SM22α在血管平滑肌细胞中的作用

平滑肌22α(SM22α)是平滑肌细胞(VSMC)骨架相关蛋白,通过与肌动蛋白的作用参与VSMC骨架重构,是近年发现的一种VSMC分化标志物,其表达具有平滑肌组织特异性和细胞表型特异性.血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)表型转化是动脉粥样硬化、高血压等血管重塑性疾病的共同病理生理过程.VSMC表型转化过程中平滑肌特异基因的表达变化和细胞骨架的重构是当前研究的热点问题之一.本文就SM22α的结构特征及其在VSMC中的作用机制进行综述.     

血清饥饿可诱导人血管平滑肌细胞再分化

体外培养的分化型血管平滑肌细胞 (vascularsmoothmusclecells ,VSMC)以特异性标志基因表达、长梭形外观及对兴奋剂刺激产生收缩反应为其表型特征 .以血清饥饿法培养处于超汇合 (overconfluence)状态的人VSMC ,观察其分化型标志基因表达活性及其与细胞形态特征和收缩反应性之间的关系 ,探讨细胞生存环境对VSMC基因表达及表型的影响 .研究显示 ,生长至超汇合的VSMC由含血清培养转为血清饥饿后 ,收缩蛋白如SMα肌动蛋白 (SMα actin)、SM2 2α、h1 calponin、肌球蛋白重链 (MHC)SM1和SM2亚型的表达活性明显上调 ,证实血清饥饿诱导的收缩蛋白基因表达和血清应答因子 (serumresponsefactor ,SRF)与CArG顺式元件结合活性的增强有关 .同时 ,血清饥饿还可激活参与VSMC分化调节的转录调控因子SmLIM、Gax和分化相关蛋白HRG 1基因的转录 .随着血清饥饿培养时间的延长 ,VSMC逐渐形成多层、束状、成极性排列的形式 ,对兴奋剂刺激产生的收缩反应明显增强 .结果表明 ,超汇合状态的去分化型VSMC脱离血清刺激后 ,可以再分化成熟并重新获得收缩能力     

Apelin-13促进血管平滑肌细胞增殖、迁移和血管新生内膜增生

研究apelin-13对血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cell, VSMC）增殖和迁移的影响及其作用机制.用免疫印迹分析检测apelin-13对VSMC增殖、迁移以及分化相关基因表达的影响,结果表明,apelin-13能以时间和浓度依赖的方式诱导VSMC增殖和迁移相关基因cyclin D1和MMP-2表达,促进细胞增殖和迁移;同时使VSMC分化标志基因SM22α和SM α-actin表达水平降低.而且,用鬼笔环肽对细胞骨架进行染色的结果显示,apelin-13可以促进VSMC从收缩表型向增殖表型转化.体内实验也表明,敲低apelin可抑制球囊损伤诱导的新生内膜形成,提示apelin-13在体内具有促进血管新生内膜形成的作用.总之,本文结果表明,apelin 13通过调节VSMC增殖、迁移以及分化基因表达,进而促进其从分化型向增殖型转化,并向内膜下迁移和增殖.     

血管再狭窄发生过程中SMα肌动蛋白和SMemb基因表达的变化及其影响机制研究

为研究血管再狭窄发生过程中 VSMC表型转化的规律及机制 ,采用大鼠主动脉内皮剥脱后血管再狭窄动物模型和体外培养的 VSMC,通过 Northern印迹分析及 3H- Td R参入实验 ,动态观察血管再狭窄发生过程中 VSMC表型标志基因α肌动蛋白和 SMemb的表达变化及 b FGF、TNF-α和 IL - 1β对两种基因表达的影响及其与 VSMC增殖之间的关系 .结果表明 ,血管内皮剥脱后 3d,分化型标志基因α肌动蛋白表达活性开始降低 ,去分化型标志基因 SMemb表达明显上调 ,至第 7d,前者的下调与后者的上调均达到最大 ,此后 ,两者的表达活性趋于向正常恢复 .b FGF可明显下调 α肌动蛋白的表达和诱导 SMemb表达 ,对分化型和去分化型 VSMC均有促增殖作用 ,但对后者的作用大于前者 ,TNF- α和 IL- 1 β对 VSMC的促转化及促增殖作用较弱 .提示 b FGF等生长因子介导血管内皮损伤所诱发的 VSMC表型转化并促进其增殖 ,内皮损伤 7d后 ,在发生表型转化并进行增殖的 VSMC中 ,一部分细胞再分化 ,一部分细胞仍处于去分化状态并继续进行增殖并持续较长时间 .     

SM22α在细胞骨架组构及血管重塑中的作用

血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）表型转化是动脉粥样硬化、高血压和血管成形术后再狭窄等血管重塑性疾病的共同病理生理过程。VSMC表型转化过程中平滑肌特异基因的表达变化和细胞骨架的组构是当前研究的热点问题之一。平滑肌22α（SM22α）是近年发现的一种VSMC分化标志物,其表达具有平滑肌组织特异性和细胞表型特异性,该蛋白作为一种肌动蛋白细胞骨架相关蛋白参与VSMC骨架组构和收缩调节。本文就SM22α的结构特征及其在VSMC骨架组构和血管重塑中的作用机制进行综述。     

PDGF-BB下调血管平滑肌标志物SM22α表达的机制

血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC）表型转化是血管重塑性疾病的细胞病理学基础,血小板源性生长因子（platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF）-BB抑制平滑肌分化标志基因表达、加速其降解,是VSMC表型转化的关键。该研究用PDGF-BB刺激VSMC诱导细胞发生表型转化,利用Western blot和免疫共沉淀等技术,检测PDGF-BB对早期分化相关基因平滑肌22 alpha（smooth muscle 22 alpha,SM22α）磷酸化与泛素化的影响。实验结果显示,PDGF-BB促进VSMC增殖;上调增殖相关蛋白PCNA的表达,下调分化相关蛋白SM22α与SMα-actin的表达;诱导SM22α发生磷酸化和泛素化,而且,该过程与SM22α水平下调具有时相相关性;抑制剂阻断分析证实,ERK和PKC参与介导了PDGF-BB诱导的SM22α磷酸化。以上结果提示,在VSMCs表型转化中,PDGF-BB可能是通过激活ERK-PKC信号通路,促进SM22α的磷酸化和泛素依赖的蛋白质降解。     

对去血清后HITASY细胞分子表达及表型分析

以人血管平滑肌细胞克隆株HITASY为实验材料,探讨HITASY细胞分子表达与表型转换间的关系,为阐明血管新生内膜形成及再狭窄病理机制提供实验依据.实验表明,在含血清或去血清培养条件下,平滑肌细胞于体外发生表型转换.去血清后细胞外基质蛋白合成中止,增殖及移行能力趋于降低,细胞特异性标志物平滑肌α肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白重链及钙调结合蛋白等的表达随去血清时间延长而增加.进一步实验证实,在血管活性介质作用下,胞液钙离子浓度骤增产生膜信号级联反应,引发细胞面积减小而显示收缩功能.上述处于分化表型的细胞经补加血清后其表型特征又恢复到原有去分化型,提示体外培养人平滑肌细胞可发生表型转换.为验证去血清诱导表型转换过程中相关基因的表达变化,用差异显示PCR筛选出E1A激活基因阻遏子,在细胞处于分化表型时表达上调并对细胞增殖伴有较强抑制作用.     

高血压相关基因hrg-1在血管平滑肌细胞再分化过程中的表达及功能

研究高血压相关基因hrg 1表达与血管平滑肌细胞 (VSMC)再分化的关系及其在细胞生物学行为调节方面的作用 .采用血清饥饿培养和全反式维甲酸诱导使处于增殖状态的去分化型VSMC再分化 ,观察细胞再分化过程中HRG 1表达变化 ,并探讨其功能 .在血清饥饿和维甲酸诱导VSMC再分化过程中 ,hrg 1基因表达显著上调 ,其表达活性在诱导 2 4h达高峰之后 ,一直维持在较高水平上 ,且其表达量和变化规律与细胞收缩蛋白SMα肌动蛋白和SM2 2α相类似 .免疫共沉淀和免疫双荧光染色结果证实 ,HRG 1抗体可与SMα肌动蛋白共沉淀 ,且两者在同一细胞共定位 .用HRG 1表达质粒转染去分化型VSMC可显著抑制其迁移能力 .结果提示 ,HRG 1在胞质中以与SMα肌动蛋白相互缔合的方式存在 ,其表达与VSMC分化有关 ,该蛋白通过参与细胞骨架构成而调节VSMC收缩与迁移     

血管损伤的新靶点：平滑肌22 alpha

血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)表型转化是血管损伤性疾病动脉粥样硬化、高血压和血管成形术后再狭窄等的共同病理生理过程.平滑肌22 alpha (smooth muscle 22 alpha, SM22α) 是一种VSMC分化标志物,其表达具有平滑肌组织特异性和细胞表型特异性. 该蛋白不仅作为一种肌动蛋白细胞骨架相关蛋白参与VSMC骨架组构和收缩调节,它还参与VSMC的增殖、炎症和氧化应激等进程. 本文就SM22α 的结构特征及其在VSMC血管损伤中的作用机制进行综述.     

转录因子E2F1抑制CREG表达调控体外培养的人血管平滑肌细胞分化

为探讨转录因子E2F1在血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)表型转化中的作用及其对E1A激活基因阻遏子(cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes,CREG)表达调控的分子机制,应用生物信息学方法,定位人CREG(hCREG)基因启动子并确定转录因子E2F1在hCREG启动子区的结合位点,PCR方法克隆并构建hCREG基因启动子绿色荧光报告基因载体,以hCREG启动子区E2F1结合位点为模板,化学合成E2F1寡聚脱氧核苷酸(ODN)和错配E2F1ODN,利用转录因子"诱骗(Decoy)"策略,用E2F1ODN转染体外培养的VSMCs以阻断E2F1与hCREG基因启动子区的结合,蛋白质印迹(Western blot)分析检测阻断前后细胞内hCREG蛋白、报告基因绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)和平滑肌细胞分化标志蛋白SMα-actin表达变化.结果显示:分化表型HITASY细胞中E2F1表达下调伴出核转位,而增殖表型的HITASY细胞中E2F1蛋白表达明显增加且定位于核内.进一步应用FuGene6瞬时转染E2F1ODN和错配E2F1ODN于体外培养HITASY细胞中,蛋白质印迹分析发现,转染E2F1ODN后,HITASY细胞中hCREG、SMα-actin和GFP表达均较未阻断组及错配组细胞明显增加.上述研究结果证实,E2F1是hCREG基因转录的重要调控因子,能够直接结合于hCREG启动子区阻遏hCREG表达,参与hCREG蛋白对VSMCs表型转化的调控作用.     

Smooth muscle cell-driven vascular diseases and molecular mechanisms of VSMC plasticity

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the major cell type in blood vessels. Unlike many other mature cell types in the adult body, VSMC do not terminally differentiate but retain a remarkable plasticity. Fully differentiated medial VSMCs of mature vessels maintain quiescence and express a range of genes and proteins important for contraction/dilation, which allows them to control systemic and local pressure through the regulation of vascular tone. In response to vascular injury or alterations in local environmental cues, differentiated/contractile VSMCs are capable of switching to a dedifferentiated phenotype characterized by increased proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix synthesis in concert with decreased expression of contractile markers. Imbalanced VSMC plasticity results in maladaptive phenotype alterations that ultimately lead to progression of a variety of VSMC-driven vascular diseases. The nature, extent and consequences of dysregulated VSMC phenotype alterations are diverse, reflecting the numerous environmental cues (e.g. biochemical factors, extracellular matrix components, physical) that prompt VSMC phenotype switching. In spite of decades of efforts to understand cues and processes that normally control VSMC differentiation and their disruption in VSMC-driven disease states, the crucial molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that shape the VSMC phenotype programme have still not yet been precisely elucidated. In this article we introduce the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle/VSMCs, outline VSMC-driven cardiovascular diseases and the concept of VSMC phenotype switching, and review molecular mechanisms that play crucial roles in the regulation of VSMC phenotypic plasticity.     

Serum deprivation results in redifferentiation of human umbilical vascular smooth muscle cells

Phenotypic change of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a differentiated to a dedifferentiated state accompanies the early stage of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Although much progress has been made in determining the molecular mechanisms involved in VSMC dedifferentiation, research on VSMC redifferentiation is hindered by the lack of an appropriate complete redifferentiation model. We established an in vitro model of redifferentiation by using postconfluent VSMCs from human umbilical artery. We demonstrated that serum-deprived VSMCs are capable of complete redifferentiation. After serum deprivation, postconfluent cultured human umbilical VSMCs became elongated and spindle shaped, with elevation of myofilament density, and reacquired contraction. Expressions of VSMC-specific contractile proteins, such as smooth muscle (SM) -actin, SM-myosin heavy chain, calponin, and SM 22, were increased and reached the levels in differentiated cells after serum deprivation. To determine the molecular mechanism of the phenotypic reversion, the levels of expression, phosphorylation, and binding activity of serum response factor (SRF), a key phenotypic modulator for VSMCs, were measured. The results showed that SRF binding activity with CArG motif was significantly increased after serum deprivation, whereas no changes were found in SRF expression and phosphorylation. The increased SRF binding activity was accompanied by an increase in expression of its coactivators such as myocardin. Furthermore, the phenotypic reversion was markedly inhibited by decoy double-strand oligodeoxynucleotides containing SM -actin CArG motif, which was able to competitively bind to SRF. The results suggested that serum deprivation results in redifferentiation of human umbilical VSMCs. This novel model of VSMC phenotypic reversion should be valuable for research on vascular disease. phenotype reversion; gene expression; serum response factor     

miR-15b induced by platelet-derived growth factor signaling is required for vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation

The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway is essential for inducing a dedifferentiated state of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Activation of PDGF inhibits smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific gene expression and increases the rate of proliferation and migration, leading to dedifferentiation of VSMCs. Recently, microRNAs have been shown to play a critical role in the modulation of the VSMC phenotype in response to extracellular signals. However, little is known about microRNAs regulated by PDGF in VSMCs. Herein, we identify microRNA-15b (miR-15b) as a mediator of VSMC phenotype regulation upon PDGF signaling. We demonstrate that miR-15b is induced by PDGF in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and is critical for PDGF-mediated repression of SMC-specific genes. In addition, we show that miR-15b promotes cell proliferation. These results indicate that PDGF signaling regulates SMC-specific gene expression and cell proliferation by modulating the expression of miR-15b to induce a dedifferentiated state in the VSMCs. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(11): 550-554]