藜芦碱引起神经元放电峰峰间期慢波振荡

为了研究Na通道失活门与受损背根节神经元放电型式的关系,在大鼠背根节慢性压迫模型上记录单纤维自发放电,观察与分析了Na通道失活门抑制剂藜芦碱（veratridine）引起峰峰间期慢波振荡的型式的特征。结果表明：在阻断Na通道失活门之后,受损背根节神经元产生的慢波振荡具有变化幅度大和振荡时程长的特征,可分成Ⅴ,倒П,整数倍,弥散和复合等5种基本形式。     

藜芦碱和乌头碱在受损背根节神经元诱发不同的放电模式

为了研究钠通道失活门阻断后受损背根节神经元放电模式的变化特征,在大鼠背根节慢性压迫模型上采用单纤维技术记录A类神经元的自发放电。藜芦碱和乌头碱是钠通道失活门的抑制剂,但二者作用于不同的位点,前者结合于D2-S6,后者结合于D3-S6。我们比较了这两种试剂引发的放电模式。结果发现,在同一神经元,藜芦碱(1．5～5．0μmol／L)可以引起放电峰峰间期的慢波振荡,即峰峰间期由大逐渐减小,然后又逐渐增大,形成重复的振荡波形,每个振荡持续约数十秒至数分钟：而乌头碱(10～200μmol／L)则引起强直性放电,即峰峰间期逐渐减小,然后维持在一个稳定的水平。这两种不同的放电模式不因背景放电或试剂浓度的不同而发生明显的改变。实验结果表明,藜芦碱和乌头碱在受损的背根节神经元可以引发不同的放电模式,这可能与它们结合于钠通道上不同位点的抑制作用有关。     

细有髓鞘神经纤维(Aδ)背根反射的观察

背根反射(DRR)反映了初级传入纤维的突触前抑制。本文作者用剥制腓肠神经或背根的神经细束记录单位放电的方法观察 Aδ纤维 DRR,揭示了一些以前用记录复合动作电位的方法所未能观察到的现象。多数 Aδ单位的 DRR 为重复放电。放电数2—4个,经多次刺激后有些单位可达5—6个。放电持续时间为2—9毫秒,个別单位可达13毫秒。每隔2秒钟给予一次电刺激,每次刺激皆可引起 Aδ纤维 DRR。通常 Aα-β纤维的传入冲动即足以引起 Aδ纤维 DRR。大约有20%的 Aδ纤维 DRR 必须要同时有 Aδ纤维的传入冲动才能产生。在双电脉冲刺激测试中第一个刺激引起的 Aδ纤维 DRR 对后一个刺激引起的 DRR 有长达数百毫秒的抑制作用。当两个刺激相隔5毫秒时,我们观察不到象文献中用记录复合动作电位的方法所观察到的加强作用。重复电刺激传入神经对 Aδ纤维 DRR 有长时间的后抑制效应。Aδ纤维 DRR 的脊髓内延搁时间变动范围较大,最小为3.6毫秒,大多数单位为4—6毫秒,也有长达26毫秒的。     

受损背根节神经元自发放电节律的整数倍模式及其动力学变化

本文记录了大鼠损伤背根节神经元的自发放电活动。采用背根节慢性压迫动物模型,记录慢性压迫手术后３－１０ｄ背根节的自发放电。在记录的１５６根纤维中,观察到１７根（占１１Ａ％）出现的动作电位峰峰间期以某一基础间期的整数倍模式出现的整数倍时间节律形式,其回归映射图为晶格状点阵结构,并且该时间形式受细胞膜上钠,钾通道的调控。     

通过脊髓-延脑-脊髓回路引起的脊髓背根电位

过去的工作提示在针刺抑制内脏-躯体反射的效应中,针刺信号沿着脊髓腹外侧索上行至延脑,激活包括中缝大核在内的延脑内侧网状结构,由此发出下行冲动至脊髓,阻遇内脏Aδ传入纤维冲动的向上传递。本工作在经麻痹的清醒猫刺激以上神经回路的各个部分,均能在腰段及胸段引起背根电位。为了刺激上行纤维,我们将右半部胸段脊髓分离出一段,其尾端切断,前端仍与脊髓相连。在 T2-4水平将这样半孤立的脊髓(S_p)挂在钧形电极上刺激,所引起的 L6背根电位的潜伏期是48±6;在 P9水平刺激中缝大核(R_m)引起的 L6背根电位的潜伏期是36±3,刺激背外侧索表面引起的 L6背根电位潜伏期仅3—5毫秒。背根电位的时程和反射的抑制时程大体相符,但后一时程一般总是要长些。刺激 S_p 和 R_m 引起的背根电位的长度常数均在3毫米左右,表示是较细纤维的去极化。如在脊髓 T2-3水平切割背外侧索,则由刺激 S_p(T5-7)及 R_m 引起的 L6及 T11背根电位均消失。毁损延脑内侧网状结构后,刺激 S_p 引起的 L6及 T11背根电位大为减弱或消失。以上结果指示通过我们所提出的神经回路能引起脊髓较细传入末梢发生去极化,这种突触前机制可能在针刺镇痛效应中起一定的作用。     

损伤神经元自发放电的整数倍节律及其动力学机制

实验采用大鼠背根节慢性压迫动物模型,记录术后３～１０天背根节的自发放电,在１５６根纤维中观察到１７根（１１％）出现的动作电位峰峰间期以某一基础间期的整数倍出现的时间节律形式,其回归映射图为晶格状点阵结构。同时观察到Ｎａ＾＋通道特异阻剂ＴＴＸ和Ｋ＾＋通道阻断剂４－ＡＰ能对整数倍放电节律产生影响。结果表明,看似不规则的整倍数放电时间序列是有着内在的结构和规律性的, 膜上通道和环境的状态决定。建立针对本     

蛋白激酶A介导慢性压迫背根节神经元的肾上腺素能兴奋反应

本实验在奶节（ＤＲＧ）慢性压迫模型上,采用离体灌流ＤＲＧ和单纤维记录神经元自发放电的方法研究了初级感觉神经元的交感－感觉耦联作用及其细胞内机制。用外源性支甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ,１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）浸浴损伤的ＤＲＧ时,在９５个ＤＲＧ神经元中有８５个自发放电的神经元产生明显反应。其中,４４个呈现单纯兴奋效应,２１个表现先兴奋后抑制效应,６个出现兴奋－抑制交替振荡现象,１４个表现抑制效应。ＮＥ对损伤神经元的兴     

猫内脏躯体反射节段性的分析

刺激猫内脏大神经,在一根肋间神经记录反射放电(VSR),然后切断与记录的神经同节段或邻近节段的背根,或孤立脊髓,分析 VSR 的传入与传出间的节段关系。结果是不论切断同节段背根或其他节段背根,只要保留一部分节段的内脏传入,即可记录到 VSR,但幅度减小,潜伏期延长。横切脊髓,孤立出一个节段的脊髓,保留其背根腹根,亦可在该节段的传出神经记录到 VSR。孤立出多个节段的脊髓,但只保留高位一根背根,在低位肋间神经也同样可记录到较小的 VSR。     

脊神经损伤后钠电流的变化及其离子通道机制

目的：检测脊神经切断大鼠背根节（DRG）神经元重复放电能力和钠电流的变化,并研究介导其电流变化的钠通道亚型的表达情况。方法：脊神经切断术后2～8d慢性痛大鼠模型背根节急性分离,对中等直径DRG神经元运用全细胞膜片钳技术记录神经元放电和钠电流的变化。对背根节神经元进行RT-PCR检测,分析其钠通道亚型的表达情况。结果：电流钳下,实验组DRG神经元在电流刺激下产生重复放电,而对照组神经元多诱发单个动作电位,电压钳记录发现实验组背根节神经元快钠电流和持续性钠电流幅值均明显大于对照组,PCR结果显示,Nav1.3、Nav1.7和Nav1.8通道亚型mRNA表达显著增高。结论：钠通道介导了脊神经受损模型的DRG神经元兴奋性增高,持续性钠电流可能通过调节阈下膜电位振荡的产生调节神经元兴奋性。     

可视膜片钳法记录初级传入纤维介导的脊髓背角神经元突触后电流

本文描述了用明胶半包埋法制备带背根脊髓薄片的实验步骤,和在脊髓背角记录由初级传入纤维介导的突触后电流的可视膜片钳法。手术制备一段带背根的脊髓标本,并用20％的明胶包埋在琼脂块上,再用振动切片机切片获得带背根的脊髓薄片。通过红外线可视的引导,在脊髓背角神经元上建立全细胞封接模式。在钳制电压为-70mV条件下,记录自发的和背根刺激引起的兴奋性突触后电流。以传入纤维的传导速度与刺激阈值为指标,可以区分A样纤维与C样纤维兴奋性突触后电流。在钳制电压为0mV条件下,记录自发的和背根刺激引起的抑制性突触后电流。用5μmol／L的士宁或20μmol／L的荷包牡丹碱分离出γ-氨基丁酸能或甘氨酸能的抑制性突触后电流。用可视膜片钳方法可以准确测量脊髓背角神经元的突触后电流,从而研究初级传入突触的传递过程。更重要的是,在红外线可视观察的帮助下,建立膜片钳封接的成功率显著提高,同时也使记录研究脊髓背角深层神经元变得更加容易。本研究为探索初级传入突触传递过程提供了一个有效的方法。     

大鼠背根节神经元后超极化中Ca^2＋激活K^＋电流的蜂毒明肽敏感成分 …

为了明确大鼠背根节(DRG)神经元中存在慢的Ca2+激活K+电流成分,本实验在新鲜分散的DRG神经元胞体上,采用全细胞电压箝技术,给予DRG神经元一定强度的去极化刺激,记录刺激结束后30 ms时的尾电流幅度.结果发现:(1)随着去极化时间从1 ms延长至180 ms时,尾电流幅度由9.3±2.8 pA逐渐增大至64.1±3.4 pA(P＜0.001);(2)当去极化结束后的复极化电位降低时,尾电流幅度先逐渐下降到零,然后改变方向,逆转电位约为-63 mV;(3)细胞外施加500μmol/L Cd2+或细胞内液中施加11 mmol/L EGYA时尾电流明显减小甚至完全消失;(4)尾电流中慢成分的幅度在细胞外给与200 nmol/L蜂毒明肽后,减小了约26.32±3.9%(P＜0.01);(5)细胞外施加10 mmol/L TEA,可明显降低尾电流中的快成分.结果提示,在DRG神经元后超极化中存在Ca2+激活K+电流的蜂毒明肽敏感成分--ⅠAiHP.     

大鼠坐骨神经结扎后疼痛受体P2X3在背根神经节内的表达变化

目的:研究坐骨神经结扎损伤后疼痛受体P2X3在相应背根神经节(dorsal root ganglia,DRG)内的表达变化情况。方法:选取健康成年SD大鼠35只,建立右侧坐骨神经结扎损伤模型,采用免疫组织化学和图像分析技术检测相应L4-6DRG内P2X3的表达情况。结果:正常大鼠L4-6DRG内有大量P2X3免疫阳性神经元,坐骨神经结扎后3d P2X3表达即下调,3,7,14,21和28d其表达呈进行性下降趋势,各时间点与正常和假手术对照比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。结论:坐骨神经结扎后P2X3在L4-6DRG内表达明显下调,提示其可能在神经源性疼痛中发挥一定的作用。     

瞬时外向钾电流的降低介导了慢性压迫背根神经节细胞兴奋性的升高

慢性压迫大鼠背根神经节（chronic compression of the dorsal root,ganglion,CCD）后,背根神经节细胞兴奋性升高,但引起神经元兴奋性改变的离子通道机制还需进一步探索。本实验采用胞内记录以及全细胞膜片钳记录方法,研究急性分离的大鼠背根神经节细胞兴奋性改变与瞬时外向钾电流（A-type potassium current,ⅠA）的关系。结果表明,CCD术后背根神经节细胞兴奋性升高,在急性分离的体外细胞中仍继续存在,表现为对辣椒素敏感的背根神经节细胞产生动作电位的最小电流刺激强度,即阈电流（current threshold）及阈电位（voltage threshold）降低;给予正常对照组神经元（未压迫损伤）瞬时外向钾通道阻断剂4-氨基吡啶,出现了类似CCD术后兴奋性升高的改变。进一步用两步电压钳方法分离ⅠA,研究CCD术后神经元ⅠA的变化,结果表明,CCD组神经元的ⅠA比对照组神经元ⅠA降低,并且与其阈电位的改变一致。以上结果提示,背根神经节压迫受损后,神经节细胞ⅠA降低可能参与介导了神经节细胞兴奋性的升高。     

In Vivo Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Dorsal Root Ganglia Is Mediated by Nerve Growth Factor-Triggered Akt Activation during Cystitis

The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in sensory hypersensitivity has been suggested; however the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction that regulate BDNF expression in primary afferent neurons during visceral inflammation are not clear. Here we used a rat model of cystitis and found that the mRNA and protein levels of BDNF were increased in the L6 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in response to bladder inflammation. BDNF up-regulation in the L6 DRG was triggered by endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) because neutralization of NGF with a specific NGF antibody reduced BDNF levels during cystitis. The neutralizing NGF antibody also subsequently reduced cystitis-induced up-regulation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt activity in L6 DRG. To examine whether the NGF-induced Akt activation led to BDNF up-regulation in DRG in cystitis, we found that in cystitis the phospho-Akt immunoreactivity was co-localized with BDNF in L6 DRG, and prevention of the endogenous Akt activity in the L6 DRG by inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) with a potent inhibitor LY294002 reversed cystitis-induced BDNF up-regulation. Further study showed that application of NGF to the nerve terminals of the ganglion-nerve two-compartmented preparation enhanced BDNF expression in the DRG neuronal soma; which was reduced by pre-treatment of the ganglia with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and wortmannin. These in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that NGF played an important role in the activation of Akt and subsequent up-regulation of BDNF in the sensory neurons in visceral inflammation such as cystitis.     

Electrophysiological observations on immature rat nerve cells grown in tissue culture

Intracellular measurements were made on immature cultured rat neurons using single or double barrelled microelectrodes; 361 dorsal root ganglion, DRG, cells, 105 spinal cord cells and 12 cerebellar cells were studied. Membrane potentials recorded were in the range ?25 mV to ?50 mV. A statistically significant increase in membrane potentials with time in culture was found for DRG cells during 32 days in culture. This was not found for spinal cord cells. Voltage-current curves showed a non-linearity in about 50% of DRG and spinal cord cells similar to anomalous rectification. Measurements made in DRG and spinal cord cells at ± 10 nA showed significantly greater average cell input resistance during hyperpolarising pulses than during depolarising pulses. The calculated values of Rm and Cm for DRG and spinal cord cells were similar in magnitude to values given for other cells by other workers. The value for L, the dimensionless electrotonic length, was slightly higher than that calculated for motoneurones by other workers. Differences between these results and those of others working on neurons in vitro are ascribed to the immature nature of the cells studied here.     

Melanocortin receptor 4 is induced in nerve-injured motor and sensory neurons of mouse

We previously identified melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) in a search for genes associated with hypoglossal nerve regeneration. As melanocortins promote nerve regeneration after axonal injury, we investigated whether MC4R functions as a key receptor for peripheral nerve regeneration. In situ hybridization revealed that MC4R mRNA is induced in mouse hypoglossal motor neurons after axonal injury, whereas mRNAs for MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, and MC5R are not expressed either before or after nerve injury. This result was confirmed by RT-PCR. The level of MC4R mRNA expression increased significantly from day 3 after axotomy, reached a peak on day 5, and decreased to the control level on day 14. Similar induction of MC4R was observed in axotomized mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). MC4R mRNA expression was induced exclusively among the MCR family in the L4-6 DRG after sciatic nerve injury. We further examined whether alpha-melanocortin stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) promotes neurite elongation via MC4R. In mouse DRG neuron culture, alpha-MSH significantly promoted neurite outgrowth at a concentration of 10(-8) mol/L. This neurite-elongation effect was entirely inhibited by the addition of a selective MC4R blocker, JKC-363. Therefore, it is concluded that alpha-MSH could stimulate neurite elongation via MC4R in DRG neurons. The present results suggest that induction of MC4R is crucial for motor and sensory neurons to regenerate after axonal injury.     

Involvement of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels in dorsal root ganglion in neuropathic pain

Dorsal root ganglion(DRG)neurons have peripheral terminals in skin,muscle,and other peripheral tissues,andcentral terminals