云南漾濞娘青核桃果仁主要营养评价

测定娘青核桃坚果及果仁的主要营养成分,并对油脂脂肪酸和蛋白质氨基酸进行综合评价,以期为娘青核桃加工利用提供科学依据。在娘青核桃主产区采集样品,对果仁主要内含营养物质脂肪酸、氨基酸、矿质元素等进行测量分析。娘青核桃果仁粗脂肪含量为60.6%,油脂SFA∶MUFA∶PUFA为1∶4∶7。蛋白质含量为20.8%,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为34.14。通过对粗脂肪、蛋白质、矿物质元素、脂肪酸等营养成分分析,亚油酸、亚麻酸的比例符合健康食用油的标准,蛋白质含量较高,在精深加工方面具有很高的利用价值。     

核桃品种绿岭杂交后代主要性状的遗传分析与优株选择研究

为了培育出矮化、早实、丰产、优质等综合性状优于绿岭的核桃新品种,以绿岭核桃为亲本与辽宁1号、绿早进行杂交,测定了正反交组合374个杂交单株的13个性状,并对其进行了遗传分析,结果表明:杂交后代的表型性状具有较高的遗传多样性,各性状的变异系数均在17%以上,最高达72.40%;而果实相关性状的变异系数除可溶性蛋白质之外,均在20%以下。青皮率和脂肪含量的遗传传递力在4个杂交组合中均大于97%,其遗传受加性效应影响较大。果实相关性状的广义遗传力均在90%以上,说明其在遗传上是比较稳定的,可以在早代进行选择。从杂交后代中初选21个优株,采用主成分分析的方法,对其进行评价和优株选择。结果表明,以性状的累积方差贡献率达到74.3%,确定了4个反映核桃主要性状的主成分;通过计算各单株的综合评价值,在供试的21个优株中,选出了3个综合性状优良的单株,其结果与单株的实际表型相近;并发现短结果枝率、矮化指数和节间长度3个指标能够反映出核桃的矮化优良性状。     

塔里木盆地西北缘核桃坚果生化成分多样性分析

该研究收集新疆塔里木盆地西北缘44份核桃资源,其中树龄超过50 a的实生资源41份、主栽良种3个,并对其主要生化成分蛋白质、糖、脂肪、氨基酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸进行了多样性分析。结果表明:44份资源的生化成分变异幅度大,存在着丰富的多样性。各指标变异幅度由4.93%~30.93%,香农-维纳指数(H')变幅为1.38~2.02。17种氨基酸变异幅度由10.07%~35.71%,香农-维纳指数(H')变幅为1.85~2.20。主要生化成分主成分分析显示蛋白质、糖、脂肪三个主要成分的累计贡献率达81.67%。聚类分析表明,群组间生化成分存在显著差异,群组的聚类与地理分布有明显相关性,流域相同的资源的生化成分构成比例具有相似性。与主栽品种相比,实生资源在糖、蛋白质、脂肪等方面具有更高的变异幅度,因而具有一定的开发潜力。     

壳聚糖对带鱼冷藏期间微生物多样性的影响研究

本文研究了壳聚糖对冷藏(4±1℃)带鱼贮藏期间微生物多样性的影响,分别选取0、2、4、6、8、10、12 d,以感官评分、pH值、菌落总数为测定指标,同时进行微生物分离纯化,提取细菌DNA与PCR扩增,将扩增产物测序。结果表明,10.0 g/L的壳聚糖溶液能明显延缓带鱼鲜度下降,抑制细菌增长,冷藏货架期较对照组延长了4~5 d。对照组样品在腐败末期(10 d)的菌相组成是:草莓假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fragi)(29.5%),荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)(33.4%),腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)(32.0%),松鼠葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sciuri)(5.1%);处理组(12 d)有:草莓假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fragi)(38.2%),荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)(30.1%),腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)(29.0%),热死环丝菌(Brochothrix thermosphacta)(2.7%)。经壳聚糖处理后的带鱼样品,在其贮藏期间,使腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus saprophyticus),松鼠葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sciuri)与嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter spp.)的生长受到抑制。草莓假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fragi)、荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)与腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)为优势腐败菌。     

青枣核果木枝叶乙酸乙酯段脂溶性成分GC-MS分析

采用溶剂提取法和硅胶柱层析法分离青枣核果木乙酸乙酯部位,得到脂溶性提取物I和II,并结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其化学成分鉴定与分析。从提取物I中鉴定出15种化学成分,主要为酯类化合物(61.54%);从提取物II中鉴定出32种成分,成分种类多,以萜类化合物最多(19.72%)。首次对青枣核果枝叶乙酸乙酯部位脂溶性成分研究,发现其含有重要的化学制品原料:如油酸乙酯与橙花叔醇,并含有丰富的重要活性物质—角鲨烯和信息素抗虫剂。     

壳聚糖涂膜对番荔枝冷藏期间某些生理生化指标的影响

经1％壳聚糖涂膜处理的番荔枝果实在冷藏（15℃）期间可溶性固形物（TSS）含量变化过程延缓,果实腐烂率显著降低,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性提高,多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量下降,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性变化不明显。     

青枣核果木枝叶石油醚部位脂溶性成分GC-MS分析

青枣核果木枝叶经溶剂提取法与硅胶柱层析法分离得到石油醚部位脂溶性成分A和B,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术用对其化学成分进行分离、鉴定及分析。从提取物A中鉴定了16种化学成分,主要为:角鲨烯(72.51%)、三十三烷(3.08%)、二十四烷(2.06%)。从提取物B中鉴定了16种成分,主要为:角鲨烯(47.82%)、棕榈酸乙酯(11.69%)、硬脂酸乙酯(5.43%)、木焦油酸乙酯(3.17%)、棕榈酸甲酯(3.14%)。本研究首次对青枣核果枝叶石油醚段脂溶性成分进行分析,表明青枣核果木枝叶中含有大量的活性成分角鲨烯。     

基于CLIMEX的2种核桃蚜虫潜在适生区分析

【目的】分析核桃黑斑蚜与核桃全斑蚜在全球范围内的潜在分布,比较气候变化对其分布的影响,为核桃有害生物综合管理策略的制定提供依据。【方法】基于实验室和野外试验,结合CLIMEX软件对核桃黑斑蚜与核桃全斑蚜在目前及未来气候条件下的潜在地理分布进行了模拟和系统评估。【结果】2种核桃蚜虫适生区十分相似,在世界范围内主要分布区集中在欧洲、北美洲、亚洲等区域,核桃黑斑蚜适生区范围大于核桃全斑蚜,但在我国,核桃黑斑蚜适生区范围小于核桃全斑蚜。气候变化将决定2种蚜虫分布的差异性,未来气候情景下,2种蚜虫适生区将发生变化,在欧洲、北美洲和亚洲适生区范围向高纬度延伸;在我国适生区范围逐渐减小。【结论】在世界范围内,核桃黑斑蚜与核桃全斑蚜适生区域主要分布在25°N-75°N内的亚洲、欧洲、北美洲的部分地区;在我国,其适生区域主要分布在东部季风区内的东北的南部、西北东南部、西南中部、华中北部以及华北地区。     

主成分分析法在疾病防治中的应用

利用数据的相关性推算出主元素因子,进而通过多元统计分析获得产生疾病原因的主要因素,可为疾病的防治提供充分的依据．     

核桃实生居群遗传多样性ISSR分析

利用ISSR技术对新疆核桃元丰、云新核桃、泰山野核桃和陕西核桃4个核桃实生居群共61份种质进行了遗传多样性分析.结果表明:从36条ISSR引物中筛选9条引物,共检测出101个位点,多态性位点89个,占检测位点总数的88.12％,有效等位基因数、Nei's基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数分别为1.5207、0.3125和0.4759.UPGMA聚类结果表明,61份核桃种质聚为5组,元丰核桃居群和陕西核桃首先聚在一起,然后与云新核桃聚在一起,最后与泰山野核桃相聚,其中陕西核桃居群的遗传多样性最高,分为2组,其多态位点百分率、H值和I值分别为66.29％、0.2111和0.3239.居群间遗传一致度在0.6727 ～0.7970之间,基因流为0.4220,表明不同居群间基因交流程度很低,基因分化明显,在遗传组成上存在显著差异.     

核桃青皮的化学成分研究——酚类化合物

核桃青皮是一种传统的中药材,含有大量的酚类化合物,具有镇痛、消炎、抑菌、抗肿瘤等功效。为了从核桃青皮中分离得到更多的酚类成分,以利于更好地阐明其作用机理,该研究采用大孔树脂Diaion HP-20SS、凝胶Sephadex LH-20,HPLC等方法对核桃青皮80%的乙醇提取物进行分离纯化。结果表明:共分离了10个单体化合物,它们的结构经质谱(MS)、一维核磁共振谱(~1H NMR和~(13)C NMR)、二维核磁共振谱(HSQC,HMBC)数据的分析及文献数据的比较确定为没食子酸(1),没食子酸甲酯(2),对羟基苯甲酸(3),3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(4),6-O-咖啡酸-D-葡萄糖(5),6-O-没食子酸-葡萄糖苷(6),4,8-二羟基-1-四氢萘醌(7),5,8-二羟基-4-甲氧基-1-四氢萘酮(8),5,8-二羟基-1-四氢萘酮(9),4-羟基-1-四氢萘酮(10)。其中,化合物5,化合物6为属内首次分离到。该研究结果为进一步深入研究核桃青皮的化学成分和药理作用提供了一定参考。     

Extraction,purification and characterization of water-soluble polysaccharides from green walnut husk with anti-oxidant and anti-proliferative capacities

This work was designed to study the physicochemical properties, and bioactivity of green walnut husk polysaccharides (GWHP). The crude GWHP was fractionated into three fractions, namely, GWHP-1, GWHP-2 and GWHP-3, using Cellulose DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-150. HPLC analysis showed that the three fractions were heteropolysaccharides consisting primarily of glucose, galactose and arabinose with average molecular weights of 165.06, 179.64 and 255.75 kDa, respectively, and that the monosaccharide composition of GWHP-1 was more complicated than those of GWHP-2 and GWHP-3. The primary structures of the GWHP fractions were similar to each other. GWHP-1, obtained from water elution, showed higher anti-oxidant activities in the tested concentration range of 0.1–1.8 mg/mL than did GWHP-2 and GWHP-3, which were obtained by elution with 0.1 M and 0.2 M NaCl solutions. Additionally, the GWHP-1 fraction showed the most effective anti-proliferative activity among the three fractions, which was associated with the weakened cell proliferation and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage of LoVo cells. However, GWHP-1 displayed a lower growth inhibition effect on colonic NCM640 cells, which was characterized by low LDH leakage. The above results indicated that the polysaccharides, especially GWHP-1, may be a valuable natural anti-oxidant and anti-cancer cell source for applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries.     

Effect of constant temperatures on development of the walnut husk fly,Rhagoletis completa

The developmental rates of various life stages ofRhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae) were determined in the laboratory at seven different constant temperatures: 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32±1°C, RH 80±10%, photoperiod L 16∶D8. Preoviposition developmental rate was fastest at 28°C (10±1 days, mean±SD) and slowest at 12°C (26±1 days). About 83% of the females deposited eggs at 20 and 24°C and only 25% oviposited at 32°C. Females laid the highest number of eggs at 24°C and the lowest at 8°C. Egg development increased with increasing temperatures up to 28°C, then declined. The fastest egg development was noticed at 28°C (55±1 h) and slowest at 8°C (389±2 h). Over 90% egg hatch was observed at temperatures between 12 and 32°C, but decreased to 73% at 8°C. Larval development was fastest also at 28°C (20±0.2 days). Over 65% pupation was recorded at 20 and 24°C, but decreased to 15% at 32°C and 12% at 8°C. Pupal development was most rapid at 24°C (53±1 days) and slowest at 8°C (162±2 days). More than 70% of adult emergence was noticed in treatments between 16 and 24°C but decreased to 20% at 8°C. Based on a linear regression model of temperature-development rate relationship, the lower developmental thresholds were determined to be 6.6, 5.3, 2.9, and 5°C for preoviposition, egg, larval, and pupal stages, respectively. Based on a non-linear developmental rate model, the upper developmental thresholds were 34°C for preoviposition, egg, and larval stages and 30°C for pupal stage.     

Changes in the rooting inhibitory effect of chestnut extracts during cold storage of the cuttings

Extracts of cold stored chestnut cuttings ( Castanea sativa Mill.) were examined for the inhibitory effect on the stimulation of rooting by 1AA which has been detected previously in extracts from freshly collected cuttings. The extracts were fractionated by paper chromatography and the different zones of the chromatograms were bioassayed together with 1AA by the bean rooting test. The bean rooting test showed that the inhibitory effect decreased with the length of cold storage period, so that after 5 months of storage, the inhibitory effect had disappeared, and a root promoting zone was found on the chromatograms. A comparative study of phenolics in this zone, before and after cold storage, revealed the formation of vanillyl and salicyl alcohols in the chilled material. Vanillyl and salicyl alcohols are rooting stimulators and increase the effect of 1AA on rooting in bean cuttings.     

低温冷藏对不同虫期啊氏啮小蜂存活率的影响

研究啊氏啮小蜂Tetrastichus hagenowii(Ratzeburg)不同发育阶段在10℃贮存不同天数对其存活率的影响。结果表明,啊氏啮小蜂卵期冷藏10d、20d,其发育历期分别较对照延长6.6d、9.4d,平均每粒卵荚出蜂量比对照分别少10头、9.8头,冷藏卵荚的出蜂率较对照无差异,卵期冷藏30~90d,卵荚出蜂率为0。啊氏啮小蜂幼虫期冷藏10~90d,其发育历期较对照延长1.8~26.3d,平均每粒卵荚出蜂量、卵荚孵化率较对照分别下降5.6~50.3头、8.4%~70.4%。啊氏啮小蜂蛹期冷藏10~90d,其发育历期较对照缩短3.4~17.5d,平均每粒卵荚出蜂量和卵荚孵化率均随冷藏天数增加而明显降低。     

Recurrent warming to improve cold storage of Trichogrammatids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Cold storage can be used to slow development, facilitate accumulation of the organisms and accommodate fluctuating demand for augmentative biological control agents. Previous research suggested the possibility of improving cold storage of Trichogrammatids by recurrent warming, so we subjected Trichogramma ostriniae juveniles within Ephestia kuehniella host eggs to either 2°C constant or to 2°C with twice-weekly recurrent warming for 3 h to 20°C. Parasitoid subsamples were allowed to mature for 1–9 days before placement in cold storage for up to 8 weeks. Parasitism by parentals, progeny emergence and fecundity and longevity of progeny were measured weekly for 8 weeks. Relative to constant 2°C, recurrent warming generally improved emergence, fecundity and longevity, and all the response variables were affected by the interaction of temperature regimen, parasitoid maturity class, and cold storage duration. This implies the utility of recurrent warming to improve egg parasitoid performance and for extending the duration of cold storage.     

Utilization of nitrogen from storage and current-year uptake in walnut spurs during the spring flush of growth

[¹⁵N]-depleted (NH₄)₂SO₄ applied to the soil in 1985 resulted in residual labeling of about 16% of the storage nitrogen (N) pool of mature walnut ( Juglans regia L. cv. Serr) trees in 1987. Application of [¹⁵N]-depleted (NH₄)₂SO₄ fertilizer to a different set of mature walnut trees in 1987 allowed monitoring of the kinetics and utilization of N from current year uptake in 1987 and resulted in >20% labeling of fruit N following completion of leaf expansion. Redistribution of storage N to the new growth predominated during the spring flush of growth although N derived from the soil during current-year uptake contributed increasingly during leaf expansion. Labeled N from current year uptake accumulated preferentially in the leaves as compared with reproductive organs during leaf expansion but subsequent to leaf expansion, fruit were more highly labeled with N derived from current-year uptake than leaves. Pistillate flower abortion was coincident with an apparent competition for N among developing vegetative and reproductive organs and preceded the period of significant N contribution from current-year uptake.     

Prediction of removal efficiency of Lanaset Red G on walnut husk using artificial neural network model

An artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to predict removal efficiency of Lanaset Red (LR) G on walnut husk (WH). This adsorbent was characterized by FTIR-ATR. Effects of particle size, adsorbent dose, initial pH value, dye concentration, and contact time were investigated to optimize sorption process. Operating variables were used as the inputs to the constructed neural network to predict the dye uptake at any time as an output. Commonly used pseudo second-order model was fitted to the experimental data to compare with ANN model. According to error analyses and determination of coefficients, ANN was the more appropriate model to describe this sorption process. Results of ANN indicated that pH was the most efficient parameter (43%), followed by initial dye concentration (40%) for sorption of LR G on WH.     

低温贮存对椰心叶甲啮小蜂品质的影响

研究低温贮存椰心叶甲蛹Brontispa longissima(Gestro)和椰心叶甲僵蛹对椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere种群品质的影响。寄生10℃低温贮存1~4日龄椰心叶甲蛹结果表明,1日龄椰心叶甲蛹的寄生率、羽化率、出蜂率、单蛹出蜂数、后代寄生能力均优于其他日龄,其次为2、3日龄的椰心叶甲蛹,最差为4日龄的椰心叶甲蛹。1日龄椰心叶甲蛹在10℃下贮存5,10,15,20d后,上述生物学指标和种群参数均随贮存天数增加而降低,其中以5d和10d的净生殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较未经低温贮存的差异小。1~11日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹于10℃贮存10d的结果表明,8日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹的雌蜂寿命、羽化率、单蛹出蜂数、寄生能力均优于其他日龄僵蛹。8日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹在10℃下贮存5,10,15,20d后,上述生物学指标和种群参数均随贮存天数增加而显著低于对照。     

天敌昆虫耐冷藏力研究进展

低温冷藏是延长天敌昆虫货架期的有效方法之一.昆虫的存活率、生殖力、田间寄生(捕食)力等是评估天敌昆虫耐冷藏力的重要指标.昆虫耐冷藏力受冷藏前、冷藏中和冷藏后的各种外源(非生物)因子和内源(生物)因子的影响.这些因子主要包括温度、湿度、光周期、氧浓度、冷藏持续时间、冷藏前的预处理、冷藏过程中的温度处理(混合低温)等外源因子和虫体能量物质的储备、繁殖方式、年龄/龄期、滞育(休眠)状态、营养等内源因子.本文对影响天敌昆虫耐冷藏性的内源因子和外源因子的种类以及产生这些影响的生理学机制等进行了综述,以期为天敌昆虫低温储藏技术研究和生产方案的制定提供依据.