K202A突变对扩展青霉脂肪酶热稳定性的影响

利用易错PCR定向进化扩展青霉脂肪酶（PEL）,获得了一株热稳定性有所提高的随机突变体（ep8）,ep8包含有一个氨基酸的改变。为进一步提高其热稳定性,作者利用重叠延伸PCR法,以ep8基因为模板,将第202位赖氨酸突变为丙氨酸（K202A）,构建表达质粒pAO815-ep8-K202A。并将其引入毕赤酵母GS115构建叠加突变体(PEL-ep8-K202A)。同时以野生型lip07为模板构建单点突变体:PEL-lip07-K202A。15% SDS-PAGE 结果分析表明突变体分子量与野生型一致,约为28KD. 表达产物热稳定性分析结果表明: 野生型（PEL）的Tm值为39.03℃,而以野生型为模板进行定点突变得到的单点突变酶（PEL-lip07-K202A）,其Tm却降低了2℃,为37.08℃。叠加突变酶(PEL-ep8-K202A)的Tm为41.66℃, 比野生型酶提高2.63℃,比随机突变体ep8生产的酶（PEL-ep8）的Tm提高了1.21℃。     

基于结构基础的嗜热细菌贝斯其热解纤维素菌木聚糖酶CbXyn10C的热稳定性分子改良

【背景】作为降解木聚糖的核心酶种,木聚糖酶可以有效促进木质纤维素的消化水解,在动物养殖领域应用广泛。来源于嗜热细菌贝斯其热解纤维素菌(Caldicellulosiruptorbescii)的GH10家族木聚糖酶Cb Xyn10C最适温度为85℃,在80℃条件下具有良好的热稳定性,具有饲料工业应用潜力。【目的】为满足饲料制粒尤其是水产饲料加工过程的工艺要求,进一步提高木聚糖酶Cb Xyn10C的热稳定性并阐明其耐热机理。【方法】以Cb Xyn10C晶体结构为基础,采用刚性氨基酸引入、疏水作用网络重排2种策略对其热稳定性进行理性设计,获得在100℃条件下比活提高的单点突变体后,通过有益突变位点叠加策略进一步提升酶的热稳定性,最后采用分子动力学模拟技术分析其热稳定性提高的分子机制。【结果】共获得了4个稳定性提高的单点突变体A45P、T69P、F309V和A325P,其中突变体A45P效果最优。随着在A45P基础上另外3个突变位点的叠加,酶的热稳定性在不损失酶活的前提下得到了逐步提升。获得的四点突变体A45P/F309V/A325P/T69P的耐热性最好,其最适反应温度和熔解温度Tm值较野生型...     

P197E与ep8叠加突变对扩展青霉脂肪酶热稳定性的影响

为提高脂肪酶的热稳定性,作者利用重叠延伸PCR对扩展青霉脂肪酶(PEL)基因进行了体外定点突变,构建了P197E(即将第197位的脯氨酸突变为谷氨酸)与随机突变体ep8叠加突变的重组质粒pPIC3.5K-ep8-P197E。将该质粒电转化至毕赤酵母Pichiapastoris GS115中,进行异源表达。与野生型酶和单点突变酶PEL-ep8的酶学性质比较,结果表明:叠加突变体PEL-ep8-P197E在40°C温育处理30min后,残余酶活分别比野生型PEL和随机突变体PEL-ep8提高了42.13%和37.3%。叠加突变体PEL-ep8-P197E的Tm值为41.51°C,比野生型酶PEL提高了2.81°C,比随机突变体脂肪酶PEL-ep8提高了2.25°C。通过对脂肪酶PEL的叠加突变,提高了该酶的热稳定性,并为结构与功能的进一步研究提供了材料。     

定点突变提高苯丙氨酸羟化酶的热稳定性

嗜热菌中,蛋白质存在Ala替换Gly以及Arg替换Lys的趋势。为了提高紫色色杆菌来源的苯丙氨酸羟化酶的热稳定性,将该酶中所有Gly突变成Ala,Lys突变成Arg,筛选获得热稳定性提高的突变体,并进行组合突变,对突变酶的酶学性质进行研究。结果表明,突变酶K94R和G221A在50℃的半衰期分别为26.2 min、16.8 min,比原始酶(9.0 min)分别提高了1.9倍、0.9倍,同时组合突变酶K94R/G221A在50℃处理1 h后仍保留65.6%的酶活,比原始酶(8.6%)高出6.6倍。圆二色谱结果显示原始酶和突变酶K94R、G221A及K94R/G221A的T_m值分别为51.5℃、53.8℃、53.1℃和54.8℃。蛋白三维结构模拟推测突变体热稳定性提高机理为:突变体K94R中Arg94与Ile95之间形成额外氢键,稳定其所在的柔性区域;突变体G221A中Ala221与Leu281产生疏水作用,稳定酶分子C-端柔性区。该研究结果为蛋白质热稳定性改造提供了参考,也为苯丙氨酸羟化酶在功能性食品领域的应用奠定了基础。     

应用拉氏图信息提高短乳杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶催化性能

谷氨酸脱羧酶(Glutamate decarboxylase,GAD)是用于催化L-谷氨酸脱羧合成γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyrate,GABA)的唯一酶,提高GAD的催化活力或热稳定性,有利于GABA的高效制备和生产。以热稳定性和活性为筛选目标,通过研究短乳杆菌GAD1407三维模拟结构的拉氏图,确定不稳定氨基酸残基位点K413,采用定点突变的方法构建该位点的突变体,并测定野生型酶和突变酶的热稳定性和活力。结果表明突变酶K413A和突变酶K413I分别在热稳定性和酶活力上获得了提高,突变酶K413A在50℃的半衰期为105 min,是野生酶的2.1倍;突变酶K413I热稳定性没有明显的提高,但其酶活力却得到了有效提高,约为野生型的1.6倍。因此,通过拉氏图提供的结构信息可为利用理性设计提高GAD活性和热稳定性提供指导。     

扩展青霉脂肪酶K56R叠加突变对热稳定性的影响

目的:扩展青霉脂肪酶随机突变体ep8是一株热稳定性比野生型有所提高的突变体.获得热稳定性提高的优良菌株.方法:在ep8的基础上利用重叠延伸PCR构建叠加突变重组质粒pPIC3.5K-ep8一K56R,将该质粒电转毕赤酵母(Pichia paaoris)GS115进行异源表达.结果:该叠加突变脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中获得了活性表达.15%SDS-PACE结果分析表明突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-K56R-GS分子量与野生型PEL-GS一致,约为28kDa.叠加突变脂肪酶在37℃时酶活为852U/mL、野生型为760u/mL、随机突变体为824u/mL,叠加突变体酶活相比野生型提高了21.1%,相比随机突变体提高了3.4%.热稳定性分析数据表明叠加突变脂肪酶Tm值为40.1℃、野生型为38.7℃、随机突变体为39.9℃,Tm值相比野生型提高了1.4℃,相比随机突变体提高了0.2℃.     

理性设计提高酯合成催化反应脂肪酶的热稳定性

【背景】南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B (Candida antarctica lipase B,CALB)具有优异的酯合成活性,是在非水相催化中应用极为广泛的工业用酶。【目的】在保留CALB优秀催化性能的基础上,提高CALB的热稳定性。【方法】采用预测软件PoPMuSiC和FoldX计算CALB潜在热稳定性突变位点,并根据氨基酸残基的空间位置进一步筛选。利用重叠延伸PCR技术在基因calb中引入10个单点突变,于毕赤酵母GS115中表达。【结果】点突变A146G、A151P、L278M均能有效提高CALB的热稳定性。在单点突变的基础上,组合突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P的热稳定性得到进一步提高。与野生型相比,突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P的最适反应温度均提高了5°C,T_m值分别提高了3.3°C和4.2°C。此外,合成己酸乙酯的酶促反应动力学分析表明,相比于野生型,突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P对己酸和乙醇均具有更高的亲和力,且对己酸的催化效率k_(catA)/K_(m A)是野生型的4.1倍。通过分子动力学模拟,从分子水平阐明了突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P热稳定性提高的机制。【结论】本研究采用的理性设计策略对提高CALB的热稳定性是行之有效的,该策略可作为其他工业用酶提高热稳定性的参考。     

结构指导的玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶的热稳定性改造

玉米赤霉烯酮是世界上污染最为广泛的一种镰刀菌(Fusarium)毒素,严重危害牲畜以及人类的健康。来源于粉红螺旋聚孢霉(Clonostachys rosea)的玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶(zearalenone hydrolase,ZHD)能有效降解饲料中的玉米赤霉烯酮,然而饲料加工中的高温环境限制了该酶的应用。基于结构特征的理性设计可为酶的热稳定性改造提供指导。本研究首先基于蛋白质结构比对(multiple structure alignment, MSTA)筛选ZHD的结构灵活区,随后基于序列保守性打分以及构象自由能计算设计突变文库,得到基于136号和220号残基的9个单点突变设计。结果表明,9个突变体的热熔融温度(Tm)提高了0.4–5.6℃,其中S220R和S220W热稳定性表现最好,Tm分别提高了5.6℃和4.0℃,45℃下的热半失活时间分别延长了15.4倍和3.1倍,相对酶活分别为野生型的70.6%和57.3%。分子动力学模拟分析表明突变位点及附近区域的作用力得到了增强,突变体S220R和S220W的220-K130氢键成键概率分别增加了37.1%和19.3%、K130-D223盐桥成键概率分别增加了30.1%和12.5%,为ZHD热稳定性的提高作出了贡献。这项工作表明结合天然酶的结构比对、序列分析及自由能计算的热稳定性改造策略的可行性,并获得了热稳定性增强的ZHD变体,为ZHD在工业上的应用打下基础。     

长双歧杆菌N-乙酰氨基己糖1-位激酶的活性位点

【目的】研究长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)JCM1217的N-乙酰氨基己糖1-位激酶(Nacetylhexosamine 1-kinase,Nah K)中对催化活性有影响的位点。【方法】利用点突变试剂盒,获得Nah K的4个位点的共10种单点突变体表达菌株。诱导表达并纯化野生型和突变体酶,用DNS法和NADH偶联的微孔板分光光度法检测野生型及突变体酶的最适p H和最适Mg~(2+)浓度,并测定酶促反应动力学参数。【结果】D208A、D208N、D208E和I24A四种突变体的催化活性几乎丧失。突变体H31A、H31V、F247A和I24V的最适p H由野生型的7.5变为7.0,突变体H31A和F247A的最适Mg~(2+)浓度由野生型的5 mmol/L变为10 mmol/L。反应动力学参数测定结果表明,突变体F247Y对底物Glc NAc/Gal NAc及ATP的催化活性均高于野生型。【结论】通过定点突变,确定了对Nah K催化活性有影响的4个位点,并且获得了一个催化效率提高的突变体(F247Y),为进一步对Nah K进行分子改造奠定了一定基础。     

米根霉α-淀粉酶热稳定性的理性设计

真菌α-淀粉酶被广泛应用于麦芽糖浆生产工业,但其热稳定性普遍较差,在制糖工艺中增加了由于酶活力损失而引起的追加生产成本。在充分研究了热稳定性对于真菌α-淀粉酶应用于工业生产的重要性的基础上,为提高米根霉α-淀粉酶(ROAmy)的热稳定性,基于酶蛋白B-factor分析和分子动力学模拟,利用重叠PCR技术分别对ROAmy中的3个氨基酸残基G128、K269和G393进行了单点突变及组合突变。结果表明,所获得的7个突变体均比原酶具有更好的热稳定性,其中效果最好的为组合突变体G128L/K269L/G393P,其在55℃下的热失活半衰期(t_(1/2))约为原酶的5.63倍。同时,该突变体的最适温度由50℃提高到了65℃,最大反应速率(V_(max))和催化效率(k_(cat)/K_m)分别提高了65.38%和99.86%。通过蛋白结构功能比较分析,发现氢键数目的增多或脯氨酸在特殊位置中的引入可能是突变体热稳定性得到提高的主要因素。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.