生物炼制技术及其产业发展

由于过度消耗化石资源引发的石油紧缺和温室效应问题,巳逐步影响到人类社会可持续发展的宗旨,开发能替代化石能源需求的新能源日渐急迫.生物质能源是化石能源的替代能源之一,对生物质能源炼制的研究成为很多人的关注热点.生物炼制产品的工业化,是形成可持续性的生物炼制品产业经济的关键.我国政府已经把发展生物质能源作为国家发展战略的一部分,确定了具体的发展目标,制定了相应的研发计划,出台了一系列法规以促进生物质能产业的健康发展.我国生物炼制技术在生物燃料、生物柴油、生物基化学品等领域取得了明显进步.本文主要综述生物炼制技术的研究进展及其产业发展情况.     

泰国生物产业发展现状和趋势分析

泰国是农产品生产和出口大国,政府十分重视生物产业的发展,通过建立高层管理机构、出台优惠政策、制定发展规划,在生物农业、生物医药和生物能源等产业方面取得了较好的进展。未来泰国将更加重视政府指导作用,进一步完善法规建设,加大人才引进力度,实施产业优惠政策,加强生物资源和知识产权保护,重点发展生物农业、生物医药和生物能源产业。     

全球生物基化学品商业化发展现状及趋势

生物基化学品是指以农业废弃物、植物基淀粉和木质纤维素材料为原料,采用生物炼制的方法生产的化学品.与利用化石能源生产的化学品相比,生物基化学品具有原料可持续获取、环境友好等特点,因而在化石燃料资源的不断耗竭、全球气候变暖的背景下,日益受到人们的关注.在多年的不断研发之后,尤其是近年来生物技术突飞猛进的背景下,生物基化学品的生产技术不断取得突破,生产成本有所降低,产品性能有所提高,因而市场竞争力不断增强.     

基于文献计量的全球生物技术研究现状与发展趋势分析

采用文献计量分析方法,分析了全球生物技术研究领域的发展现状和趋势及其对中国生物技术研究发展的启示。研究结果表明:2019年我国在生物技术文献发表数量上已位列世界第一,但在生物技术文献的质量、学术影响力以及国际合作能力方面仍与欧美等发达生物技术国家存在一定差距,接着分析了全球生物技术研究的学科组成、各生物技术分支领域的研究交叉现状,最后分析了目前各生物技术细分领域的热点研究主题。针对当前我国面临的生物技术研究发展问题,我国应当注重研究成果质量,促进各学科间交叉融合,加强国际合作交流,顺应未来生物技术发展热点趋势。     

金融支持生物多样性保护: 全球实践及政策启示

生物多样性丧失带来的社会经济和金融风险, 以及金融机构在生物多样性保护融资方面发挥的重要作用已经在全球范围内形成广泛共识。本文聚焦各国近年来在金融支持生物多样性领域的实践探索, 重点从国家和区域层面金融产品的创新实践总结了各国的先进实践经验, 并提出全球金融机构参与生物多样性保护的未来发展趋势。由于目前中国金融支持生物多样性保护普遍存在国家层面相关规范和指导不足、金融机构生物多样性风险防控意识缺乏、相关金融产品不足、生物多样性风险评估方法不成熟、信息披露机制不完善等问题与短板, 本文提出我国金融机构参与生物多样性保护的多元化支持路径和建议: 全面推进生物多样性保护纳入绿色金融标准体系, 制定相关政策引导金融机构创新生物多样性友好型金融产品, 加快开发生物多样性影响的评估工具, 完善企业和金融机构生物多样性信息披露制度。     

织金县核桃产业发展现状及建议

做大做强核桃产业对于进一步优化农村产业结构,促进增绿增收和农村经济持续快速发展具有十分重要的意义。也是当前我县建设现代农业产业体系、统筹城乡可持续发展的重要任务。本文作者结合多年来的工作经验,对进行了研究,具有重要的参考意义。     

国内生物基材料产业发展现状

近年来,生物基材料正逐步成为引领当代世界科技创新和经济发展的又一新的主导产业。文章综述了国内生物基材料产业的最新进展,对整个生物基材料产业市场进行了综合分析,包括生物基化学品如乳酸、1,3-丙二醇、丁二酸等,可生物降解生物基塑料如二元酸二元醇共聚酯、聚乳酸、二氧化碳共聚物、聚羟基烷酸酯、聚己内酯、热塑性生物质塑料,非生物降解生物基塑料如生物基聚酰胺、聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯、生物基聚氨酯,以及生物基纤维等材料的产业现状。     

加快生物产业发展步伐 培育新的经济增长点

生物产业是当今具有生机和活力的先导性、战略性产业 ,对经济社会发展具有重要带动作用 ,正在成为继信息产业之后新的经济增长点 ,对新一轮经济增长提供重要支撑。同时 ,生物产业关系人类健康和动植物安全 ,是未来国际竞争的制高点。我国生物产业发展具有良好的人才条件和科研基础 ,产业发展初具规模 ,出现了明显的集聚化趋势。当前 ,我国生物产业发展正处于起步阶段 ,国家应采取有效的政策措施 ,加快生物产业发展步伐 ,培育新的经济增长点。     

生物柴油产业发展和相关政策分析

<正>生物柴油作为一种可再生的新型液体燃料备受关注,越来越多的国家和地区通过政策扶持和资金支持发展生物柴油产业。介绍了生物柴油产业化发展和技术发展趋势,并着重对各主要生物柴油生产国家和地区的政策进行了分析。     

生物育种产业化面临的机遇与政策保障

随着中国转基因玉米和大豆产业化试点的推进,间接食用转基因农产品在中国大范围产业化种植到了关键时刻。为有序推进生物育种产业化进程,本文在回顾全球和中国转基因作物产业化历史的基础上,着重分析了中国生物育种产业化遇到的两大机遇: 一是中国转基因农产品的持续进口和间接食用在下游加工业和群众中积累了一定的消费基础;二是过去这些年中国转基因技术的研发和技术储备已为转基因作物产业化做出了良好准备。最后,本文从充分利用现有群众消费基础、进一步释放技术储备潜力、更加严格地做好全流程监管等方面,提出有序推进生物育种产业化的政策建议。     

我国各区域生物产业竞争力评价及实证分析

生物经济时代开启了人类新一波技术产业革命,我国针对生物产业作出的战略部署已经取得了明显成效,但在生物产业发展过程中仍存在区域发展不平衡等问题。为综合评价我国各区域生物产业竞争力现状,文中从生物医药、生物能源、生物农业和生物工业4个细分产业角度构建了生物产业整体竞争力评价指标体系,通过层次分析法确定了各评价指标的权重,并通过实证分析计算了我国不同地区生物产业的综合竞争力指数。评价结果表明,我国各区域生物产业竞争在空间上呈现梯度分布现象。针对此,文中从实施乡村振兴战略、推进区域协调发展战略、深化生物产业供给侧结构性改革和建立区域统一的信息协作网络体系4个角度提出了相关政策建议。     

转基因作物与非转基因作物的共存立法动态研究——以美、日、欧应对基因污染事件为视角

随着基因工程技术的运用与发展,越来越多的转基因作物基因污染事件的发生也引起了世界各国对转基因作物与非转基因作物之间的和谐发展问题的高度重视。以美、日、欧为代表,世界各国对转基因作物与非转基因作物的共存问题都进行了积极地探索。借鉴美、日、欧转基因与非转基因作物共存法律制度,以期为我国转基因与非转基因作物共存法律制度的构建提供参考。     

转基因植物中外源基因及其表达产物转移的途径

随着转基因植物商品化应用的增多,全面了解转基因植物潜在的生态风险性尤为重要。国内外对“转基因植物中外源基因向野生亲缘物种漂移的可能性”、“昆虫对抗虫转基因植物的耐受性”以及“转基因植物对生物多样性的潜在影响”等问题已进行了广泛研究。对转基因植物中外源基因及其表达产物的几种可能转移途径作了概述。着重介绍了“经花粉散布或与野生亲缘物种杂交等途径引起的外源基因转移”以及“转基因植物对土壤生态系统的影响”等方面的研究情况。此外,还对“鉴定外源基因及其表达产物存在的方法”进行了简要探讨。     

Effects of successive seasons of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant maize cropping on weeds and invertebrates

The use of genetically modified herbicide‐tolerant (GMHT) crops influences the abundance of weeds and some invertebrate groups because the associated herbicide regime contrasts with that of conventional systems. However, it is not clear to what extent these effects might be cumulative; should GMHT crops be grown continuously. In northern Europe, in the near future, this situation is most likely to apply to maize crops. Here, we consider the effects of continuous GMHT maize cropping on plant and invertebrate taxa using a split‐field experiment. Half of each field was managed using GMHT and the other half with a conventional variety, with the treatments retained for two seasons. The treatment effects were broadly consistent with those found in the larger sample of non‐continuous maize sites within the Farm Scale Evaluations. There was little evidence of effects being significantly more pronounced in the second year; any cumulative differences in above‐ground biodiversity between GMHT and conventional cropping were too variable to be readily detected.     

出入境转基因产品及其分子检测现状与展望

随着转基因产品在全球的迅速推广,包括我国在内的很多国家都建立了转基因标识制度。各检验检疫口岸应转基因产品生产企业、食品制造商、消费者等多方面需要,相继开展了转基因产品的检测工作。准确可靠的转基因产品检测技术是各国检疫检疫单位的共同需求。转基因产品的检测主要有两大类方法,一类是DNA水平上的检测,另一类是蛋白质水平上的检测。多个发达国家也相继成立专门机构或部门,负责转基因产品生物检测技术标准化工作。国际上对转基因产品的检测工作有向委托鉴定方向发展的趋势。我们简要综述了出入境转基因产品及其分子检测现状。     

Making predictive ecology more relevant to policy makers and practitioners

One of the aims of ecology is to aid policy makers and practitioners through the development of testable predictions of relevance to society. Here, we argue that this capacity can be improved in three ways. Firstly, by thinking more clearly about the priority issues using a range of methods including horizon scanning, identifying policy gaps, identifying priority questions and using evidence-based conservation to identify knowledge gaps. Secondly, by linking ecological models with models of other systems, such as economic and social models. Thirdly, by considering alternative approaches to generate and model data that use, for example, discrete or categorical states to model ecological systems. We particularly highlight that models are essential for making predictions. However, a key to the limitation in their use is the degree to which ecologists are able to communicate results to policy makers in a clear, useful and timely fashion.     

Field trials and tribulations--making sense of the regulations for experimental field trials of transgenic crops in Europe

Transgenic plants that are being developed for commercial cultivation must be tested under field conditions to monitor their effects on surrounding wildlife and conventional crops. Developers also use this opportunity to evaluate the performance of transgenic crops in a typical environment, although this is a matter of commercial necessity rather than regulatory compliance. Most countries have adapted existing regulations or developed new ones to deal specifically with transgenic crops and their commodities. The European Union (EU) is renowned, or perhaps notorious, for having the broadest and most stringent regulations governing such field trials in the world. This reflects its nominal adherence to the precautionary approach, which assumes all transgenic crops carry an inherent risk. Therefore, field trials in the EU need to demonstrate that the risk associated with deploying a transgenic crop has been reduced to the level where it is regarded as acceptable within the narrowly defined limits of the regulations developed and enforced (albeit inconsistently) by national and regional governments, that is, that there is no greater risk than growing an equivalent conventional crop. The involvement of national and regional competent authorities in the decision-making process can add multiple layers of bureaucracy to an already-intricate process. In this review, we use country-based case studies to show how the EU, national and regional regulations are implemented, and we propose strategies that could increase the efficiency of regulation without burdening developers with further unnecessary bureaucracy.     

Carbon implications of converting cropland to bioenergy crops or forest for climate mitigation: a global assessment

The potential for climate change mitigation by bioenergy crops and terrestrial carbon sinks has been the object of intensive research in the past decade. There has been much debate about whether energy crops used to offset fossil fuel use, or carbon sequestration in forests, would provide the best climate mitigation benefit. Most current food cropland is unlikely to be used for bioenergy, but in many regions of the world, a proportion of cropland is being abandoned, particularly marginal croplands, and some of this land is now being used for bioenergy. In this study, we assess the consequences of land‐use change on cropland. We first identify areas where cropland is so productive that it may never be converted and assess the potential of the remaining cropland to mitigate climate change by identifying which alternative land use provides the best climate benefit: C₄ grass bioenergy crops, coppiced woody energy crops or allowing forest regrowth to create a carbon sink. We do not present this as a scenario of land‐use change – we simply assess the best option in any given global location should a land‐use change occur. To do this, we use global biomass potential studies based on food crop productivity, forest inventory data and dynamic global vegetation models to provide, for the first time, a global comparison of the climate change implications of either deploying bioenergy crops or allowing forest regeneration on current crop land, over a period of 20 years starting in the nominal year of 2000 ad . Globally, the extent of cropland on which conversion to energy crops or forest would result in a net carbon loss, and therefore likely always to remain as cropland, was estimated to be about 420.1 Mha, or 35.6% of the total cropland in Africa, 40.3% in Asia and Russia Federation, 30.8% in Europe‐25, 48.4% in North America, 13.7% in South America and 58.5% in Oceania. Fast growing C₄ grasses such as Miscanthus and switch‐grass cultivars are the bioenergy feedstock with the highest climate mitigation potential. Fast growing C₄ grasses such as Miscanthus and switch‐grass cultivars provide the best climate mitigation option on ≈485 Mha of cropland worldwide with ~42% of this land characterized by a terrain slope equal or above 20%. If that land‐use change did occur, it would displace ≈58.1 Pg fossil fuel C equivalent (C_eq oil). Woody energy crops such as poplar, willow and Eucalyptus species would be the best option on only 2.4% (≈26.3 Mha) of current cropland, and if this land‐use change occurred, it would displace ≈0.9 Pg C_eq oil. Allowing cropland to revert to forest would be the best climate mitigation option on ≈17% of current cropland (≈184.5 Mha), and if this land‐use change occurred, it would sequester ≈5.8 Pg C in biomass in the 20‐year‐old forest and ≈2.7 Pg C in soil. This study is spatially explicit, so also serves to identify the regional differences in the efficacy of different climate mitigation options, informing policymakers developing regionally or nationally appropriate mitigation actions.     

Stable expression of Gal/GalNAc lectin of Entamoeba histolytica in transgenic chloroplasts and immunogenicity in mice towards vaccine development for amoebiasis

Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance and multigene engineering in a single transformation event. Entamoeba histolytica infects 50 million people, causing about 100 000 deaths annually, but there is no approved vaccine against this pathogen. LecA , a potential target for blocking amoebiasis, was expressed for the first time in transgenic plants. Stable transgene integration into chloroplast genomes and homoplasmy were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses. LecA expression was evaluated by Western blots and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (up to 6.3% of total soluble protein or 2.3 mg LecA/g leaf tissue). Subcutaneous immunization of mice with crude extract of transgenic leaves resulted in higher immunoglobulin G titres (up to 1 : 10 000) than in previous reports. An average yield of 24 mg of LecA per plant should produce 29 million doses of vaccine antigen per acre of transgenic plants. Such high levels of expression and immunogenicity should facilitate the development of a less expensive amoebiasis vaccine.