核内不均一核糖核蛋白在前体mRNA加工中的功能

核内不均一核糖核蛋白(hnRNP)是一类存在于真核生物体内具有类似结构特征的高丰度RNA结合蛋白,一般均匀分布在核内。多种hnRNP具有多样的功能,参与从转录调节,前体mRNA剪接,mRNA输出到mRNA降解等多种生物过程,从而进行基因表达调控。现着重介绍hnRNP在前体mRNA加工过程(加帽,剪接,加尾,输出,选择性降解)中的功能及研究进展。     

核内不均一核糖核蛋白A2B1功能及其在病毒感染中的作用研究进展

核内不均一核糖核蛋白A2B1(hnRNPA2B1)是核不均一核糖核蛋白家族（hnRNPs）成员,在各种组织中广泛表达,具有识别和结合RNA和DNA模体的功能,其在细胞生命活动,如新生转录物的包装、选择性剪接和翻译调控中起重要作用。研究发现,hnRNPA2B1在病毒感染和抗病毒免疫方面扮演重要的角色,具有识别胞内病毒核酸,激发抗病毒免疫通路,调控病毒感染、复制及病毒释放等功能。本文就hnRNPA2B1的结构、功能,尤其是在DNA和RNA病毒感染中所涉及的作用机制作一综述。     

多种功能的poly(C)-结合蛋白

细胞内的RNA一般不会单独存在,而是与各种各样的RNA结合蛋白（RBPs）绑定在一起,形成核糖核蛋白复合体（RNP complexes）影响着RNA的加工与转归. Poly(C) 结合蛋白是一类重要的RNA结合蛋白,可分为两组：hnRNP K 和PCBP1 4. 它们以序列特异的方式与核酸嘧啶富含区相结合. 这类蛋白具有共同的结构模体（motif）,即hnRNP K 同源（KH）域. KH域是与mRNA结合的结构基础,也是机体内调控系统的组成部分,可使得Poly(C) 结合蛋白参与蛋白/核酸、蛋白/蛋白之间的相互作用,范围涉及复制、转录、mRNA稳定和翻译控制过程等. 对Poly(C) 结合蛋白功能的深刻认识可使我们洞察多种疾病的病理生理过程.     

PSA启动子中RFA调节序列结合蛋白的初步研究

为了确定前列腺特异抗原(PSA)启动子中与雄激素调节相关的序列, 发现PSA启动子ARE上游一段15 bp的区域(-396～-382 bp), 是雄激素受体(AR)对PSA启动子激活所必需的, 将其命名为RFA. 转染和CAT分析显示该序列中某些核苷酸置换可显著降低雄激素对PSA基因启动子的诱导活性, 体外竞争结合实验证实某些前列腺细胞核内的非受体蛋白因子可与其特异结合, 但其突变型则丧失了这种能力, 该序列可能是一个新的辅助性顺式元件. 以RFA为探针, 利用亲和层析分离纯化了RFA结合蛋白, SDS-PAGE和蛋白质初步鉴定结果表明, 该蛋白与已知的多功能蛋白hnRNPA1, A2高度同源. RFA结合蛋白可能作为辅激活因子协同AR对PSA启动子的反式激活作用. 研究结果有助于深入理解PSA启动子的作用机制和组织特异性.     

hnRNP U复合物结构及功能

核不均一核糖核蛋白（heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein,hnRNPs）是一组RNA结合蛋白,它们与人体健康密切相关,参与肿瘤发生、病毒感染、细胞凋亡等多种病理生理过程的调节.hnRNP U是其中分子量最大的磷酸化蛋白质,对基因的转录、定位和表达特别是性染色体的表观失活过程发挥着重要作用.hnRNP U多以DNA/RNA蛋白复合物形式参与细胞功能调节.     

一种核不均一核糖核蛋白M4缺失突变体的克隆

利用减法杂交技术筛选人树突状细胞(DC)经抗原刺激后特异表达的基因, 成功地获得了十多个特异表达基因, 其中包括一种核不均一核糖核蛋白(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein, hnRNP)M4第159～197位氨基酸缺失的新基因. 对部分肿瘤细胞系及原代培养细胞进行RT-PCR检测发现, 它的表达与hnRNP M4基因是一致的, 同时证实了该基因表达于经KLH刺激后的DC而非正常的DC. 组织分布分析显示, 该基因高表达于脾脏、外周血淋巴细胞、肺和肝脏. 另外, 通过多种细胞因子刺激的骨髓基质细胞(bone marrow-derived stromal cells, BMSC)也表达这两种分子, 但TNF-a 处理后mRNA的表达消失. 这一发现增加了对DC在抗原提呈过程中基因表达变化的认识, 为hnRNP家族增添了新成员.     

内毒素血症Rig-Ⅰ表达调控的机制研究北大核心

[目的]探讨内毒素血症Rig-Ⅰ表达调控的机制。[方法](1)DNA-pull down、2D-DIGE结合生物质谱技术筛选分离、鉴定对照和内毒素血症小鼠肝组织核蛋白与Rig-Ⅰ基因启动子结合的差异蛋白质;(2)q PCR和细胞免疫荧光检测LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞hnRNP A3 mRNA表达及细胞内定位。[结果](1)筛选鉴定得到hnRNP A3等7种与内毒素血症Rig-Ⅰ基因启动子结合的蛋白质;(2)LPS刺激下hnRNP A3 mRNA显著升高(P<0.01),且具有明显的细胞核定位。[结论]共有7种蛋白质参与内毒素血症Rig-Ⅰ基因表达调控,为进一步Rig-Ⅰ表达调控的研究奠定了良好基础。     

核不均一核糖核蛋白R基因沉默抑制非小细胞肺癌细胞恶性转化

核不均一核糖核蛋白R(hnRNPR)是一种与mRNA生物学功能密切相关的RNA结合蛋白质,与多种肿瘤细胞的恶性转化相关。然而,在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中的作用机制尚不清楚。本研究通过检索公共数据库发现,hnRNPR蛋白主要在肺癌细胞核中表达,hnRNPR mRNA在非小细胞肺癌组织中高表达,并且与肺腺癌患者的生存率呈负相关;hnRNPR的表达与非小细胞肺癌患者的性别、T分期显著相关(P<0.05)。构建hnRNPR基因沉默的非小细胞肺癌稳定细胞株,检测细胞功能变化,结果显示,hnRNPR基因沉默抑制了细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力以及上皮-间质转化(EMT),并将细胞周期阻滞在G₁期(P<0.01)。生物信息学分析显示,非小细胞肺癌中hnRNPR基因与9 310个基因的表达正相关(皮尔逊相关系数>0,P<0.05),与10 680个基因的表达负相关(皮尔逊相关系数<0,P<0.05)。综上所述,hnRNPR在非小细胞肺癌中高表达,可能作为剪接体的组分,通过调节相关基因的表达,促进了NSCLC细胞的恶性转化。     

mRNA的出核转运

mRNA的出核转运是真核生物基因表达的重要步骤之一,它与pre-mRNA的各个加工过程都存在密切的偶联。这种偶联对于基因表达的高效准确完成至关重要。本文介绍了mRNA出核转运与pre-mRNA加工及质量监控之间的关联,并总结了近年来关于mRNA出核转运的研究进展。     

蛋白激酶A锚定蛋白95的生物学功能

蛋白激酶A锚定蛋白95(AKAP95),具有在细胞核内锚定蛋白激酶A(PAK)的作用.最近的研究结果发现AKAP95参与细胞内许多重要的生命过程,如参与细胞分裂染色体集缩的建立和集缩状态的保持,参与基因表达调控、DNA复制以及维持mRNA的稳定,参与胚胎发育,参与细胞凋亡以及参与细胞周期调控等.简要介绍了PKA和蛋白激酶A锚定蛋白(AKAPs),并综述了AKAP95的结构、细胞周期分布以及新近发现的AKAP95的重要生物学功能.     

核不均一性核糖核蛋白在RNA加工过程中的作用

在真核细胞中,初始转录产物（前体mRNA）经过一系列复杂的转录后加工过程形成成熟的mRNA.在这一过程中,大量蛋白质和加工因子有序汇集在核糖核蛋白复合体中并参与对前体RNA的加工过程. 该复合体中的蛋白质部分主要由一类约20种称为核不均一性核糖核蛋白的多肽分子构成.除了早期了解的一些结构性功能外,近来已有许多证据显示这些蛋白质在细胞中RNA的代谢及其他活动方面具有更加广泛和积极的作用.     

Differential Subcellular Distributions and Trafficking Functions of hnRNP A2/B1 Spliceoforms

Trafficking of mRNA molecules from the nucleus to distal processes in neural cells is mediated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2/B1 trans‐acting factors. Although hnRNP A2/B1 is alternatively spliced to generate four isoforms, most functional studies have not distinguished between these isoforms. Here, we show, using isoform‐specific antibodies and isoform‐specific green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐fusion expression constructs, that A2b is the predominant cytoplasmic isoform in neural cells, suggesting that it may play a key role in mRNA trafficking. The differential subcellular distribution patterns of the individual isoforms are determined by the presence or absence of alternative exons that also affect their dynamic behavior in different cellular compartments, as measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Expression of A2b is also differentially regulated with age, species and cellular development. Furthermore, coinjection of isoform‐specific antibodies and labeled RNA into live oligodendrocytes shows that the assembly of RNA granules is impaired by blockade of A2b function. These findings suggest that neural cells modulate mRNA trafficking by regulating alternative splicing of hnRNP A2/B1 and controlling expression levels of A2b, which may be the predominant mediator of cytoplasmic‐trafficking functions. These findings highlight the importance of considering isoform‐specific functions for alternatively spliced proteins.     

Solution Structure of the HIV-1 Intron Splicing Silencer and Its Interactions with the UP1 Domain of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1

Splicing patterns in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are maintained through cis regulatory elements that recruit antagonistic host RNA-binding proteins. The activity of the 3′ acceptor site A7 is tightly regulated through a complex network of an intronic splicing silencer (ISS), a bipartite exonic splicing silencer (ESS3a/b), and an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE3). Because HIV-1 splicing depends on protein-RNA interactions, it is important to know the tertiary structures surrounding the splice sites. Herein, we present the NMR solution structure of the phylogenetically conserved ISS stem loop. ISS adopts a stable structure consisting of conserved UG wobble pairs, a folded 2X2 (GU/UA) internal loop, a UU bulge, and a flexible AGUGA apical loop. Calorimetric and biochemical titrations indicate that the UP1 domain of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 binds the ISS apical loop site-specifically and with nanomolar affinity. Collectively, this work provides additional insights into how HIV-1 uses a conserved RNA structure to commandeer a host RNA-binding protein.     

hnRNP proteins and B23 are the major proteins of the internal nuclear matrix of HeLa S3 cells

The nuclear matrix is the structure that persists after removal of chromatin and loosely bound components from the nucleus. It consists of a peripheral lamina-pore complex and an intricate internal fibrogranular structure. Little is known about the molecular structure of this proteinaceous internal network. Our aim is to identify the major proteins of the internal nuclear matrix of HeLa S3 cells. To this end, a cell fraction containing the internal fibrogranular structure was compared with one from which this structure had been selectively dissociated. Protein compositions were quantitatively analyzed after high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We have identified the 21 most abundant polypeptides that are present exclusively in the internal nuclear matrix. Sixteen of these proteins are heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) proteins. B23 (numatrin) is another abundant protein of the internal nuclear matrix. Our results show that most of the quantitatively major polypeptides of the internal nuclear matrix are proteins involved in RNA metabolism, including packaging and transport of RNA. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Nuclear microenvironment in cancer diagnosis and treatment

The nuclear architecture plays an important role in the temporal and spatial control of complex functional processes within the nucleus. Alterations in nuclear structures are characteristic of cancer cells and the mechanisms underlying these perturbations may directly contribute to tumor development and progression. In this review, we will highlight aspects of the nuclear microenvironment that are perturbed during tumorigenesis and discuss how a greater understanding of the role of nuclear structure in the control of gene expression can provide new options for cancer diagnosis and treatment.     

Nuclear phosphoinositide regulation of chromatin

Phospholipid signaling has clear connections to a wide array of cellular processes, particularly in gene expression and in controlling the chromatin biology of cells. However, most of the work elucidating how phospholipid signaling pathways contribute to cellular physiology have studied cytoplasmic membranes, while relatively little attention has been paid to the role of phospholipid signaling in the nucleus. Recent work from several labs has shown that nuclear phospholipid signaling can have important roles that are specific to this cellular compartment. This review focuses on the nuclear phospholipid functions and the activities of phospholipid signaling enzymes that regulate metazoan chromatin and gene expression. In particular, we highlight the roles that nuclear phosphoinositides play in several nuclear‐driven physiological processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, and gene expression. Taken together, the recent discovery of several specifically nuclear phospholipid functions could have dramatic impact on our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that enable tight control of cellular physiology.