猕猴桃果实采后成熟过程中糖代谢及其调节

20℃下采后猕猴桃果实中淀粉酶活性快速上升于果实软化启动阶段,随着果实进入快速软化阶段,淀粉迅速水解,葡萄糖和果糖快速积累,SPS活性增加,酸性转化酶活性下降,蔗糖积累;至果实软化后期,SPS活性降低,蔗糖含量下降.AsA和低温可抑制淀粉酶活性、己糖积累、SPS活性上升和酸性转化酶活性下降,延缓蔗糖积累,相反,乙烯则可促进淀粉酶活性,加速淀粉降解和己糖积累进而直接或间接增加SPS活性,促使蔗糖积累.采后猕猴桃果实的SPS活性变化中有己糖激活效应和蔗糖反馈抑制效应.AsA、低温和乙烯等对糖代谢的调节主要是通过对SPS活性的影响而实现的.     

Sucrose Metabolism at Three Leaf Development Stages in Bean Plants

Sucrose metabolism was studied at three leaf development stages in two Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars, Tacarigua and Montalban. The changes of enzyme activities involved in sucrose metabolism at the leaf development stages were: (1) Sink (9-11 % full leaf expansion, FLE): low total sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, and higher acid invertase (AI) activity accompanied by low sucrose synthase (SuSy) synthetic and sucrolytic activities. (2) Sink to source transition (40-47 % FLE): increase in total SPS and SuSy activities, decrease in AI activity. (3) Source (96-97 % FLE): high total SPS activity, increased SuSy activities, decreased AI activity. The hexose/sucrose ratio decreased from sink to source leaves in both bean cultivars. The neutral invertase activity was lower than that of AI; it showed an insignificant decrease during the sink-source transition.     

Sucrose Metabolism at Three Leaf Development Stages in Bean Plants

Sucrose metabolism was studied at three leaf development stages in two Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars, Tacarigua and Montalban. The changes of enzyme activities involved in sucrose metabolism at the leaf development stages were: (1) Sink (9-11 % full leaf expansion, FLE): low total sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, and higher acid invertase (AI) activity accompanied by low sucrose synthase (SuSy) synthetic and sucrolytic activities. (2) Sink to source transition (40-47 % FLE): increase in total SPS and SuSy activities, decrease in AI activity. (3) Source (96-97 % FLE): high total SPS activity, increased SuSy activities, decreased AI activity. The hexose/sucrose ratio decreased from sink to source leaves in both bean cultivars. The neutral invertase activity was lower than that of AI; it showed an insignificant decrease during the sink-source transition. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Sucrose metabolism of perennial ryegrass in relation to cold acclimation

Sugar metabolism is one of the important factors involved in winter hardiness and since the discovery of sucrose biosynthesis, considerable advances have been made in understanding its regulation and crucial role. This investigation examined the changes in activities of sucrose metabolizing enzymes and sugar content during cold hardening of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Changes in acid invertase (AI), sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) along with all the three soluble sugars glucose, fructose and sucrose were measured in leaves and stem base tissue during cold acclimation. Although fructans were the predominant carbohydrate the changes in glucose, fructose and sucrose were significant. All the three soluble sugars in both leaf and stem tissues started to decrease from the first day and continued up to day 7 and thereafter started to increase until day 28. AI in the soluble fraction showed a higher activity than that in the cell wall bound fraction. In both the leaf and stem bases soluble AI activity increased during the first week and after that it started to decrease gradually. On the other hand both the SS and SPS increased gradually throughout the acclimation period. Sucrose content was negatively correlated with AI and positively correlated with SS and SPS accounting well for the relation between the substrate and enzyme activity. These results suggest that AI, SS and SPS in ryegrass are regulated by cold acclimation and play an important role in sugar accumulation and acquisition of freezing tolerance.     

宁夏枸杞果实糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系

通过对枸杞果实发育过程中果实生长模式、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和淀粉含量及糖代谢相关酶活性的测定,研究了宁夏枸杞果实生长发育过程中糖的代谢积累与相关酶活性的关系.结果表明:(1)宁夏枸杞果实发育呈双S"曲线,果实主要以积累己糖为主.(2)蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性在果实发育初期处于下降的趋势,在花后19d开始上升,果实转色后又逐渐下降;蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性总体表现为SS分解方向的活性大于SS合成方向的活性,说明枸杞果实发育过程中,SS的活性主要以分解方向的为主;酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性随果实发育呈上升趋势,但在果实成熟后期有所下降,且AI和NI活性高于合成酶类的活性,较高的转化酶类活性促进了果实内部己糖的积累.(3)在枸杞果实生长发育中,葡萄糖和果糖含量与AI和NI均呈极显著正相关,而与其它酶不具有相关性.说明AI和NI在宁夏枸杞果实的糖代谢中起着主要的调控作用.     

A role for 'futile cycles' involving invertase and sucrose synthase in sucrose metabolism of tomato fruit.

Current concepts of the factors determining sink strength and the subsequent regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in tomato fruit are based upon an understanding of the relative roles of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and invertase, derived from studies in mutants and transformed plants. These enzymes participate in at least four futile cycles that involve sugar transport between the cytosol, vacuole and apoplast. Key reactions are (1) the continuous rapid degradation of sucrose in the cytosol by sucrose synthase (SuSy), (2) sucrose re-synthesis via either SuSy or sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), (3) sucrose hydrolysis in the vacuole or apoplast by acid invertase, (4) subsequent transport of hexoses to the cytosol where they are once more converted into sucrose, and (5) rapid synthesis and breakdown of starch in the amyloplast. In this way futile cycles of sucrose/hexose interchange govern fruit sugar content and composition. The major function of the high and constant invertase activity in red tomato fruit is, therefore, to maintain high cellular hexose concentrations, the hydrolysis of sucrose in the vacuole and in the intercellular space allowing more efficient storage of sugar in these compartments. Vacuolar sugar storage may be important in sustaining fruit cell growth at times when less sucrose is available for the sink organs because of exhaustion of the carbohydrate pools in source leaves.     

Analysis of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and cellular contents of sugars and proteins during spruce somatic embryogenesis suggests a regulatory role of exogenous sucrose in embryo development.

Carbohydrate metabolism was investigated during spruce somatic embryogenesis. During the period of maintenance corresponding to the active phase of embryogenic tissue growth, activities of soluble acid invertase and alkaline invertase increased together with cellular glucose and fructose levels. During the same time, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity increased while sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity stayed constant together with the cellular sucrose level. Therefore, during maintenance, invertases were thought to generate the hexoses necessary for embryogenic tissue growth while SuSy and SPS would allow cellular sucrose to be kept at a constant level. During maturation on sucrose-containing medium, SuSy and SPS activities stayed constant whereas invertase activities were high during the early stage of maturation before declining markedly from the second to the fifth week. This decrease of invertase activities resulted in a decreased hexose:sucrose ratio accompanied by starch and protein deposition. Additionally, carbohydrate metabolism was strongly modified when sucrose in the maturation medium was replaced by equimolar concentrations of glucose and fructose. Essentially, during the first 2 weeks, invertase activities were low in tissues growing on hexose-containing medium while cellular glucose and fructose levels increased. During the same period, SuSy activity increased while the SPS activity stayed constant together with the cellular sucrose level. This metabolism reorganization on hexose-containing medium affected cellular protein and starch levels resulting in a decrease of embryo number and quality. These results provide new knowledge on carbohydrate metabolism during spruce somatic embryogenesis and suggest a regulatory role of exogenous sucrose in embryo development.     

套袋对梨果实发育过程中糖组分及其相关酶活性的影响

以翠冠和黄金梨为试材,测定套袋和未套袋(对照)梨果实发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖组分积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)两梨品种套袋果实在发育过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、山梨醇和糖代谢相关酶活性变化趋势与对照基本一致,套袋果实糖含量均低于对照但差异不显著,而各相关酶活性在两类果实间差异表现各异.(2)在梨果实发育早期,果实中以分解酶类为主,糖分积累低;发育后期以合成酶类为主,糖分积累多.(3)两品种套袋和对照果实AI活性与葡萄糖含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,SS合成方向活性与蔗糖含量均为极显著正相关,且翠冠对照果SPS活性与蔗糖含量呈极显著正相关.可见,套袋通过提高果实发育早期转化酶(Inv)活性,降低果实后期蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性来影响糖分积累,从而影响梨果品质.     

Relationship between sucrose accumulation and activities of sucrose-phosphatase, sucrose synthase, neutral invertase and soluble acid invertase in micropropagated sugarcane plants

The activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SUSY), neutral invertase (NI) and soluble acid invertase (SAI) regulates sucrose activity in sugarcane were studied. Micropropagated sugarcane plants were obtained from callus cultures of four Mexican commercially available sugarcane varieties characterized by differences in sugar production, and activities of SPS, SUSY, NI, SAI and concentrations of sucrose were monitored in the sugarcane stem. The results indicated that sucrose accumulation was positively and significantly related to an increase in activity of SPS and SUSY and negatively to a reduction in activity of SAI and NI (P<0.05). SPS explained most of the variations found for sucrose accumulation and least for NI. The relationship between activity of SPS, SUSY, NI and SAI in sugarcane stem was similar in each variety.     

‘台农1号’芒果果实发育过程中的糖分积累与相关酶活性研究

以‘台农1号’芒果为材料,测定了果实生长发育过程中淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量以及淀粉酶、蔗糖代谢相关酶———酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖组分与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果显示,(1)台农1号芒果果实属于单S型生长曲线,发育前期主要积累淀粉、葡萄糖和果糖,果实成熟软化时,淀粉酶活性降至最低,淀粉水解,蔗糖快速积累.(2)酸性转化酶活性在果实整个发育过程中维持最高,完熟时略有降低;蔗糖磷酸合成酶在果实发育前期略有降低,完熟时升至最高;蔗糖合成酶和中性转化酶活性在整个发育期一直很低且较稳定.(3)淀粉含量与淀粉酶活性呈显著正相关,与SPS活性呈极显著负相关,蔗糖、葡萄糖含量均与SPS、SS呈显著、极显著的正相关;果糖含量与SS呈极显著的正相关.研究表明,芒果成熟时淀粉分解、酸性转化酶活性的降低,且蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性的增加是引起果实蔗糖积累的主要因子.     

枇杷果实发育过程中糖积累及相关酶活性变化研究

以'青种'、'霸红'和'鸡蛋白'3个枇杷品种为材料,测定不同果实发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶即酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果表明:在果实膨大期(5月3日)之前,3种枇杷果实的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖积累缓慢,之后则迅速积累,存在着明显的转折点;果实成熟(5月23日)之后糖分积累速度趋于平稳.3种枇杷果实在发育过程中转化酶、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性变化与3种糖积累的动态变化趋势相一致.NI和AI活性在果实膨大期之前都较低且没有明显的变化,之后均快速上升;SS和SPS的活性在果实膨大期之前都很低且几乎无变化,随后'鸡蛋白'的活性迅速上升至果实成熟之后便缓慢上升,而'青种'和'霸红'随果实成熟度的增加而升高,但均低于'鸡蛋白'.可见,枇杷果实膨大期是糖分积累代谢活跃期,其糖积累受蔗糖代谢相关酶综合调控.     

肉苁蓉和寄主梭梭体内可溶性糖分积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性研究

通过测定不同发育时期肉苁蓉和寄主梭梭体内主要糖类物质含量和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性,以研究寄生植物与寄主植物的糖代谢及其关系。结果表明:未寄生肉苁蓉的梭梭以积累葡萄糖为主,而寄生肉苁蓉的梭梭在夏季休眠期以积累葡萄糖为主,进入秋季旺盛生长期时以积累蔗糖为主。肉苁蓉的糖分积累与梭梭不同,己糖含量约占可溶性总糖的62.45%,而蔗糖仅为可溶性总糖的4.98%,故肉苁蓉为己糖积累型。寄主梭梭同化枝内蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性较转化酶活性和蔗糖合成酶活性低,其中寄生肉苁蓉的梭梭的分解酶类活性高于未寄生肉苁蓉的梭梭。肉苁蓉体内转化酶活性较低,而蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性较高,且蔗糖合成酶活性高于蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,表现为肉苁蓉中的分解酶类活性高于合成酶类活性,较高的分解酶类活性促进了蔗糖的分解,从而促进了糖分由寄主梭梭向肉苁蓉的不断转移。总体来看,肉苁蓉和寄主梭梭体内糖分的代谢主要以蔗糖合成酶为主,其它2种酶为辅协同参与调控。     

乙酰水杨酸在番茄果实发育期间对蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

研究不同浓度乙酰水杨酸(ASA)对番茄品种‘辽园多丽’果实发育期间蔗糖代谢相关酶影响的结果表明:ASA可抑制果实的维管束和胶质胎座中酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)活性,而提高蔗糖合成酶(SS)与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性;心室隔壁和中果肉中ASA的作用与此相反。ASA促进果实维管束中可溶性糖积累主要通过调控AI和NI活性实现,而在胶质胎座中主要通过调控SS活性实现;在中果肉和心室隔壁中主要通过调控SS和AI活性实现。     

外源α-萘乙酸对花期干旱大豆碳代谢的影响

以耐旱性大豆品种晋豆21和干旱敏感性大豆品种徐豆22为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究α-萘乙酸(NAA)对花期干旱大豆碳代谢的影响.结果表明: 干旱胁迫下,与徐豆22相比,晋豆21净光合速率(P_n)下降幅度较小,光呼吸速率(P_r)和叶片可溶性糖含量增加幅度较小,而叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)(合成方向)活性、根系蔗糖含量增加幅度较大.NAA处理提高了干旱胁迫下P_n,并降低了P_r,进而明显缓解了干旱胁迫对大豆植株的生长抑制;降低了叶片淀粉分解酶、酸性转化酶(AI)和SS(分解方向)活性,从而抑制了干旱胁迫诱导的可溶性糖积累;NAA处理也能增加干旱胁迫下叶片SPS、SS(合成方向)活性、根系蔗糖含量、根冠比,表明NAA处理促进了叶片中蔗糖向根系的转运.总之,在干旱胁迫下,外源NAA能够通过调控碳代谢增强大豆植株对干旱胁迫的耐受性.     

嫁接的西瓜果实发育过程中叶和果实蔗糖代谢的一些特性

嫁接瓜果实发育过程中,叶内蔗糖含量和干物质积累显著高于自根瓜,自根瓜和嫁接瓜的叶中蔗糖含量与酸性转化酶（AI）、蔗糖磷酸合酶（SPS）活性均呈显著正相关;嫁接瓜果实中蔗糖含量显著低于自根瓜,SPS活性和果实中糖分的跨液泡膜运输能力亦较自根瓜低;自根瓜和嫁接瓜叶的干物质积累与叶中AI和SPS活性、果实AI活性呈显著负相关,与液泡膜H^＋-ATPase活性呈显著正相关。     

转化酶和己糖激酶调控草莓聚合果内糖积累

以设施栽培的草莓品种‘枥乙女’为试材,用高效液相色谱法分析了果实发育进程中草莓聚合果内不同部位糖含量及相关酶活性的变化。果实成熟过程中草莓聚合果果顶部分含糖量高,中间部位次之,果柄端最低。转化酶活性呈现与糖含量相似的梯度变化。己糖激酶和果糖激酶则表现出与糖梯度相反的变化。上述结果表明,聚合果顶端转化酶活性高,有利于形成蔗糖梯度,从而促进光合产物向果顶端转移;聚合果近果柄端的己糖代谢酶活性高,促进果柄端的己糖消耗,导致果柄端相对低的糖含量。     

外源ABA对冬小麦越冬期蔗糖代谢的影响

以抗寒品种‘东衣冬麦l号’和冷敏感品种‘济麦22’为试验材料,在三叶期时对叶片喷施ABA。在冬小麦越冬期间对叶片和分蘖节取样,研究外源ABA对越冬期低温下冬小麦的蔗糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,外源ABA处理使低温下2个冬小麦品种积累了更多的蔗糖,尤其是‘东农冬麦1号’的分蘖节。零上低温时外源ABA促进了尿苷二磷酸一葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UGP）在蔗糖的合成中起主要作用,在零下低温时外源ABA则促进了UGP在蔗糖分解中起作用;外源ABA提高了‘东农冬麦1号’叶片和分蘖节以及‘济麦22’分蘖节中蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶的活性,但‘济麦22’叶片中这两种酶的活性则受到ABA的抑制;外源ABA也不同程度地促进了2＋-小麦品种叶片和‘济麦22’分蘖节中酸性转化酶和碱性转化酶活性的提高,但却抑制了‘东农冬麦1号’分蘖节中两种酶活性的提高,表明抗寒性强的‘东农冬麦1号’对外源ABA可能更加敏感,其越冬器官分蘖节保持了较高的蔗糖水平,其蔗糖合成能力的提高将有利于冬小麦植株抵御低温,进而维持＋a＋k-的存活。