Mutation at the am locus of Neurospora crassa

Forty-eight new mutations at the am locus of Neurospora crassa have been characterized. Nineteen mutations were induced by UV; of these, eight were missense, two were frameshifts, two were nonsense, three were deletions and four were unidentified. Twenty-nine mutations were induced with nitrous acid; of these, twenty-one were missense, three were frameshifts, one was nonsense, two were deletions and one was genetically unstable.     

蓝狐消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组化研究

蓝狐又名北极狐(Alopex lagopus),属于食肉目(Carnivora),犬科(Canidae),北极狐属(Alopex).     

陆地棉组织培养中再生植株的形态解剖学研究

在显微和超微水平不同层次上对陆地棉(Gossypium hisutum L.)再生植株中正常苗和玻璃苗叶及根端的形态结构进行了观察比较。结果表明:试管玻璃苗叶表面凹凸不平,气孔下陷,萎缩变形,表皮细胞形态不规则,排列不整齐,叶表面蜡质分布不均匀,其数量也较少;叶肉无明显的栅栏组织分化,细胞中叶绿体含量少、形态小,结构异常。超微结构显示,大部分叶肉细胞中叶绿体基粒片层分布少而含较多的基质片层,其它细胞器如线粒体、高尔基体、内质网等含量少或缺。叶脉维管组织发育不良,导管分子数目少,木质化程度低,根尖短而细,生长点仅由少数具分生能力的细胞组成,根冠细胞大,但数量少。正常苗形态结构基本类似于实生苗。     

多层螺旋CT对肺结核合并肺癌患者的诊断价值

目的:研究多层螺旋CT对肺结核合并肺癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法:选择2013年3月至2015年9月在我院确诊的肺结核合并肺癌患者32例和单纯肺结核患者39例应用多层螺旋CT扫描患者肺部病变情况。结果:肺结核合并肺癌组:陈旧性肺结核28例、活动性肺结核4例;病灶位置经典部位29例、非经典部位3例,合并鳞癌11例、腺癌13例、小细胞癌5例、未分化癌3例;10例结核病灶与肺癌病灶不同侧、13例结核病灶与肺癌病灶同侧不同叶、9例结核病灶于肺癌病灶同侧同叶。单纯性肺结核组胨旧性肺结核36例、活动性肺结核3例;病灶位置经典部位34例(上叶尖段11例、后段9例、下叶背段14例)、非经典部位5例。肺结核合并肺癌组患者分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征、阻塞性肺炎及肺不张以及棘状突起比例高于单纯肺结核组,而空泡影比例低于单纯肺结核组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组钙化、斑片条索影、结节影以及空洞或空腔比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:多层螺旋CT对肺结核合并肺癌具有较高的临床鉴别诊断价值。     

Specificity of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in removing carbohydrates by fermentation

The specificity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on the removal of carbohydrates by fermentation was studied. The common monosaccharides, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, and D-galactose were completely removed; D-glucuronic acid and D-ribose were partially removed; but D-xylose, D-rhamnose, and L-sorbose were not removed and were completely resistant. Of four glycosides, methyl and phenyl alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranosides, three of the four were partially removed and methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside was not removed. The disaccharides, maltose, sucrose, and turanose were completely removed, while cellobiose, lactose, and melibiose were completely resistant. Isomaltose and alpha,alpha-trehalose were partially removed. Maltotriose and raffinose were partially removed, but isomaltotriose and melezitose were completely resistant. The tetrasaccharides, maltotetraose, isomaltotetraose, and acarbose, were completely resistant. Further, the yeast enzymes did not alter any of the resistant carbohydrates by transglycosylation or condensation reactions or by any other types of reactions.     

不同种源山桐子果实脂肪酸组成变异分析

以采自11个种源的山桐子为材料,测定其果实脂肪酸的组成及其变异情况,结果表明：山桐子果实中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,尤以亚油酸含量最高,11个种源的平均值为63．58％,且种源间差异显著,分宜、宜昌种源亚油酸相对含量明显高于其他9个种源;饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸为主,11个种源山桐子果实棕榈酸差异显著,且以平武种源最高;其余脂肪酸含量均较低,变异幅度较大;种子中棕榈酸和棕榈烯酸含量明显高于果肉,而亚油酸、亚麻酸及硬脂酸含量明显低于果肉,油酸含量相近：果实不饱和脂肪酸含量依次为果肉〉全果〉种子,且变异系数及相对极差均较小,尤以果肉中最小;除硬脂酸外,山桐子果实中其他4种主要脂肪酸组分受海拔等地理环境的影响均较小。     

鸭儿芹根、茎、叶挥发油的化学成分

采用水蒸气蒸溜法提取其根、茎、叶中的挥发油,利用GC-MS联用仪对其化学成分进行分析,以归一化法计算各个化学成分的相对含量.鸭儿芹根挥发油中共分离出11个峰,鉴定出11种化合物,占总离子峰的98.61％,主要成分为α-芹子烯、γ-芹子烯等;茎中共分离出25个峰,鉴定出25种化合物,占总离子峰的100.00％,主要成分为...     

艾滋病合并隐球菌感染17例尸检材料的临床病理学研究

在１５１例艾滋病尸检材料中发现１７例合并隐球菌感染,均经病理学确诊,患者男１５名,女２名,平均４３．６岁。１２例发生脑膜炎、肺炎和淋巴结炎各７例,尚见脾（６例）、肾（５例）等器官受累。９例为播散性感染。病变为慢性肉牙肿性,其中见有隐球菌。本文描述隐球菌性脑膜炎、肺炎等临床病理学表现,并讨论其病变特征与病理诊断问题。     

白兰花被片发育过程中香精油化学成分的GC-MS分析

用固相微萃取法萃取白兰(Michelia alba Dc.)花被片不同发育阶段的香精油,并用GC-MS对其化学成分进行鉴定,峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量.结果表明,白兰花被片5个发育时期的香精油的化学成分不同,分别鉴定出30、29、28、30和27种化学成分.含量较多的是萜类化合物、烷烃类物质、酯类化合物、酸类化合物和醇类化合物.有16种化学成分在3个以上时期能检测到,其中14种萜类化合物,1种胺类化合物和1种芳香化合物.有7种成分是第Ⅳ期独有的.由此推测,白兰花发育的第Ⅳ时期是窨制花茶或提取香精油的最佳时期,但在不能及时窨制花茶或提取香精油或远距离运输的情况下,选择第Ⅲ时期采摘更为合适.     

Eimeria apsheronica in the goat: endogenous development and host cellular response

Most first generation schizonts of Eimeria apsheronica developed in the jejunum; others were distributed throughout the small intestine and occasionally in the caecum. Some were also found in the mesenteric lymph nodes, which were oedematous and haemorrhagic. In the intestine, haemorrhage and congestion were seen before parasites were detected, and continued throughout all later stages. Schizonts occurred in the lamina propria and occasionally in the submucosa, where they sometimes caused a cellular inflammatory response. Schizonts were first seen at 8 days post-infection (DPI); they had poorly defined nuclei and were enclosed in a capsule-like wall. At 16 DPI, many had matured, had a mean size of 125 x 82 microns, and were filled with numerous spindle-shaped merozoites, which were in ranks and loops. At 18 and 20 DPI, when small white lesions (1-3 mm in diameter) were observed in the jejunum and elsewhere in the small intestine, a second generation of schizonts, macrogametes, microgametocytes and maturing oocysts were seen, in the epithelial cells of the small intestine and caecum. Their mean sizes, respectively, were: 26.2 x 18.9, 24.7 x 18.5, 30.2 x 21.7 and 26.6 x 19.3 microns. Macrogametes contained basophilic central and eosinophilic peripheral granules. The sexual stages were associated with a generalized cellular inflammatory response.     

动情周期中大鼠子宫和输卵管壁肥大细胞数量变化的研究

用放射免疫分析法对动情周期中大鼠血清雌二醇浓度进行检测;取子宫、输卵管常规石蜡切片、H－E染色,并用甲苯胺蓝染色显示肥大细胞,于光镜低倍视野下计数。结果显示：动物血清雌二醇浓度依次为：动情期（E）组＞动情前期（PE）组＞动情后期（ME）组＞动情间(DE)且,各组间差异均有显性;在子宫,肥大细胞分布于宫壁肌怪平滑肌束间的结缔组织内、近小血管处,以微血管周居多,常见单个散在,于ME子宫内膜尚偶见肥大细胞;输卵管肥大细胞局限于其外膜层内、近小血管周围,亦多散在。子宫、输卵管壁内的肥大细胞镜下呈圆形、椭圆形或略不规则形,胞浆内充满紫红色粗大颗粒,子宫肥大细胞数量依次为：ME＞DE＞PE＞E,各组间差异有生（DE与PE、PE与E,P＜0.05,余组间P＜0.01）;输卵管壁内肥大细胞数量各组间差异无显性（P＞0.05）。本尚对大鼠血清雌二醇水平波动与子宫、输卵管壁内肥大细胞数量变化的关系及其生理意义进行了讨论。     

A Brief History of the Changing Occupations and Demographics of Coleopterists from the 18th Through the 20th Century

Systematic entomology flourished as a branch of Natural History from the 1750s to the end of the nineteenth century. During this interval, the “era of Heroic Entomology,” the majority of workers in the field were dedicated amateurs. This article traces the demographic and occupational shifts in entomology through this 150-year interval and into the early twentieth century. The survey is based on entomologists who studied beetles (Coleoptera), and who named sufficient numbers of species to have their own names abbreviated by subsequent taxonomists. In the eighteenth century, 27 entomologists achieved this level of prominence, of whom 37% were academics, 19% were doctors, 11% had private incomes, 19% were clergymen, and 8% were government officials. Many of those with private incomes were members of the European aristocracy, and all but one were European men. The nineteenth century list included 192 entomologists, of whom 17% were academics, 16% were museum curators, 2% were school teachers, 15% were doctors, 6% were military men, 7% were merchants, 2% were government entomologists, 6% had private incomes, 5% were clergymen, 5% were government officials, and 4% were lawyers. The demographics of entomology shifted dramatically in the nineteenth century. Whereas many of the noteworthy entomologists of the eighteenth century were German, Swedish, or French, in the nineteenth century, many more European countries are represented, and almost one-fifth of the noteworthy entomologists were from the United States. The nineteenth century list, like the eighteenth century list, contains no women. By the twentieth century, 63% of 178 noteworthy systematic entomologists were paid professionals, teaching entomology courses in universities, or studying insect taxonomy in museums and government-sponsored laboratories. Only one person on the twentieth century list had a private income, but women (ten individuals) were included on the list for the first time.     

Genetic architecture of flag leaf length and width in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) revealed by association mapping

Rice flag leaf is the main photosynthetic organ and plays a key role in grain yield. In this study, 106 loci associated with flag leaf length and width were identified using association mapping in a rice mini core collection. Analyzing the phenotypic effects of each allele represented 156 positive and 167 negative alleles, with a few alleles showing inconsistent effect in different environments. Among the 106 loci, 69 were environment-specific loci, 16 were environmentally stable and 21 were environmentally sensitive. Fifteen associated markers were shared by two traits and were designated as pleiotropic markers. According to the frequency distribution of alleles in different variety types, 343 alleles were categorized into three types based on geographic source and usage in breeding. Among these, 156 were used alleles, 138 were unused and 49 were foreign alleles. The results further our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of flag leaf length and width.     

Ultrastructural studies of developing goat oocytes in vitro

The structure and distribution of organelles within developing goat oocytes at various stages of incubation were studied. In oocytes with 5 or more layers of cumulus cells, at 0 h of incubation, the zona pellucida had developed although zonation was not evident. Lipid bodies were present but no mitochondria were observed. At 20 h, the zona pellucida had differentiated into thicker and thinner regions. Clusters of membrane-bound electron-transparent bodies were present in the perivitelline space. The mitochondria were fully developed, distributed evenly and usually in close proximity with dilated endoplasmic reticula. Cortical granules were distributed at the periphery. At 40 h of incubation, a number of mitochondria was hooded. In oocytes of 2 to 4 layers of cumulus cells at 0 h, the zona pellucida was penetrated by cumulus cell processes, and the mitochondria were not well developed. However, in 20-h incubated oocytes, fully developed mitochondria, many of which were hooded, could be observed. Clusters of membrane-bound electron-transparent bodies were also observed, while cortical granules were at the periphery. In cumulus-free oocytes, zonation within the zona pellucida was indistinct. Very few vesicles and lipid bodies were observed. At 20 h, mitochondria were sparsely distributed and were not well developed and lacked cristae. At 40 h, the zona pellucida was less compact, and the membrane-bound electron-transparent bodies were less numerous compared with those of the other groups. Endoplasmic reticula were not dilated, and cortical granules were few and had no definite pattern of distribution.     

神农架大九湖湿地公园及周边区域两栖动物和爬行动物概况

神农架大九湖湿地公园独具特色的高山湿地生态系统孕育了独具特色的动植物资源,但其两栖动物和爬行动物物种多样性尚未报道.为此,2016至2018年对该区域的两栖动物和爬行动物进行了调查.共记录两栖动物21种,隶属于2目8科.其中,东洋种17种,古北种1种,广布种3种;湖北省级保护动物12种;IUCN收录21种,其中棘腹蛙(...     

Ultrastructure of cytoplasmic and nuclear changes in Eimeria tenella during first-generation schizogony in cell culture.

Eimeria tenella sporozoites were inoculated into primary cultures of chick kidney cells. Cells fixed from 1 1/2 to 54 hr later were examined with the electron microscope. At 1 1/2 and 24 hr, most intracellular sporozoites were fusiform and retained organelles typical of extracellular sporozoites. However, at 35 hr, rounded trophozoites were present without these structures; only a refractile body, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum remained. Binucleate parasites were also present at that time, but at 48 hr many multinucleate schizonts were present. Nuclei, with adjacent conoids, were at the periphery of these schizonts. Partly developed merozoites, each containing a conoid and a nucleus, protruded into the parasitophorous vacuole. At 54 hr, fully developed merozoites were separated from the residual body. Merozoites resembled sporozoites but lacked the large refractile bodies seen in sporozoites. Linear inclusions were present near the merozoite nucleus and in the residual body. Round vacuoles and ribosomes were also found in the residuum. Nucleoli were first seen in sporozoite nuclei at 1 1/2 hr. They were also present in merozoites but were more prominent in trophozoites and schizonts. Peripheral and scattered nuclear heterochromatins were prominent in intracellular sporozoites and diminished in trophozoites, but increased after several nuclear divisions and were again prominent in the merozoite. Small, distinct interchromatin granules were found in all stages. Intranuclear spindles, centrocones, and centrioles were found in connection with nuclear divisions. Ultrastructure of first-generation schizogony in cell culture was similar to that described for second-generation E. tenella in the chicken and to schizogony of other species of Eimeria.     

Toxigenic species of Penicillium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus from weevil-damaged pecans.

Of a total of 2392 fungi isolated from weevil-damaged pecans, 46.4% were Alternaria and Epicoccum, 23.9% were Penicillium, 12.4% were Pestalotia and Monochaeta, 6.5% were Cladosporium, 6.4% were Fusarium, and less than 2% each were Phoma, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Trichothecium, and miscellaneous. Chloroform extracts of 34 of 105 representative Penicillium isolates, 3 of 28 Fusarium isolates, and 3 of 23 Aspergillus isolates were toxic to day-old cockerels during three bioassays. Eight of the toxic extracts from Penicillium spp. were tremorgenic. One tremorgenic isolate was identified as P. paxilli, four were identified as P. lanoso-coeruleum, and three as P. cyclopium. Nine of the non-tremorgenic isolates were identified as P. citrinum, five as P. aurantio-virens, three as P. oxalicum, and two as P. meleagrinum. Others were identified as one each of P. brevi-compactum (Series), P. nigricans (Series), P. roqueforti, P. rugulosum (Series), P. terrestre, and P. stoloniferium. One was unidentified. Toxigenic Aspergillus isolates were all A. flavus. Two of the toxic Fusarium isolates were F. moniliforme, and one was unidentified.     

雨蛙素联合脂多糖致小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型的建立及其机理的探讨

为建立一种快速、简便、无创伤性的小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型。本实验运用雨蛙素联合脂多糖小鼠腹腔内给药;血淀粉酶和胰腺湿重测定;胰腺和胰外器官病理学检查;腺泡细胞透射电镜观察;血清NO浓度测定;胰腺组织SOD和MDA测定。结果发现,丙蛙素联合脂多糖组血淀粉酶、NO浓度和胰腺湿重均增高,SOD活力降低,MDA含量升高,胰腺间质水肿、实质出血坏死、炎症细胞浸润,腺泡细胞受损严重,胰外多器官受到不同程度的损害;雨蛙素组胰腺无明显出血坏死,胰外器官正常;脂多糖组胰腺基本正常,胰外器官轻微炎症浸润。由本实验结果显示,丙蛙素联合脂多糖致小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型具有人类重症急性胰腺炎的病理特征,为非创伤性,成模快速稳定,重复性好;脂多糖促使雨蛙素诱导的急性水肿型胰腺炎重症化的机理与自由基释放—清除机制和氧化—抗氧化机制紊乱有关。     

The Cell Wall Composition and Distribution of Free Mycolic Acids in Named Strains of Coryneform Bacteria and in Isolates from Various Natural Sources

The major cell wall amino acids and sugars in 177 strains of coryneform bacteria were determined using a 'rapid'method. Representatives were examined for free mycolic acids and the oxygen requirements of all strains were determined. Included were named strains, most of which were labelled Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium or Microbacterium , and a similar number of unnamed isolates from various natural sources. Strains which contained meso -diaminopimelic acid (DAP) were divided into four groups according to their oxygen requirements, the wall sugars and the occurrence and nature of free mycolic acids. Group 1 strains were mainly facultatively anaerobic and contained arabinose and mycolic acids of the Corynebacterium type. They were considered to be members of Corynebacterium sensu stricto and included Cor. diphtheriae and related animal parasites, Microbact. flavum , and Cor. glutamicum and similar species. Group 2 strains were aerobic, contained arabinose and mycolic acids of the 'rhodochrous'type and were considered members of the ' rhodochrous 'complex. Group 3 strains were aerobic, contained ribose and no mycolic acids. Most were Br. linens strains from cheese but a few, possibly related strains, were from other habitats. Group 4 strains were aerobic and contained neither a pentose sugar nor mycolic acids and were of unknown taxonomic status. Most remaining strains contained lysine or ornithine in the wall and smaller numbers contained L-DAP or diaminobutyric acid; none contained mycolic acids. The chemotaxonomic data are discussed in relation to recent numerical taxonomic studies of coryneform bacteria.     

灌水施肥对羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)草原群落光合速率的影响

对天然羊草群落进行灌水和施肥后,测定了它们(灌水、灌水加施肥和对照)的群落光合速率。结果如下:1.在灌水、施肥加灌水处理后23天测定,处理群落的叶层高度分别比对照高8%和9%;群落LAI分别比对照高68.97%和99.93%;群落生物量分别比对照高41%和65.69%;群落日净光合量分别是对照的2.48倍和3.76倍;最大光合量分别是对照的2.82倍和3.12倍。2.灌水施肥处理后,羊草群落光合速率日变化的类型与对照基本一致,属于双峰型。唯独灌水加施肥群落(处理后3天)是单峰型,没有中午降低现象。看出较好的水肥条件能改变群落的日变化类型。3.在温湿度条件较差时或随着处理时间的推移,处理的效果越显著。第一阶段测定时,灌水、灌水加施肥处理的群落日净光合量分别是对照的1.26和1.17倍。第二阶段测定时,分别是对照的1.40和1.84倍。第三阶段测定时,分别是对照的2.48和3.76倍。