Great depth pneumatic caisson and its load work involved with the efficiency of respiratory protection

Pneumatic caisson work in Japan has been in operation since 1924. Afterward, this technique of compressed air work has been utilized in the constructions like as foundation works, the basements, and shafts of the bottom tunnel or shields for subway and so forth. While, it means for people to be exposed to hyperbaric environment that they use compressed air work, this technique has risks to be suffered from not only decompression sickness (DCS) but toxicity of poisonous gas or oxygen deficiency. However, this technique is necessary for urban civil engineering and recent compressed air works over than 1.0 kg/cm2 has been increased in 1.5 times more than in 1970's and the higher compressed air work more than 4.0 kg/cm2 will be actually planned in near future. So unmanned caisson work is considered as a better technique for such high pressure work, even though people must enter into hyperbaric working fields for maintenance or repair of unmanned operated machinery and materials. This research is to establish the safety work under hyperbaric environment within 7 kg/cm2. It is necessary for us to establish the system not only to keep safety but to maintain working efficiency. According to obtain the purpose, the effect of respiratory protection has been investigated and work load under hyperbaric caisson work has also been studied.     

Working ability between air and trimix breathing gas under 8 ATA air condition

Pneumatic caisson work in Japan has come into operation since 1924. Afterward, this technique of compressed air work has been widely utilized in the construction of foundation basements, shafts of the bottom tunnel shields for subway and so forth. While using this technique of compressed air work means that workers have to be exposed to hyperbaric environment, this technique has risks of not only decompression sickness (DCS) but also toxicity of poisonous gas and/or oxygen deficiency. However, this technique is independent of city construction work and the operation of compressed air work higher than 5ATA (4.0 kg/cm2G) is actually been planning recently. Accordingly unmanned caisson work is considered as a better technique for such higher pressurized work, even though workers must enter into hyperbaric working fields for maintenance or repair of unmanned operated machinery and materials. This research is to establish the safe work under hyperbaric air environment at 8ATA.     

The cellular measurement of time.

This review describes three biological processes in which there is evidence for single cells being able to measure elapsed time. We describe the work that has led to this view, and review more recent work that has provided new insights into possible mechanisms for the measurement of time.     

An historical review of the fish and fisheries investigations of the Freshwater Biological Association, mainly at the Windermere Laboratory

This paper is a review of most of the research work on fish that has been carried out by the Freshwater Biological Association, and includes not only what has been done at Windermere, but also some past work carried out elsewhere. However, current work at the River Laboratory, which is now a separate establishment, has been excluded.
The history of the Association i s traced from its formation in 1929 and its first laboratory at Wray Castle, to its present quarters at the Ferry House. Thc pre-war work of Allen on trout, perch and salmon is described and an account is given of the war time research and fishery for eels and perch, and of how this has led to the experimental removal of perch and pike from Windermere on a large scale. The physiological research, and work on trout fry, on char and other species, as well as many subsidiary investigations, are mentioned. As far as possible brief summaries of the main results are given for most of the 99 papers mentioiicd.     

Physiological burden of hyperthermia of various etiologies in humans

The physiological burden of heat loads has been studied with regard to four types of hyperthermia. It has been found that the genesis of overheating depends on the origin of hyperthermia. Heating almost always negatively affects the body during work, causing marked physiological changes and reducing performance capacity, especially during performance of continuous physical work, which seems to be a more aggravating factor as compared to discontinuous work. However, under thermoneutral conditions, hyperthermia may be essential for efficient muscle performance. During discontinuous physical work, rectal temperature rapidly increases to a steady state (38.7°C) corresponding to the highest work capacity, both physical and mental, which decreases with further overheating of the body (39.2°C). Usually, continuous work is much harder to bear than discontinuous work under thermoneutral conditions.     

Community care service for diabetics in the Poole area.

Because of an increasing work load at the hospital diabetic clinic in Poole general practitioners were asked to help in a community care service for diabetics. In this, general practitioners typically care for non-ketotic patients with maturity onset diabetes who are well controlled on diet or diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents, while the clinic concentrates on more difficult cases and screens patients for long-term complications. The hospital laboratory''s work load has been eased because patients may attend for two-hour interval blood sugar estimations when they like; most patients appreciate this flexibility and prefer being looked after by their own doctor. The service has not increased the general practitioners'' work load unduly, but it has heightened their awareness of diabetes in the community, thus allowing the diabetic consultant to deal with the problems for which he has been trained. The service has thus provided improved care for all diabetics in the Poole area.     

Peer teaching and project planning

While project work is now widespread in higher education due consideration has not been given to the development of the intellectual skills on which such work depends. As an aid to better project work peer teaching has advantages in both cost and effectiveness. However, to be effective, students must be able to call on a procedure for analysing and representing clearly the structure of the situation with which they are concerned. This can be achieved by using a simplified version of Forrester dynamic systems models. Examples are described of some typical situations in which this approach has been successfully applied.     

What's hot in animal biosafety?

In recent years, the emergence or re-emergence of critical issues in infectious disease and public health has presented new challenges and opportunities for laboratory animal care professionals. The re-emergence of bioterrorism as a threat activity of individuals or small groups has caused a heightened awareness of biosecurity and improved biosafety. The need for animal work involving high-risk or high-consequence pathogens and for arthropod-borne diseases has stimulated renewed interest in animal biosafety matters, particularly for work in containment. Application of these principles to animals retained in outdoor environments has been a consequence of disease eradication programs. The anticipated global eradication of wild poliovirus has prompted the promulgation of new biosafety guidelines for future laboratory and animal work. Increased concern regarding the use of biologically derived toxins and hazardous chemicals has stimulated a new categorization of facility containment based on risk assessment. Recognition that prion disease agents and other high-consequence pathogens require safe handling and thorough destruction during terminal decontamination treatment has led to the development of new biosafety guidelines and technologies. The implementation of these guidelines and technologies will promote state-of-the-art research while minimizing risk to laboratory animals, researchers, and the environment.     

Bacterial oxidation of propane

Abstract Much recent work in the field of biohydrometallurgy has been directed to the study of bio-oxidation of gold ores by acidophilic iron and sulfur oxidizing microorganisms. This work has been done worldwide and has resulted in several pilot plant and commercial scale operations for gold ore bio-oxidation. Bioleaching of gold by metabolic products of microorganisms has received less attention, but also offers opportunities for industrial application, especially if future regulations restrict the use of cyanide. This paper reviews recent progress in the use of microorganisms tooxidize the sulfidic matrix in refractory gold ores (bio-oxidation) and to solubilize elemental gold (bioleaching).     

中国现生轮藻研究现状

中国是轮藻的主要产地,记有5属、152种、39变种,且半数以上为中国特有种、变种,其研究对世界轮藻研究意义重大。然而我国的相关研究起步晚,虽在20世纪的80年代进行了较为全面的资源调查,但其后的研究几乎处于停顿状态,尽管一些单位在轮藻生理、细胞学、多样性以及现生与化石轮藻研究的相关性等方面有着良好的研究苗头,却未能得到足够的重视,使我国现生轮藻研究大大落后于国际同行。积极寻求项目支持,打开现生轮藻研究新局面是我们的当务之急。     

Which patients with rheumatoid arthritis are still working?

In the light of improved and costly treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the evaluation of work disability has gained increased attention. The assumption that better treatment of RA leads to increased work participation has not yet been supported by sufficient evidence. Differences in RA-related work disability have been observed between countries, also indicating an influence of non-disease-related macroeconomic factors. Work disability results from a complex interaction between a clinical disease, sociodemographic variables, macroeconomic conditions, and personal factors. Some of these factors are modifiable, while others are not.     

Live to Work or Love to Work: Work Craving and Work Engagement

Objective

According to the theory of work craving, a workaholic has a craving for self-worth compensatory incentives and an expectation of relief from negative affect experienced through neurotic perfectionism and an obsessive-compulsive style of working. Research has shown that workaholism and work engagement should be considered as two distinct work styles with different health consequences. However, the mechanisms underlying the adoption of these work styles have been neglected. The present study proposes that work craving and work engagement are differentially associated with self-regulatory competencies and health. In particular, we expected that the working styles mediate the relationships between emotional self-regulation and health. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 469 teachers from German schools completed online administered questionnaires. By means of structural equation modeling, we tested two indirect paths: a) from self-relaxation deficits via work craving to poor health and b) from self-motivation competencies via work engagement to good health.

Results

As expected, we found evidence that a) the negative relationship of self-relaxation deficits on health was partially mediated by work craving and b) the positive relationship of self-motivation competencies on health was partially mediated by work engagement.

Conclusions

The present study emphasizes the importance of self-regulation competencies for healthy or unhealthy work styles. Whereas work craving was associated with a low ability to down-regulate negative emotions and poor health, work engagement was associated with a high ability to up-regulate positive emotions and good health.     

UNDERSTANDING MEMBRANE FUNCTION

Work on algae has had wide-ranging impacts on our understanding of membrane function. Work on giant cells of freshwater and marine algae has been very important in defining and characterizing active transport systems for ions and other solutes and for studying other transport processes at the plasmalemma and tonoplast. Such work was particularly important in changing the focus of studies of higher plant membrane transport processes in the 1960s. Recent technical and genetic advances mean that studies formerly confined to large algal cells can now also be performed on higher plants and microalgae, but work on giant cells still makes important contributions. Studies on fucoid embryos continues to make significant contributions to our understanding of the role of transmembrane calcium fluxes in early development. This work has wide-ranging implications for the development of other organisms.     

From chocolate mousse to acid drops: an introduction to FSG research

Research has always been one of the functions of the Field Studies Council. One facet of this is the great diversity of small projects which support educational courses at the Field Centres. There has also been the growth, from small beginnings in 1967, of the Oil Pollution Research Unit at Orielton. OPRU has operated internationally for many years and undertakes both basic research and contract work for industry and governments. A more recent development involving contract work is 'acid rain' monitoring. These industrial facets of FSC Research have useful educational spin-offs.     

So you think you want to save the world

There is increasing interest among both medical and other professional communities in becoming involved in global health, development, and other charitable work. There has also been a proliferation of opportunities in the field. Nonetheless, it is still difficult to find practical information on the daily realities of development work or advice on the difficulties inherent to this type of work. This article is intended for individuals who are interested in becoming involved in global health and development work. Through a discussion that touches on development economics, the history, psychology, and current state of development aid, the common conflicts, as well as the rewards of development work, this article aims to prepare the interested individual for the experience of global health and development work. The article also provides practical suggestions and references for those searching for an opportunity in the field, with an emphasis on global health opportunities.     

Epidemics on Networks with Large Initial Conditions or Changing Structure

In this paper we extend previous work deriving dynamic equations governing infectious disease spread on networks. The previous work has implicitly assumed that the disease is initialized by an infinitesimally small proportion of the population. Our modifications allow us to account for an arbitrarily large initial proportion infected. This helps resolve an apparent paradox in earlier work whereby the number of susceptible individuals could increase if too many individuals were initially infected. It also helps explain an apparent small deviation that has been observed between simulation and theory. An advantage of this modification is that it allows us to account for changes in the structure or behavior of the population during the epidemic.     

Colworth Medal Lecture. Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane anchors: the tale of a tail.

Over the last few years we have learned of a new type of membrane anchorage for cell-surface proteins, the GPI anchors. We now have a good idea of their structure and biosynthesis, and indications of their specific functions in protozoa and mammals. The widespread distribution of GPI membrane anchors throughout the eukaryotes has led many researchers to work on various aspects of GPI anchors. This has led to the widespread exchange of data, ideas and techniques which has made the field a pleasure to work in.     

The Growth of a Laboratory

The growth of the laboratory work in a general and teaching hospital was studied from annual statistical returns, which gave a broad general picture for the period 1922 through 1953, and permitted a more detailed analysis for 1954 through 1964. An attempt was made to analyze the growth of work in the various laboratory departments, and to explain the changes found as far as possible. It appears that knowledge of previous changes might be used as a predictive tool for estimating future work loads. A plea is made for utilization of such studies in the design, equipment, staffing and financing of laboratory work, with the recognition that growth in this department has been and is likely to continue to be disproportionately greater than in hospital work as a whole.     

临床护理工作中的人际关系论析

护理工作是整个医疗工作中的重要组成部分,做好护理工作,需要多方面的配合,而工作中的人际关系融洽与否,直接关系到护士的工作情绪和工作的积极性,进而影响护理质量和患者的康复。护士在整个医疗工作中处于人际交往的中心地位,扮演着举足轻重的特殊角色。人际交往能力是一个护士的道德修养,文化教育,社会经历,行为举止,言谈仪表,人格特征的综合体现,是护士职业成功的最主要因素。因此,处理好这些人际关系对我们护理工作者显得尤为重要.     

It cuts both ways: reconciling the dual roles of caspase 8 in cell death and survival

Caspase 8 can initiate apoptosis, but it also has non-apoptotic roles; for example, it is required for embryonic development and immune cell proliferation. Recent work has indicated that the requirement for caspase 8 in development and immune cell proliferation is defined by suppression of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), a kinase that triggers an alternative form of cell death called programmed necrosis. Interestingly, these recent findings can be reconciled with earlier work on the non-apoptotic roles of caspase 8.