植物保护遗传学研究进展

保护遗传学是过用遗传学的原理和研究手段,以生物多样性尤其是遗传多样性的研究和保护为核心的一门新兴学科,近几十年来,遗传学研究在生物多样性保护的理论和实践中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文简要回顾了保护遗传学的发展历史,研究方向和涉及的概念,着重介绍了植物保护遗传学研究所取得的一些进展,包括植物系统发育重建和保护单元的确定,遗传多样性与物种和群体适应性之间的关系,群体遗传结构与保护策略的制定以及植物遗传资源的鉴定和利用等方面的内容,并强调保护遗传学研究是未来生物多样性和保护生物学研究中一个亟待加强的研究领域。     

植物景观遗传学研究进展

植物景观遗传学是新兴的景观遗传学交叉学科的一个重要研究方向。目前植物景观遗传学的研究虽落后于动物,但其在生物多样性保护方面具有的巨大潜力不可忽视。从景观特征对遗传结构、环境因素对适应性遗传变异影响两个方面,系统综述了近十年来国际上植物景观遗传学的研究焦点和研究进展,比较了植物景观遗传学与动物景观遗传学研究在研究设计和研究方法上的异同,并基于将来植物景观遗传学由对空间遗传结构的描述发展为对景观遗传效应的量化分析及预测的发展框架,具体针对目前景观特征与遗传结构研究设计的系统性差、遗传结构与景观格局在时间上的误配、适应性位点与环境变量的模糊匹配、中性遗传变异与适应性遗传变异研究的分隔、景观与遗传关系分析方法的局限等五个方面提出了研究对策。     

Conservation management of rare and predominantly selfing tropical trees: an example using Hopea bilitonensis (Dipterocarpaceae)

Hopea bilitonensis is an extremely rare and predominantly selfing dipterocarp in Peninsular Malaysia. A comprehensive research was initiated to assess the ecological genetics of H. bilitonensis to elucidate specific ecological and genetic requirements and subsequently to recommend conservation strategies. The objective for conservation of a rare plant such as H. bilitonensis differs from that of a common plant. For common plants, the conservation strategies are to prevent the species from becoming endangered. In contrast, for rare plants, the final race against extinction is being fought. Tropical forests are rich in plant species diversity and obtaining adequate knowledge to set conservation strategies for the majority of these species might be difficult. Thus, it is suggested that for the conservation of tree species, the species can be grouped according to their life history traits. The information generated for a species can then be adapted to species that have similar types of life history traits. We have recently generated the ecological genetics information for a rare and predominantly outcrossed dipterocarp (Shorea lumutensis). This study on H. bilitonensis will provide ecological genetics information for the conservation of rare and predominantly selfing dipterocarps.     

Conservation genetics and genomics of threatened vertebrates in China

Conservation genetics and genomics are two independent disciplines that focus on using new techniques in genetics and genomics to solve problems in conservation biology. During the past two decades, conservation genetics and genomics have experienced rapid progress. Here, we summarize the research advances in the conservation genetics and genomics of threatened vertebrates (e.g., carnivorans, primates, ungulates, cetaceans, avians, amphibians and reptiles) in China. First, we introduce the concepts of conservation genetics and genomics and their development. Second, we review the recent advances in conservation genetics research, including noninvasive genetics and landscape genetics. Third, we summarize the progress in conservation genomics research, which mainly focuses on resolving genetic problems relevant to conservation such as genetic diversity, genetic structure, demographic history, and genomic evolution and adaptation. Finally, we discuss the future directions of conservation genetics and genomics.     

Bridging molecular genetics and participatory research: how access and benefit‐sharing stimulate interdisciplinary research for tropical biology and conservation

Molecular genetics research can benefit efforts to conserve the genetic diversity of tropical plant species. Clear and efficient procedures are needed to access DNA samples, while respecting tropical countries’ and local communities’ rights on genetic resource usage. The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit‐Sharing, which took effect in 2014, provides an opportunity to establish such procedures. However, scientists are concerned that its emphasis on monetary gains restricts research focused on scientific, societal, and environmental benefits. Despite much political and scientific debate, few concrete cases have demonstrated the practical functioning of the Nagoya Protocol. This paper describes the first application of the Protocol in Guatemala, where it was used to grant permission to a non‐commercial study on gene flow in mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) populations in the Maya Biosphere Reserve of Petén. On the basis of this study, we discuss five strategies to enhance the application of molecular genetics to conservation biology under the Nagoya Protocol: (1) generate short and standardized procedures; (2) enable science communication; (3) cultivate a common understanding between users, providers, and potential beneficiaries; (4) involve local research and practitioner organizations; and (5) integrate participatory research. Positive societal views on the application of molecular genetics to conservation biology generate further support for work in this discipline and promote adoption of research results for the conservation of genetic diversity of tropical plant species.     

保护生物学一新分支学科——保护遗传学

研究人类对生物多样性的影响以及防止物种灭绝是保护生物学的两个主要目的。随着环境日益恶化、分子遗传学的迅速发展以及保护生物学和分子遗传学的不为民相互渗透,和产生了一全新的分支学科－－保护遗传学。保护遗传学是保护生物学研究中的一个核心部分,主要研究濒危物种的遗传多样性和保护物种的进化潜力。目前保护遗传学已成为国际上的一个研究热点,但在我国才刚刚起步,为此,本文就保护,遗传学的产生和发展及其研究内容和意义作一简要介绍,以推动我国在该方面的研究。     

生物多样性国际研究态势分析

生物多样性研究是综合性和高度交叉性的跨学科研究领域,是1997年底Science周刊上预测的1998年及近期的6个重大科学热点之一。检索1986—2008年间SCIE文献数据库中关于生物多样性的研究论文(article,proceedings paper和review),利用Thomson Data Analyzer(TDA)分析工具和Aureka分析平台进行数据挖掘。分析表明,该研究涉及多个学科领域,近年来在生态学领域的论文数量增加最多,而生物多样性保护、进化生物学、生物化学与分子生物学方面的论文增长速度较快。生物多样性研究越来越重视全球变化和人类社会对生物多样性的影响,DNA技术和基因工程等先进技术在生物多样性研究和保护中的作用也更加突出。     

电路理论在植物景观遗传学研究中的应用潜力分析

景观遗传学的迅速发展为研究异质性系统中的进化生物学问题提供了新颖的理论和方法。本文以电路理论(circuit theory)在植物景观遗传研究中的应用为主题,系统解析理论框架,明确其核心概念和生态学过程间的映射关系,从研究主题、方法和模型验证3方面综述近十年的相关文献,并在此基础上归纳了该理论的优势和局限性。其优势主要为:(1)可对多条潜在传播路径进行通盘考察并予以比较,有助于鉴别影响连接度的关键区域或廊道;(2)对哈迪-温伯格平衡假设和栅格大小不敏感,保证了模型的适应性;(3)模型要求物种对生境无明显经验积累,特别适合分布区形状不规则,以及连续广泛分布的物种,与许多植物的生物学特点相契合。该理论要求物种具有随机漫游和传播各向同性2个前提条件,限制了生物媒介类植物的适用度。在传播过程具有方向偏好的生态系统中,其应用也需慎重考虑。结合未来发展趋势,本文认为电路理论在植物景观遗传学研究中具有很好的潜力,但还需要依据具体的研究问题、物种习性、空间尺度和系统性质来进行科学的应用。     

雪豹保护遗传学和基因组学研究进展

雪豹(Panthera uncia)隶属于食肉目猫科豹属,是生活在青藏高原及其周边地区的旗舰物种。随着分子生物学和高通量测序技术的发展,雪豹保护遗传学和保护基因组学研究得到快速的发展,其中非损伤性遗传取样法显著推动了雪豹保护遗传学研究。本文综述了非损伤性遗传取样法在雪豹物种鉴定、个体识别和性别鉴定等研究中的应用,雪豹的系统发生地位、系统地理格局和种群遗传结构及其亚种争议、演化历史、适应性演化和基因组特征等保护遗传学和基因组学方面的研究现状和进展,并对雪豹保护遗传学和基因组学未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期促进雪豹保护生物学研究和保护对策的科学制定。     

基因组文库构建及其在保护遗传学中的应用前景

基因组文库是进行分子克隆和基因组结构与功能研究的基础。完整的基因组文库的构建, 使任何DNA 片段的筛选和获得成为可能。随着不同克隆载体的相继出现, 基因组文库也经历了一系列的发展过程。其中, BAC文库因其转化效率高、嵌合体少、插入片段易回收, 以及容载量较大等优点而被广泛应用。近几十年来, 随着环境的日益恶化、分子遗传学技术的迅速发展, 以及保护生物学和分子遗传学的不断相互渗透, 孕育产生了保护遗传学这一分支学科。作为保护遗传学中物种保护策略的重要部分, 建立濒危野生动植物的基因组文库, 是保存其种质资源的最为有效的实际手段和方法, 并能为进一步开展与生殖、疾病和重要经济性状等方面有关的功能基因的研究, 提供可靠的材料保证。     

植物分子生态学进展(Ⅱ)——地理系统学、外来种、遗传保护及其它

从地理系统学、外来种、遗传保护、研究中的污染问题四个方面介绍了当前植物分子生态学的研究内容。分子标记在地理系统学的研究中有助于了解上一个冰期中物种避难地和冰期后的物种迁移路径 ;对于外来种 ,主要讨论了其通过杂交和渐渗杂交的方式适应新的环境 ;关于遗传保护 ,本文从四个方面强调了其重要性 ;除此之外 ,还介绍了分子生态学研究中不易察觉的污染问题并提示了转基因植物的生态影响。     

植物分子生态学进展（II）——地理系统学、外来种、遗传保护及其它

从地理系统学、外来种、遗传保护、研究中的污染问题四个方面介绍了当前植物分子生态学的研究内容。分子标记在地理系统学的研究中有助于了解上一个冰期中物种避难地和冰期后的物种迁移路径;对于外来种,主要讨论了其通过杂交和渐渗杂交的方式适应新的环境;关于遗传保护,本文从四个方面强调了其重要性;除此之外,还介绍了分子生态学研究中不易察觉的污染问题并提示了转基因植物的生态影响。     

Conserving the Genetic Diversity of Plants in Austral and Neotropical America (ANA): A Metanalysis of Published Studies Using Samples of the Region

Current scientific capacities in Austral and Neotropical America (ANA) for plant conservation genetics (PGC) were assessed. Publications (1980–2010) were analyzed, considering the taxa and geographical origin of samples, geographical origin of the institutional affiliation of the authors (first, corresponding and co-authors), the threat category of the taxa studied, focus of the genetic analysis (phylogeny, phylogeography, populations and/or individuals), and focus of the conservation actions. Of the 656 publications in conservation genetics, 46 % were about plants, of which 83 % studied Magnoliophyta. Fourty two percent of publications concerned five plant families. Twenty seven percent of taxa are threatened and 15 % are included in the CITES Appendices. Sixty three percent of the publications were focused on population genetics and 32.6 % on diagnosing threats to the gene pool. The samples analyzed mainly originated from Brazil and Mexico. Publications are primarily led by researchers from institutions based in ANA. Over time, PGC scientific production and proportion of authors from ANA increased.     

云南省第一批省级重点保护野生植物名录修订

保护植物名录是林政执法、科学研究、公众参与生物多样性保护等活动的重要工具。修订对于保持名录上植物名称准确性和使名录及时反映我省生物多样性保护成效具有重要意义。本文依据英文版《中国植物志》和植物名称数据库,对云南省政府1989年颁布的《云南省第一批省级重点保护野生植物名录》进行了修订。结果表明：名录上214种植物中有60种是异名或基名,28种原中文名称被改变了,9种原拉丁名称拼写错误,3种错误鉴定,5种是裸名,其他109种植物拉丁名和中文名都无变化。修订结果将为云南省重点保护野生植物管理提供参考。最后建议建立云南省重点保护野生植物名录修订标准和机制。     

A method for the medium-term storage of plant tissue samples at room temperature and successive cycles of DNA extraction

Based on the protocol originally described by Stein et al. (2001), we have developed a method that allows for medium-term conservation at room temperature of wheat (Triticum aestivum) tissue samples to use for DNA extraction. DNA quality was suitable for analysis by PCR and Southern hybridization, even after 2 months of storage at room temperature. This method allows successive DNA re-extractions from a previously extracted sample and maximization of the DNA yield that can be recovered from precious samples. This method has applications for conservation of leaf samples and management of DNA extraction. Our method can help improve data recovery in many plant molecular genetics research projects.     

Advancing ecological understandings through technological transformations in noninvasive genetics

Noninvasive genetic approaches continue to improve studies in molecular ecology, conservation genetics and related disciplines such as forensics and epidemiology. Noninvasive sampling allows genetic studies without disturbing or even seeing the target individuals. Although noninvasive genetic sampling has been used for wildlife studies since the 1990s, technological advances continue to make noninvasive approaches among the most used and rapidly advancing areas in genetics. Here, we review recent advances in noninvasive genetics and how they allow us to address important research and management questions thanks to improved techniques for DNA extraction, preservation, amplification and data analysis. We show that many advances come from the fields of forensics, human health and domestic animal health science, and suggest that molecular ecologists explore literature from these fields. Finally, we discuss how the combination of advances in each step of a noninvasive genetics study, along with fruitful areas for future research, will continually increase the power and role of noninvasive genetics in molecular ecology and conservation genetics.     

Achievement of genetics in plant reproduction research: the past decade for the coming decade

In the last decade, a variety of innovations of emerging technologies in science have been accomplished. Advanced research environment in plant science has made it possible to obtain whole genome sequence in plant species. But now we recognize this by itself is not sufficient to understand the overall biological significance. Since Gregor Mendel established a principle of genetics, known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance, genetics plays a prominent role in life science, and this aspect is indispensable even in modern plant biology. In this review, we focus on achievements of genetics on plant sexual reproduction research in the last decade and discuss the role of genetics for the coming decade. It is our hope that this will shed light on the importance of genetics in plant biology and provide valuable information to plant biologists.     

Integrating population genetics and conservation biology in the era of genomics

As one of the final activities of the ESF-CONGEN Networking programme, a conference entitled ‘Integrating Population Genetics and Conservation Biology’ was held at Trondheim, Norway, from 23 to 26 May 2009. Conference speakers and poster presenters gave a display of the state-of-the-art developments in the field of conservation genetics. Over the five-year running period of the successful ESF-CONGEN Networking programme, much progress has been made in theoretical approaches, basic research on inbreeding depression and other genetic processes associated with habitat fragmentation and conservation issues, and with applying principles of conservation genetics in the conservation of many species. Future perspectives were also discussed in the conference, and it was concluded that conservation genetics is evolving into conservation genomics, while at the same time basic and applied research on threatened species and populations from a population genetic point of view continues to be emphasized.     

遗传多样性与濒危植物保护生物学研究进展

尽管对于濒危物种的遗传学人们已经进行了大量研究,但是种群遗传学在植物保护中的实际地位尚存在很大争议。濒危物种的遗传多样性可能会由于遗传漂变、近交的作用而丧失;但这种丧失更可能是濒危的结果而不是濒危的起因。遗传多样性水平与物种生存力之间没有任何必然的联系。但植物种群遗传结构如果由于自交不亲和等位基因的丧失和与亲缘种杂交造成的遗传同化而发生改变,那么它对物种生存力会产生明显负作用。