隐翼科花粉形态的研究

报道了隐翼科Ｇｒｙｐｔｅｒｏｎｉａｃｅａｅ花粉形态及其外壁超微结构,并与广义的隐翼科其它属的花粉进行比较。研究表明,该科的隐翼属Ｃｒｙｐｔｅｒｏｎｉａ以长椭圆形的极面观、近乎四棱形的赤道面观,２孔沟的萌发孔和较厚的外壁内层明显地区别于其它属的花粉。吉Ａｘｉｎａｎｄｒａ属、Ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｃｌａｄｕｓ属和Ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｃａｌｙｘ属的花粉为圆六角形（极面观）,具３孔沟的假沟;Ａｌｚａｔｅａ属花粉为圆三角     

20种山茶科植物的叶表皮微形态研究

为解决一些山茶科(Theaceae)的分类学问题,该研究在光学显微镜下对山茶科2亚科6属共20种植物的13种叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察,并利用聚类分析和主成分分析对这些特征进行分析,为山茶科的科学分类提供参考资料。结果表明:(1)山茶科20种植物的13种叶表皮微形态特征能够区分种间差异和分类等级,显示了比较全面的分类价值。(2)基于微形态特征的聚类分析和主成分分析结果显示,20个种分为2个大类群以及10个分支,很好地区分了山茶亚科(Theoideae)与厚皮香亚科(Ternstroemoideae),并将大部分分类地位相近的物种归类到一起,较好地反映了物种之间的亲缘关系。(3)该研究结果支持将小黄花茶组(Sect.Luteoflora)作为独立的一个组;支持将重庆山茶(Camellia chungkingensis Chang)从瘤果茶组(Sect.Tuberculata Chang Tax.)中分离;支持将山茶亚科与厚皮香亚科划分为两个较大类群,认为将厚皮香亚科并入五列木科(Pentaphylacaceae)的观点还有待更多实验证据的支持。     

旌节花科及其相关类群花粉形态的研究

对旌节花科及其相关类群五桠果科、猕猴桃科、水东哥科、金莲木科、省沽油科和山茶科等7科19属37种花粉进行了光镜（LM）和扫描电镜（SEM）的观察和比较。其中有些种类是第一次观察和报道。研究表明,上述各科花粉多为近球形至球形,少数近扁球形或近长球形。极面观三裂圆形或近三裂圆形。直径20－30（－35μm）,但厚皮香亚科和省沽油科银鹊树属Tapiscia的花科特别小,仅12.5-20μm。3孔沟,罕有3沟或4孔沟。外萌发孔（沟）相对地较长而宽,内孔多数较发达。花粉外壁纹饰变化大,从模糊而粗糙的细突起到皱波状纹饰,细孔状纹饰,蜂巢状－穴状纹饰,穴－网状纹饰,网状纹饰和颗粒状纹饰等。从形状、大小、萌发孔类型和外壁纹饰的比较看,虽然上述各科花粉均在不同程度上具有一定的相似性,但其中以旌节花科、省沽油科和山茶科中厚皮香科的花粉具有更多的相似性,尤其表现在外壁纹饰特征上。就孢粉学而言,也许旌节花科与省沽油科和山茶科中的厚皮香亚科的关系相对地较为密切。不过,其孢粉学特征所表现出的亲缘关系似乎不如在分子生物学中所表现出的明显。     

菹草(Potamogeton crispus)的花粉形态与其生态因子

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对安徽大学校内水池中眼子菜科植物菹草的花粉形态进行了观察和研究.结果表明花粉粒球形至近球形,花粉大小为21.0-29.0 μm,平均为24.5 μm.无萌发孔.光学显微镜下,花粉外壁纹饰为网状,外壁厚约4.1μm,两层明显,外层较内层厚.在扫描电镜下花粉表面具粗网状纹饰,网脊窄.在透射电镜下,花粉外壁为三层组成,即覆盖层、柱状层和基层.外壁内层不明显.覆盖层不连续,为半覆盖层;柱状层小柱发达;基层较厚.同时研究了菹草花粉的地理分布及其与生态因子的关系.根据菹草植物赖以生存的生态因子,得出菹草花粉分布区的主要生态因子,包括地理位置、海拔高度、年降水量、年积温及生境,为利用地层中眼子菜科化石花粉重建古气候、古环境及气候变迁提供了现代孢粉学资料和依据.     

沿阶草亚科(百合科)的花粉形态及其属间亲缘关系的探讨

本文对山麦冬属Liriope 3种、沿阶草属Ophiopogon 24种和球子草属Peliosanthes 2种植物的花粉,用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了它们的花粉的形态以及外壁的超微结构。发现它们的花粉外壁纹饰和结构明显的可分为两类：1．皱波状类型：具穿孔类型,山麦冬属和沿阶草属大体属这一类,其外壁外层具覆盖层、柱状层和基层、内层不明显,内壁明显。 2．瘤状突起类型：球子草属大体属这一类,其瘤状突起大小不均,外壁外层无覆盖层, 柱状层为大小不均的小柱,内层不明显,内壁明显。 这表明山麦冬属和沿阶草属的关系密切,但它们与球子草属的关系则较远。本文还论述了这三属的花粉形态与外部形态之间的相关性,并讨论了这三属之间的进化关系。 山麦冬属、沿阶草属和球子草属的外壁纹饰和结构等特征均支持将这三属分成沿阶草族和球子草族的观点。     

旌节花科及其相关类群花粉形态的研究

对旌节花科及其相关类群五桠果科、猕猴桃科、水东哥科、金莲木科、省沽油科和山茶科等7科19属37种花粉进行了光镜(LM)和扫描电镜(SEM)的观察和比较。其中有些种类是第一次观察和报道。研究表明,上述各科花粉多为近球形至球形少数近扁球形或近长球形。极面观三裂圆形或近三裂圆形。直径20-30(-35)μm,但厚皮香亚科和省沽油科银鹊树属Tapiscia的花粉特别小,仅12.5-20μm。3孔沟罕有3沟或4孔沟。外萌发孔(沟)相对地较长而宽,内孔多娄较发达花粉外壁纹饰变化大从模糊而粗糙的细突韦到皱波状纹饰,细孔状纹饰蜂巢状-穴状纹饰穴-网状纹饰网状纹饰和颗粒状纹饰等。     

中国无患子科的花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜对国产无患子科(狭义,Sapindaceae)23属30种1变种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。结果显示,该科花粉粒多为扁球形,部分为长球形,少数为球形或近球形,极面观多为三角形;从花粉萌发孔类型看,大多数种类具三沟孔,有的形成合沟,少数仅具三孔而无沟;从花粉外壁纹饰看,多数花粉外壁具网状或条纹状雕纹,少数花粉的外壁具刺状或颗粒状纹饰。花粉形态特征支持文冠果亚科(Xanthoceroideae)以及广义鳞花木属(Lepisanthes)概念,并支持仍将茶条木属(Delavaya)置于车桑子亚科(Dodonaeoideae)。观察发现黄梨木(Boniodendron minus)与栾树属(Koelreuteria),龙眼属(Dimocarpus)、荔枝属(Litchi)与韶子属(Nephelium)从花粉形态上表现出较近的亲缘关系。基于花粉形态特征编制了国产无患子科分属检索表。     

水雍科植物的花粉形态研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对世界水雍科6种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。水雍科植物花粉为舟形或船形,具远极单沟萌发孔类型,外壁纹饰通常为浅网状至网状,稀为小刺状纹饰,外壁外层由覆盖层、柱状层和基层组成,覆盖层厚。水雍科植物花粉外壁纹饰表现了从小刺状向网状的过渡。该科花粉为远极单沟,覆盖层厚,具小刺等特征反映了其与水鳖科和泽泻目花蔺科的密切联系,而该科花粉外壁纹饰多为网状则与茨藻目植物接近。这一结果支持将水雍科从茨藻目中分出作为一个独立的目处理的观点。此外,水雍科植物的花粉大小、纹饰类型、网眼大小与深浅等方面的差异对种级分类有一定意义。     

水鳖科9属15种植物花粉形态的研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对水鳖科Hydrocharitaceae 9属15种植物的花粉形态进行 了观察。水鳖科植物花粉为圆球形至近椭球形,无萌发孔或偶为单沟萌发孔,外壁纹饰通常为小刺状纹 饰,刺密集或稀疏,花粉表面具瘤状、疣状、颗粒状、皱波状突起或光滑。外壁由覆盖层、柱状层和基层组 成。覆盖层厚或较薄,柱状层小柱发育不明显,基层薄。水鳖科植物在花粉大小、纹饰类型、刺的长短、 密度、形态、萌发孔的有无以及花粉壁的结构等方面表现出了较为明显的差异,这些特征对探讨类群间 关系具有较重要意义。由于黑藻属Hydrilla和Stratiotes属花粉较为特殊,支持将它们各自作为一个独立 的族处理。水鳖科植物花粉外壁纹饰和结构特点表明该科与水雍科Aponogetonaceae、泽泻科Alismataceae 和花蔺科Butomaceae等近缘,而该科植物花粉大多无萌发孔等则反应了该科与茨藻目Najadales植物有密切联系。     

中国红豆杉科花粉形态的研究

红豆杉科(Taxaceae),花粉近球形,有时稍扁或稍长。直径为20．8-45．8μm。具远极 薄壁区,或不典型的乳头状突起。外壁两层,内外层厚度相等,有时层次不明显。在光学显微 镜下,外壁表面粗糙,或具微弱的颗粒状纹饰。在穗花杉(Amentotaxus argotaenia)这个种里,有些花粉粒具残存气囊。在扫描电镜下,外壁表面具粗瘤和细瘤两种纹饰类型。透射电镜本科各属代表种观察表明,本科花粉外壁内层具片状结构,外层由单层瘤状纹饰分子构成,有 些种细瘤连接形成覆盖层。根据花粉形态资料,可将本科植物分为2个族： 白豆杉族(仅包括白豆杉一个属)和红豆杉族(包括红豆杉属和榧树属)。 鉴于穗花杉属花粉的特殊性,建议独立上升为穗花杉科Amentotaxaceae。     

国产蔷薇科李亚科的花粉形态

本文报道了国产李亚科（Prunoideae）10属11种植物花粉形态。花粉近球形至长球形,极轴 20.00－44.12um,赤道轴门17.85-36.95um。极面观三裂圆形,赤道面观椭圆形至圆形。具三孔沟,内孔常为长方形。沟较长,两端较窄。但在 Sinoplagiospermum uniflora中除了3孔沟外,还有周孔沟。花粉外壁明显分化为覆盖层和柱状层,在光学显微镜下表面常模糊,扫描电镜下外壁纹饰均为条纹状。抱粉学结合形态学和细胞学证据说明本亚科为一单系发生的类群。Prinsepia utilis 和Sinoplagiospermum uniflora（Prinsepia uniflora）这两个种在花粉特征和外壁纹饰上差异很大,从而支持将 Prinsepia和 Sinopmplagiospermum分别处理为两个属但不支持将广义的Princepia（含Princepia和Sinoplagiospermum）独立为亚科。此外,由于Exochorda的外壁纹饰同Prunoideae中较原始的类群（如 Laurocerasus）相近,结合细胞学和形态学证据,支持将 Exochord移置至Prunoidea之下。     

The Pollen Morphology and Exine Ultrastructure of Paeonia L in China

The pollen morphology of 9 species of Paeonia L. has been investigated with both light microscope and scanning electron microscope. In addition, the exine structure of pollen grains of Paeonia suffruticosa and P. lactiflora was examined by transmission electron microscope. Tricolporoidate aperture is an important character of the pollen grains of the Paeonia. The surface of the exine is characterized by reticulate, foveolate and irregularly tuberculate-foveolate sculpture under the SEM. Thin sections of the pollen of this genus shows that the layers of exine are complete i.e. a perforate rectum to semitectum, columellae and foot layers. The endexine is continuous, considerably thickened in the aperture areas and relatively thin or indistinct in the mesocolpia. Paeonia has been placed in Ranunculaceae. But since the beginning of this century many authors have suggested to separating Paeonia from Ranunculaceae. Pollen marphology supports such separation. In Ranunculaceae most pollen grains are tricolpate or have other types of aperture, and exine with spinules and perforations between them. In electron microscopy, the ektexine contains a foot layer, columellae, and perforate rectum, the columellar layer with two types of columellae; the endexine is generally thin. However, the columellar layer of Paeonia has only monomorphic columellae. Some authors considered that there is a close relationship between Paeonia and the Dilleniaceae, but these also differ in the characters of the pollen grains. In Paeonia the constriction of the colpus in equator is in some degree similar to that of Theaceae (Camellia sasanqua Thunb.), Guttiferae (Hypericum L.), Actinidiaceae and Rosaceae. But in the other respects they are quite different. In sum, the pollen morphology of Paeonia is unique. So the palynological information supports Takhtajan's view that Paeonia should be elevated to a family (Paeoniaceae) or order (Paeoniales).     

美乐多（Melodorum fruticosum Lour．）花粉形态观察

利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察了美乐多（Melodorum fruticosum）的花粉形态特征。美乐多花粉为球形或扁圆形的单粒花粉,外壁纹饰为微褶皱状,有点状凹陷,无任何萌发孔或萌发沟。花粉外壁由外壁外层包括覆盖层（连续）、覆盖下层、基足层（1～3层薄片层结构,偶断裂或扭曲至6～10层）和外壁内层（连续）组成。其中,覆盖下层,其厚度为整个花粉外壁厚度的1／2,为混合型结构,即小柱状和颗粒状同时存在,但以颗粒状为主。花粉内壁分为内壁外层和内壁内层,其厚度逐渐变薄。美乐多的花粉特征（单粒、无萌发孔或沟、覆盖层连续、基足层为薄片层结构、花粉外壁内层薄等）与紫玉盘族其他类群一致。     

Pollen morphology of endemic species of the Horton Plains National Park,Sri Lanka

The pollen morphology of 27 endemic and palaeoecologically-important species belonging to 16 families and 20 genera from the mountain rain forests of Sri Lanka was studied using both light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollen grains exhibit a wide range of morphological characters. Their sizes (P and E) are in the range 10-53 2 9-60 mum, and they are distributed among seven shape classes. All the taxa have radially-symmetrical pollen grains except for Impatiens (bilateral). The amb varies from rounded to triangular, with intermediate shapes possible. The pollen grains of all the Lauraceae species studied are inaperturate and microspinose, with a thin, fragile, perforated exine. Sarcococca zeylanica (Buxaceae) has pantoporate pollen grains and a Croton -pattern consisting of faintly striate pegs of various shapes attached or enveloping the smooth rings. Colp(or)ate, syncolpate to parasyncolp(or)ate pollen grains with rugulate to perforate exine patterns occur in Eugenia mabaeoides ssp. mabaeoides and Syzygium ssp. (Myrtaceae). Osbeckia walkeri (Melastomataceae) has heterocolpate pollen with fossulate, foveolate to perforate exine pattern. 3-colporate, microreticulate pollen grains are met with in Euonymus revolutus (Celastraceae), and scabrate-microreticulate ones in Calophyllum walkeri (Clusiaceae). Hedyotis lawsoniae (Rubiaceae) pollen is microreticulate to perforate, while pollen of the Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) species is 3-colporate, smooth to scabrate-perforate. Casearia thwaitesii (Flacourtiaceae) has 3-colporoidate pollen grains with a smooth, imperforate to occasionally sparsely perforate exine. Mastixia spp (Cornaceae) have a granular-perforate exine pattern, while Adinandra lasiopetala (Theaceae) has a smooth-perforate exine pattern. Triangular 3 (4)-colporate, and indistinctly faintly microreticulate-perforate pollen was found in Rhamnus arnottianus (Rhamnaceae), rugulate-perforate in Isonandra montana (Sapotaceae) and verrucate-perforate in Symplocos elegans (Symplocaceae). Glochidion coriaceum (Euphorbiaceae) has a 5-colporate grain with a coarsely reticulate exine pattern. Pollen grains of Impatiens walkeri and I. thwaitesii (Balsaminaceae) are bilateral, 4-colpate, reticulate and granular. A pollen key based on light microscope is constructed for all the taxa studied.     

Pollen morphology of the tribe Cynoglosseae of Boraginoideae (Boraginaceae) in China

Pollen morphology of 16 Chinese species representing 7 genera in the tribe Cynoglosseae of Boraginoideae(Boraginaceae) was examined under LM and SEM, and 5 species under TEM. Pollen grains are cocoon-shaped, rarely subprolate, prolate or ovoid, very small, 7～ 15.7μm× 3.5 ~ 13.9 μm in size, P/E = 1.6～2.02; 3-colporate apertures alternate with 3-pseudocolpi, with equatorial endocingulus except those in Bothriospermum; exine surface is usually smooth, with or without perforations in two poles, rarely with tuberculate ornamentation; exine is rather thin and includes ectexine and endexine, while ectexine consists of imperforate tectum, columellae and foot-layer. The tribe Cynoglosseae has many common characters of pollen grains, but there are some differences among genera. A key to the genera is given based on pollen morphology. Bothriospermum, without endocingulus, may be a primitive genus in this tribe, and its pollen morphology is more similar to that of Eritrichieae than to Cynoglosseae, thus it seems more reasonable to put it into Eritrichieae. Solenanthus may be the most advanced genus in the tribe Cynoglosseae for its pollen grains of sub-isopolar and ovoid shape.     

The morphology and ultrastructure of Jurassic in situ ginkgoalean pollen

A fragmentary pollen organ with four to six microsporangia is discovered from the Middle Jurassic of the Irkutsk coal basin, Siberia. The in situ pollen grains are boat-shaped, monosulcate, and with a nearly psilate surface. The non-aperture ectexine is composed of a thick solid tectum, a thin infratectum, and a thin foot layer. The infratectum includes one row of small rare alveolae. The supposedly poorly preserved endexine is thin and grainy. The ectexine reduces greatly in the aperture area, where only homogeneous ectexinal patches are present over the endexine. The pollen grains under study resemble in their exine ultrastructure pollen grains of the modern Ginkgo biloba and pollen grains from dispersed seeds of a presumably ginkgoalean affinity from the Middle Jurassic of Uzbekistan. This suggests that the ginkgoalean exine ultrastructure of the modern type existed as early as the Middle Jurassic. The exine ultrastructure under study is also similar, though to lesser degree, to that of dispersed pollen grains of a presumed ginkgoalean affinity from the Cretaceous of the Russian Far East. The diversity of such a long-living group as ginkgoaleans is apparently reflected in the diversity of their exine ultrastructure. To the present knowledge, ginkgoalean pollen grains can be differentiated from similar boat-shaped monosulcate pollens by the following co-occurring characters: a thick homogeneous tectum, a thin infratectum with one row of structural elements, a thin foot layer, and an ectexine that is reduced in the aperture region to patches.     

A Comparative study on pollen exine ultrastructure of Nothofagus and the other genera of Fagaceae

The genus Nothofagus is mainly distributed in South America and New Zealand. The present paper describes its pollen exine ultrastructure and compares the exine ultrastructure with that of the other genera of Fagaceae. The pollen grains were examined using ultrathin sectioning technique under transmission electron microscope. The study shows that the pollen exine ultrastructure of Nothofagus differs from that of the other genera of Fagaceae by its exine structure and thickness, type of aperture, and ornamentation. The pollen exine of Nothofagus is thin and possesses granular bacules, regular foot layer and tectum, spinulate ornamentation, and the endexine is usually visible at poral area, and 5～8 colpate. The pollen exine of the other genera of Fagaceae possesses entire bacules, irregular foot layer and tectum, granulate and tuberculate ornamentation, thicker endexine, and is 3-colporate ( 3-colpate or 3-colporoidate). The pollen exine ultrastructure of Nothofagus may belong to primitive type. The pollen exine ultrastructure data support Kuprianova’s opinion that Nothofagus should be separated from Fagaceae and established as a monogenetic family, i.e. Nothofa-gaceae.     

Pollen morphology in thePortulacaceae (Centrospermae)

Pollen of 110 species from 18 genera in thePortulacaceae has been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy, and a representative number by transmission electron microscopy. Three basic pollen types were found: 3-colpate with thick tectum and foot layer with prominent unbranched columellae and an extremely thin endexine; pantoporate with thick tectum and foot layer with branched columellae enclosing pores and an endexine that is one to two layers thick; pantocolpate with thin tectum and foot layer with broad, short unbranched columellae and an inconspicuous endexine. All pollen types, however, have a spinulose and tubuliferous/punctate ektexine. Also, all the genera except three,Calandrinia H.B.K.,Montia L. andTalinum Adanson are stenopalynous. There is, however, no absolute correlation between pollen morphology and geographical distribution, although both the major centre of palynological diversity and the majority of all species with tricolpate grains occur in South America.