红松的种群结构与动态过程

一、前言种群结构的若干文献,已从不同侧面证明了红松(Pinus koraiensis)种群的随机分布格局和多世代异龄结构特征。Putman 指出:群落结构和功能的体现,很大程度上是由子那些影响其种群动态因子作用的结果。因此通过种群结构的研究,进一步探讨与之相联的过程性质,以及结构与过程的内在联系和作用形式将是可行的。正如群落和系统的结构是功能的保证一样,种群的结构也是其动态与过程的基础和保证,同时它又相应地制约着由其组成的群落或系统的特征。     

Modeling Black-Tailed Deer Population Dynamics Using Structured and Unstructured Approaches

Abstract: We used cohort analysis to reconstruct the female segment of a Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) population from 1979 to 2000 in the western Cascades of Washington, USA. We used reconstructed population estimates and age class representations to analyze relationships between population change and female density, forage availability, and weather influences. We applied stage structured and unstructured modeling approaches and used information-theoretic methods to select the best models. We used habitat covariates to develop predictive functions for fertility and survival parameters in structured models. The best structured and unstructured models were composed of combinations of factors including population density, forage availability, and winter weather. Structured and unstructured models could assist with management of black-tailed deer by providing the ability to predict deer population change given covariate values.     

A Rapid-Mutation Approximation for Cell Population Dynamics

Carcinogenesis and cancer progression are often modeled using population dynamics equations for a diverse somatic cell population undergoing mutations or other alterations that alter the fitness of a cell and its progeny. Usually it is then assumed, paralleling standard mathematical approaches to evolution, that such alterations are slow compared to selection, i.e., compared to subpopulation frequency changes induced by unequal subpopulation proliferation rates. However, the alterations can be rapid in some cases. For example, results in our lab on in vitro analogues of transformation and progression in carcinogenesis suggest there could be periods where rapid alterations triggered by horizontal intercellular transfer of genetic material occur and quickly result in marked changes of cell population structure. We here initiate a mathematical study of situations where alterations are rapid compared to selection. A classic selection-mutation formalism is generalized to obtain a “proliferation-alteration” system of ordinary differential equations, which we analyze using a rapid-alteration approximation. A system-theoretical estimate of the total-population net growth rate emerges. This rate characterizes the diverse, interacting cell population acting as a single system; it is a weighted average of subpopulation rates, the weights being components of the Perron–Frobenius eigenvector for an ergodic Markov-process matrix that describes alterations by themselves. We give a detailed numerical example to illustrate the rapid-alteration approximation, suggest a possible interpretation of the fact that average aneuploidy during cancer progression often appears to be comparatively stable in time, and briefly discuss possible generalizations as well as weaknesses of our approach.     

A Statistical Method for Comparison of Two Structures and Its Biological Applications

Some experimental methods applied to biological investigations allow to find a number q of homogeneous discrete components that determine a structure of the object in the study and the to establish the presence of some components from these q in compositions of other n objects. Such data form a nXq incidence matrix. In this paper a statistical approach is suggested for revealing the associated components in two different structures of the object. The procedure is based on joint consideration of two sampling incidence matrices. An application of this method is demonstrated by analysis of relationships between antigens and proteins of one strain of cyanobacteria. The method may be useful in different scientific areas, e.g. psychology, when direct experimental comparison of components from two structures is difficult.     

麦蚜复合种群动态预测的Fuzzy推理模式及应用

本研究利用了山东省曲阜地区１９８２－１９９４年共１３年的资料，选用了３月下旬至４月上旬平均气温（℃）和４月７上旬温湿系数作为预报因子，麦蚜蚜量始达５００（头／丰株）的日期作为预报对象组建Ｆｕｚｚｙ推理模式。对历史资料进行回代验证，其历史拟合率达１００％。将１９９５年的观测数据作为独立样本进行试报，预测结果与实际一致。为麦蚜复合种群动态预测提供了一种新的研究方法。     

大头茶种群动态模型及稳定性分析

 大头茶(Gordonia acuminata)是亚热带常绿阔叶林的优势种。根据它的生活史周期特点,建立描述种群的幼苗群、幼树群和成年个体群之间盖度数量关系的数学模型;输入各项参数值,模拟种群动态的结果表明：在局部尺度上,在参数值的一定范围内,存在着稳定的平衡;但随着时间推移,种群将处于不稳定平衡状态。     

捕食风险的种群动态效应及其作用机理研究进展

捕食者不但可以通过直接捕杀猎物而控制猎物的种群数量,还可以通过捕食风险效应影响猎物种群的繁殖和动态,并且在某些情况下,捕食风险效应对猎物种群动态的控制作用甚至大于捕食者的直接捕杀.关于捕食风险效应对猎物动物繁殖产出和种群动态变化的作用及其机理方面的野外研究越来越受到国内外学者重视.本文介绍了近年来捕食风险效应的研究进展,重点关注了美国黄石国家公园中捕食者对马鹿(Cervus elephus)、加拿大育空地区的捕食者对白靴兔(Lepus americanus)的捕食风险效应等案例研究,以阐明捕食风险效应对猎物种群动态影响的重要性,以及关于捕食风险效应影响猎物种群繁殖和动态机理的两个假说(捕食者敏感食物假说、捕食应激假说).并结合我国在捕食者与猎物之间关系的研究现状,提出了进一步在野外开展捕食风险效应对濒危有蹄类猎物种群动态影响研究的建议,阐释了开展这些研究的重要意义.     

Regulation of Puberty and Its Consequences on Population Dynamics of Mice

Changes in generation time can have a major impact on populationdynamics in small, rapidly breeding rodents. The onset of pubertyin female house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) can vary fromthe age of 4 wk to 8 wk as a function of male acceleratory orfemale inhibitory urinary pheromones in laboratory experiments.In field studies, puberty inhibition has been demonstrated tovary directly with natural and experimental increases in populationdensity. A model is developed suggesting that the sexual maturationof juvenile females residing in a dense population is inhibitedby a pheromone produced by crowded females.The signal amongfemales in a dense population seems to be mediated by the vomeronasalorgan.     

脂质组学研究方法及其应用

脂质不仅是生物膜的骨架成分和能量贮存物质, 越来越多的证据表明, 脂质也参与细胞的许多重要功能。脂质组学是代谢组学的一个重要分支, 主要研究生物体内所有的脂质分子的特性以及它们在蛋白质表达和基因调控过程中的作用。脂质组学是依赖技术驱动的科学。近年来, 随着人们对脂质研究的重视, 脂质组学研究方法和策略有了突破性进展, 在动物上开发出的脂质组学分析方法已经扩展应用到植物上。该文重点介绍脂质组学的研究方法及其应用, 以期推动脂质组学,特别是植物脂质组学的进一步发展。     

脂质组学研究方法及其应用

脂质不仅是生物膜的骨架成分和能量贮存物质,越来越多的证据表明,脂质也参与细胞的许多重要功能。脂质组学是代谢组学的一个重要分支,主要研究生物体内所有的脂质分子的特性以及它们在蛋白质表达和基因调控过程中的作用。脂质组学是依赖技术驱动的科学。近年来,随着人们对脂质研究的重视,脂质组学研究方法和策略有了突破性进展,在动物上开发出的脂质组学分析方法已经扩展应用到植物上。该文重点介绍脂质组学的研究方法及其应用,以期推动脂质组学,特别是植物脂质组学的进一步发展。     

Modeling Confined Fluids: An NhPT Molecular Dynamics Method

We present an NhPT MD method developed for systematic investigation of both the structural and dynamical properties of confined fluids without resorting to chemical potential or explicit reservoir. This method allows confined fluids to expand or contract transversely and the same number of fluid molecules to be simulated throughout all surface separations. Its first implementation using confined Lennard-Jones fluid yields step-like changes in surface density, layered configurations, in-plane ordering, and oscillatory perpendicular pressures and transverse diffusivities that are consistent with previous studies. Additionally, a pseudo-Poisson's ratio and transverse isothermal compressibility were calculated. Like other properties, they oscillate at smaller surface separations and approach constant values when the surface separation becomes sufficiently large. The limiting value of the pseudo-Poisson's ratio is interestingly equivalent to that of incompressible continua.     

A General Model for the Dynamics of the Cell Volume

The conservation of the cell volume within values compatible with the overall cell functions represents an ubiquitous property, shared by cells comprising the whole biological world. Water transport across membranes constitutes the main process associated to the dynamics of the cell volume, its chronic and acute regulations therefore represent crucial aspects of cell homeostasis. In spite of the biological diversity, the dynamics of the cell volume exhibits common basic features in the diverse types of cells. The purpose of this study is to show that there is a general model capable to describe the basic aspects of the dynamics of the cell volume. It is demonstrated here that the steady states of this model represent asymptotically stable configurations. As illustrations, several cases of non-polarized (i.e., symmetrical) and polarized (e.g., epithelial) cells performing water transport are shown here to represent particular cases of the general model. From a biological perspective, the existence of a general model for the dynamics of the cell volume reveals that, in spite of physiological and morphological peculiarities, there is a basic common design of the membrane transport processes. In view of its stability properties, this basic design may represent an ancestral property that has proven to be successful regarding the overall homeostatic properties of cells.     

A General Method for Modeling Macromolecular Shape in Solution: A Graphical (II-G) Intersection Procedure for Triaxial Ellipsoids

A general method for modeling macromolecular shape in solution is described involving measurements of viscosity, radius of gyration, and the second thermodynamic virial coefficient. The method, which should be relatively straightforward to apply, does not suffer from uniqueness problems, involves shape functions that are independent of hydration, and models the gross conformation of the macromolecule in solution as a general triaxial ellipsoid. The method is illustrated by application to myosin, and the relevance and applicability of ellipsoid modeling to biological structures is discussed.     

A General Assay Method for Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylases

A general assay method for nucleotide pyrophosphorylases has been investigated. The principle of the method is based on the measurement of consumption rate of 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) during the enzyme reaction. In the method, an enzyme preparation for sample was incubated in a reaction mixture containing a purine or pyrimidine base and PRPP for a certain time, and the amounts of PRPP before and after the reaction were determined. The amount of PRPP was determined by an enzymatic method using orotidine-5′-monophosphate (5′-OMP) pyrophosphorylase and 5′-OMP decarboxylase. Nucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity corresponding to each purine or pyrimidine base was determined from the amount of PRPP consumed per unit time.

The present method is generally applicable for determining activities of any kind of nucleotide pyrophosphorylases, and does not need any tedious separation procedure in all cases. Therefore, comparing with the conventional assay methods for nucleotide pyrophosphorylase activities, this method can be said to be much simpler and reliable. As an application of the present method, activities of several nucleotide pyrophosphorylases in Micrococcus glutamicus have been determined.     

Population Dynamics and Environmental Variability

SYNOPSIS. A model relating environmental variability and populationvariability is proposed and discussed. The model strongly emphasizesthe importance of the different consequences of erratic andregular environmental variability, which are discussed fromboth the theoretical and empirical viewpoints. Data on populationvariability for six species in three communities (temperateintertidal, subtropical intertidal, and oligotrophic lake benthic)are presented and discussed in the context of the model. Ingeneral, environmental variability and population variabilityare trongly correlated. The impact of erratic environmentalvariability is apparent in one community.     

Bayesian Modeling of Prion Disease Dynamics in Mule Deer Using Population Monitoring and Capture-Recapture Data

Epidemics of chronic wasting disease (CWD) of North American Cervidae have potential to harm ecosystems and economies. We studied a migratory population of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) affected by CWD for at least three decades using a Bayesian framework to integrate matrix population and disease models with long-term monitoring data and detailed process-level studies. We hypothesized CWD prevalence would be stable or increase between two observation periods during the late 1990s and after 2010, with higher CWD prevalence making deer population decline more likely. The weight of evidence suggested a reduction in the CWD outbreak over time, perhaps in response to intervening harvest-mediated population reductions. Disease effects on deer population growth under current conditions were subtle with a 72% chance that CWD depressed population growth. With CWD, we forecasted a growth rate near one and largely stable deer population. Disease effects appear to be moderated by timing of infection, prolonged disease course, and locally variable infection. Long-term outcomes will depend heavily on whether current conditions hold and high prevalence remains a localized phenomenon.     

一类具年龄结构的线性周期种群动力系统的最优控制

研究一类具有年龄结构的线性周期种群线性动力系统的最优控制问题,即讨论了具有周期的生死率和周期变化的控制项的模型．利用Mazur's定理,证明了最优控制问题最优解的存在性,同时由法锥概念的特征刻画,我们还得到了最优控制问题最优解存在的必要条件．     

An Individual-Based Model of Zebrafish Population Dynamics Accounting for Energy Dynamics

Developing population dynamics models for zebrafish is crucial in order to extrapolate from toxicity data measured at the organism level to biological levels relevant to support and enhance ecological risk assessment. To achieve this, a dynamic energy budget for individual zebrafish (DEB model) was coupled to an individual based model of zebrafish population dynamics (IBM model). Next, we fitted the DEB model to new experimental data on zebrafish growth and reproduction thus improving existing models. We further analysed the DEB-model and DEB-IBM using a sensitivity analysis. Finally, the predictions of the DEB-IBM were compared to existing observations on natural zebrafish populations and the predicted population dynamics are realistic. While our zebrafish DEB-IBM model can still be improved by acquiring new experimental data on the most uncertain processes (e.g. survival or feeding), it can already serve to predict the impact of compounds at the population level.