫羽化率均在 90 %以上。     

A simple rearing chamber for lotic insect larvae

An effective rearing chamber for aquatic insects can be made from inexpensive commercially available products. An angled air line is attached to a round 400 ml Rubbermaid® dish with a snap-on lid to create a circular flow with bubbles. The lid included with the dish can be modified to accept a tube with fine mesh screen at one end for capturing emerging adults. This chamber is a reliable and effective technique for studying larval behavior and obtaining adults for species identification.     

Thermoregulation dynamics in commercially reared colonies of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris

Thermoregulation, that is, the active control of temperature, is key to ensure proper brood development in both wild and captive bumblebee nests. In this study, thermoregulation dynamics were assessed relative to colony age and ambient temperature using commercially reared Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus) colonies. We observed a positive relationship between brood and nest temperatures in response to ambient temperature. Thermoregulation investment (by either brooding or fanning) was lowest at brood surface temperatures between 33 and 34 °C and ambient temperatures between 28 and 32 °C. Brood temperature was less stable and thermoregulation investment higher in younger colonies, especially at lower ambient temperatures. Furthermore, queens initiated colonies sooner and colonies developed faster when kept at an ambient temperature of 29 °C as compared to 24 °C. Our results suggest that ambient temperatures are ideally kept between 29 and 31 °C.     

Behavioral profiles of the captive juvenile whooping crane as an indicator of post‐release survival

Predation by bobcats (Lynx rufus) is the major cause of mortality in captive‐reared whooping cranes (Grus americana) released into the wild to establish a nonmigratory flock in Florida. This study investigated whether rearing methods (parent‐rearing, hand‐rearing, or hand‐rearing with exercise) of cranes, and behaviors observed in birds either before or shortly after release in the wild, are associated with survival after release. Rearing methods did not affect survival first year post‐release, which was 55 ±8% in 2 yr (1999 and 2000). Logistic regression revealed, however, that foraging bouts (+), walking bouts (?), and body weight (?) before release, and nonvigilant bouts (?) after release were significantly associated with survival. These results suggest that post‐release survival of whooping cranes might be increased by rearing techniques that promote foraging. Zoo Biol 0:1–14, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

An 'artificial aphid' for Aphidius ervi (Hym., Braconidae)

Abstract:  An artificial aphid was developed by making parafilm^® bubbles filled with aphid haemolymph and its suitability for parasitoid oviposition was tested. Aphidius ervi accepted the parafilm^® aphid and laid eggs on it. By stretching, the thickness of the parafilm could be changed. The thicker the parafilm, the higher was the mean number of ovipositional stings and the lower the mean number of eggs released by A. ervi .     

冬虫夏草蝙蝠蛾人工饲养技术的初步研究

在人工饲养条件下 ,研究了不同温度条件对蝙蝠蛾Hepialusspp .卵及幼虫的影响和半人工饲料的饲喂效果。试验表明 ,卵在湿度适宜的情况下 ,以 1 5℃下的孵化率最高 ,为 86 75 %。用冷冻的方法可以将幼虫保存一定的时间 ,在低温条件下幼虫的抵抗能力变弱。在人工饲养 90d的时间内 ,对各试验组综合分析 ,初步确定 1号料较适合蝠蛾幼虫生长 ;在饲料中添加的 2种不同的防腐剂对幼虫体重的影响不显著     

The effects of rearing method on social behaviors of mentored,captive‐reared juvenile California condors

Puppet‐reared and parent‐reared captive‐bred California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) juveniles were studied before their release into the wild. Behavioral data were collected during social interactions within two cohorts of juveniles (N = 11) and their adult mentors (N = 5). The purposes of this study were to (1) document the social behaviors of mentored juvenile California condors, and (2) compare social behaviors for two different rearing methods (puppet‐reared versus parent‐reared) during two phases of the mentoring process (San Diego Wild Animal Park versus release sites). Of the 17 behaviors examined by 2 × 2 analyses of variance (ANOVAs), two significant interactions between the rearing method and mentoring phase were found: pulls feathers and feeds alone. For both behaviors, parent‐reared condors engaged in these activities more often at the zoo and less often at the release pens than did the puppet‐reared condors. The main effect of rearing was also significant for two behaviors: near others, and receives contact aggression from other. Parent‐reared birds were more likely to be near another bird and receive contact aggression, regardless of mentoring phase, than puppet‐reared birds. The effect size for 16 of the 17 behaviors was greater for the rearing method than for mentoring phase. Rearing method differences may persist long‐term, as parent‐reared adult mentors were significantly more aggressive than puppet‐reared adult mentors. Dominance relations were examined for both cohorts, with the first cohort exhibiting a strong linear relationship (h′ = 0.86, P = 0.018), whereas the second cohort exhibited a moderate but non‐significant linear hierarchy (h′ = 0.63, P = 0.21). The rearing method had no effect on dominance among the juveniles, but adults were probably dominant to juveniles (P = 0.052; the difference was nearly significant). Although social behaviors between the two rearing groups were similar in most respects, this study is the first to document measurable differences between puppet‐ and parent‐reared captive‐bred California condor juveniles. Zoo Biol 27:1–18, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Nonsocial behavior of captive infant gorillas

Frequencies of eight nonsocial behaviors (object contact, environmental exploration, mouthing, self-directed behavior, display behavior, solitary behavior, rest, and locomotion) were obtained for 20 infant lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) between 14 and 36 months of age. They lived in 13 groups in 10 zoological collections. Approximately 12 hours of one-zero data were collected on each animal. Behavioral data were analyzed with regard to the following independent variables: rearing history of the focal animal (mother-reared vs. human-reared), time of day (a.m. vs. p.m.), sex of the focal animal, age of the focal animal, and complexity of the physical and social environment. Results indicated significant differences in the frequency of behaviors within each independent variable, including selfdirected behavior, rest, environmental exploration, and display behavior with rearing history. Additional significant differences in the frequencies of behavior were also found, including mouthing behavior and locomotion with infant age.     

Removal,early hand rearing,and successful reintroduction of an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus/x abelii) to her mother

A newborn orangutan was removed from her mother 55 h after birth because no nursing had been observed. She was hand reared in a nursery for 3 d and then successfully reintroduced to her mother. Several factors that may have contributed to the successful reintroduction are discussed.     

树鼩实验室繁殖及育幼的探讨

探讨实验室内树鼩的人工繁殖和育幼情况。结果显示在16个月的观察期内,35只雌性、2 0只雄性成年树共产仔14 7窝4 0 4只,平均每只母树年产仔3 2窝、8 7只,平均每次妊娠的合笼天数为6 8±32天。在非繁殖高峰期给雄、雌性树鼩用激素可使合笼时间缩短至6 1±14天,用药有效率为6 1. 5 %。仔树出生后经被动母乳联合人工配方乳喂养的成活率达92. 2 %。表明在实验室条件下,非繁殖期使用激素类药物能提高成年树鼩的受孕率;被动母乳联合人工配方乳喂养仔树的方法简单易行。