滇西北丽江盆地中更新世哺乳动物化石新材料

本文简记了滇西北丽江盆地的中更新世哺乳动物化石新材料.化石产自东元桥村南东元桥组的河流相灰黄、灰色砂层和砂砾层中,计有8属10种,即Megantereon sp.、Equussp.、Dicerorhinus sp.、Cervavitus ultimus、cf.Axis rugosus、cf.Axis yunnanensis、Rusayunnanensis、Rusa sp.、Muntiacus sp.、Bos sp..动物群中的一些属种出现于元谋盆地“元谋人”动物群中,表现出两地动物群的相似性,这为“元谋人” 时代的确定可能提供新资料.     

安徽芜湖金盆洞旧石器遗址的偶蹄类

经对2002年与2004年出土于安徽芜湖金盆洞遗址的偶蹄类所做的深入研究,金盆洞遗址的偶蹄类有6个种:李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri)、梅花鹿(Cervus(Sika)nippon)、葛氏斑鹿(Cervus(Sika)grayi)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、麂未定种(Muntiacussp.)及古中华野牛相似种(Bisoncf.palaeosinensis)。其中以鹿科为主,以梅花鹿和马鹿为优势种群,具有北方区动物群的特色。它们所指示的时代比和县龙潭洞动物群晚,与巢县银山巢县人动物群相当,为中更新世晚期,在古气候上处于Riss冰期。它们所处的生态环境以低矮森林为主、间有少量灌木密林及草地,当时的气候与现今的内蒙和甘肃相似。鹿属3个种的同时出现反映金盆洞遗址是史前人类汇集处理猎物的场所。     

内蒙古赤峰初头朗早更新世哺乳动物群的新材料及二元相似性分析

出土于内蒙古赤峰初头朗小南山地点的哺乳动物化石新材料有直隶犬(Canis chihliensis),泥河湾披毛犀(Coelodonta nihowanensis),中国长鼻三趾马(Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) sinense),三门马(Equus sanmeniensis),李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri),湖麂相似种(Muntiacus cf.M.lacustris),山西轴鹿(Axis shansius),布氏真枝角鹿(Eucladoceros boulei),翁氏转角羚羊(Spirocerus cf.S.wongi)及古中华野牛(Bison palaeosinensis).加上此前在初头朗东梁、东村北沟和东村南沟3个地点出土的标本,初头朗一带出土的哺乳动物化石种类增加到30个.初头朗4个地点的哺乳动物化石产自同一层位,属于同一个动物群.根据动物群的二元相似性系数,初头朗动物群在组成上最接近狭义泥河湾动物群.综合Brainerd-Robinson排序结果、动物群古老系数和动物群中绝灭种类的百分比,初头朗动物群的时代介于狭义泥河湾动物群和柳城巨猿洞动物群之间;而根据与相关动物群年龄值的对比,初头朗动物群的年龄值约在1.4-1.6 Ma之间.初头朗动物群中的食肉目种类有1 1个,但大多为小型种类.奇蹄目和偶蹄目种类的总和占动物群总数的一半,大多为体型较大的种类.该动物群中的嫩食者和林柄者指示当时存在一定范围的森林和林地;而动物群中的粗食者及开阔地栖息者指示当时存在面积较大的草原和草甸.初头朗动物群的大部分种类是喜温动物,喜冷种类只有鼠兔和披毛犀,因此当时的气候与现今大致相同.在地理位置上初头朗动物群是我国最靠北和最靠东的早更新世动物群,因此可以推荐为东北地区的早更新世哺乳动物群典型地点.     

四川盐源盆地哺乳类化石及其意义

本文简述盐源盆地上新世和更新世晚期两个不同时代的哺乳动物化石十余种,据之修正了该盆地晚新生代沉积的时代和对比关系.     

广西田东雾云洞更新世脊椎动物群

发现于广西田东雾云洞之脊椎动物化石有9目24科44属种,根据动物群的组成分析并结合地貌特征判断,其时代为中更新世或晚更新世早期。根据动物习性分析,其生存的环境为热带-亚热带温暖湿润的环境。     

Early Pleistocene human humeri from the Gran Dolina-TD6 site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)

In this report, we present a morphometric comparative study of two Early Pleistocene humeri recovered from the TD6 level of the Gran Dolina cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. ATD6-121 belongs to a child between 4 and 6 years old, whereas ATD6-148 corresponds to an adult. ATD6-148 exhibits the typical pattern of the genus Homo, but it also shows a large olecranon fossa and very thin medial and lateral pillars (also present in ATD6-121), sharing these features with European Middle Pleistocene hominins, Neandertals, and the Bodo Middle Pleistocene humerus. The morphology of the distal epiphysis, together with a few dental traits, suggests a phylogenetic relationship between the TD6 hominins and the Neandertal lineage. Given the older geochronological age of these hominins (ca. 900 ka), which is far from the age estimated by palaeogenetic studies for the population divergence of modern humans and Neandertals (ca. 400 ka), we suggest that this suite of derived "Neandertal" features appeared early in the evolution of the genus Homo. Thus, these features are not "Neandertal" apomorphies but traits which appeared in an ancestral and polymorphic population during the Early Pleistocene.     

Microfaunal remains at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel: Preliminary results on small vertebrates, environment and biostratigraphy

Preliminary results of the investigation of the microfauna at the Acheulo-Yabrudian Middle Pleistocene site of Qesem Cave, Israel, are presented. Thus far the assemblage includes ca. 10,000 bone and tooth fragments, of which 50% could be identified to the generic and some hundreds to the species level. Based on the current material, the fauna includes the following squamate reptiles: Laudakia sp., Chamaeleo sp., Gekkonidae indet., Lacertidae indet., Scincidae indet., Pseudopus sp., Varanus sp., Colubroidea indet. (at least three species) and micromammals: Suncus etruscus, Crocidura cf. leucodon, Crocidurinae indet. (large form), Chiroptera indet., Sciurus cf. anomalus, Cricetulus cf. migratorius, Microtus guentheri, Nannospalax ehrenbergi, Dipodillus cf. dasyurus, Meriones cf. tristrami, Gerbillidae indet., Mus cf. musculus, Apodemus cf. flavicollis. These results suggest that the fauna includes only taxa that occur recently in the territory of Israel. The ecological preferences of the nearest living relatives of the recorded taxa allow us to infer a paleoenvironment with a mosaic of open and woodland habitats. However, comparing the lower with the upper levels of the microfauna-bearing profile, a slight shift towards more wooded conditions might be detectable. Biostratigraphical inferences from the recorded micromammal taxa cover a rather wide age range, whereas the radiometric (U-series and preliminary TL) dating enable a provisionally estimated date for the microfauna-bearing levels at 360-300 ka. Detailed morphometric comparisons with material from other sites in the region are necessary and may yet provide further insights.     

Considerations on the age of the Tiouaren Formation (Iullemmeden Basin,Niger, Africa): Implications for Gondwanan Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas

Pre-Aptian mid-Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrates from the African continent are still very poorly known. In Niger, the Tiouaren Formation in the Iullemmeden Basin has yielded dinosaur and other vertebrate remains, and this unit has been dated as Early Cretaceous, most probably pre-Aptian, on the basis of its fish fauna and geological relations to other units in the basin. A review of the fish fauna and invertebrates from this formation does not provide any evidence for such an age, and the geological relations only help to constrain the upper limit for the age of the formation (Aptian). In contrast, the described dinosaur taxa are phylogenetically nested with late Middle Jurassic to Early Late Jurassic taxa from other localities, and thus indicate a pre-Kimmeridgian, probably late Middle Jurassic age for the Tiouaren Formation. Under the assumption of such an age, the dinosaur fauna of this formation provides new insights into dinosaur faunal provincialism during the latest Middle Jurassic. Northern Gondwanan faunas of that time seem to have been different from southern Gondwanan faunas, and show closer affinities to Eurasian faunas than to the latter. A possible explanation for this might be a climatically controlled geographic barrier due to pronounced arid conditions and thus desert environments in central Gondwana during this time.     

广西崇左三合大洞的早更新世反刍类

系统记述了广西崇左三合大洞巨猿动物群中的反刍类:湖麂(Muntiacus lacustris)、凤岐祖鹿(?)相似种(Cervavitus? cf.C.fenqii)、云南黑鹿(Cervus(R.)yunnanensis)、广西巨羊(Megalovis guangxiensis)、山羊亚科属种未定(Caprinae gen.et sp.indet.)和大额牛未定种(Bos(Bibos)sp.)。与其他相关的早更新世动物群中的反刍类相比, 它们与柳城巨猿洞和田东么会洞的最相似。三合大洞的反刍类在组合上反映早更新世的时代特征及湿热的森林-草丛生态环境。这种环境非常适宜诸如巨猿这类高等灵长类的栖息。     

我国南方第四纪哺乳动物群的划分和演变

到目前为止,通过调查和研究已认识到,在我国南方第四纪存在四个主要的哺乳动物群,即:元谋动物群、柳城巨猿动物群、大熊猫-剑齿象动物群和现代哺乳动物群。本文对这四个主要的哺乳动物群的进一步划分和演变进行讨论。元谋动物群、柳城巨猿动物群、建始高坪动物群和柳州笔架山动物群均属早更新世。元谋组发现的动物群似乎可以分为两个不同的层位:早期以森林中生活的动物为主,其时代似可划归晚上新世;晚期的动物则反映出以森林—疏林草原为主的生态环境。早更新世的元谋动物群以元谋组上部(3—4段)发现者为代表。柳城巨猿动物群中现生种类比元谋动物群中多,似较后者为晚。柳城巨猿动物群和大熊猫-剑齿象动物群有较密切的关系,可以说前者是后者的原始类型。建始高坪动物群和柳州笔架山动物群代表柳城巨猿动物群和大熊猫-剑齿象动物群之间的过渡类型。大熊猫-剑齿象动物群的地质时代为中-晚更新世,根据动物群的组合情况可分为四个不同的发展阶段:(1)含第三纪残留种类或古老种类;(2)含中更新世典型种类;(3)含早期智人化石;(4)含晚期智人化石或相当于这一阶段的人类制造的文化遗物。我国南方现代哺乳动物群奠基于大熊猫-剑齿象动物群,大体上形成于晚更新世后期。在全新世早期可能有个别更新世残留下来的种类,稍后可能还有个别绝灭种或绝灭亚种;而地理分布改变的种类,在全新世较长的时期内还有所残留。我国南方第四纪哺乳动物表现出土生土长的特点。动物群大致经历过三次较大的变化。和华北地区比较,我国南方第四纪哺乳动物群显示出三大特点:(1)古老种类延续时期较长;(2)现生种类出现较早;(3)动物群的变化不及华北那么明显。     

三门峡地区含哺乳动物化石的几个第四纪剖面

黄河三门峡地区的晚新生代哺乳动物化石包括了上新世至晚更新世各个层位,其中以早更新世的材料较多,有七种与泥河湾动物群是相同种;有4种与山西榆社、临猗和西侯度等地点的早更新世动物群是相同种。这说明三门峡地区早更新世动物群相当于维拉方晚期或中晚期。三门系属河湖沉积,但比黄河发育的历史为早,而黄河的沉积系贾福海等划分的第5层。为此,黄河形成的时间恐怕是早更新世之末或中更新世之初。     

贵州毕节麻窝口洞与智人伴生的长鼻类化石

最近在贵州毕节麻窝口洞发现了3枚古人类牙齿化石和伴生的哺乳动物群。其中,古人类牙齿经初步研究可归入解剖学上的现代人,而与古人类相伴的大、小哺乳动物化石,经初步鉴定共计8目20科43属53种。本文系统记述了该动物群中大哺乳动物的典型代表——长鼻类化石,共2属2种:东方剑齿象(Stegodon orientalis)和亚洲象(Elephas maximus)。麻窝口洞的长鼻类缺失我国南方早更新世的典型种类——中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)和华南剑齿象(Stegodon huananensis),具有从典型的中更新世大熊猫-剑齿象动物群(Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna)向晚更新世亚洲象动物群(Asian elephant fauna)过渡的特征。依动物群的性质和地貌地层的特征,毕节麻窝口洞的智人及伴生动物群的地质时代很可能为中更新世晚期或晚更新世早期,这与堆积物的光释光年代测定的初步结果(距今约11.2-17.8万年)基本吻合。麻窝口洞东方剑齿象与亚洲象的组合明显具有东洋界亚热带动物群的特点,指示温暖潮湿的气候,这些长鼻类与智人等生存于近水的森林和灌丛中,并镶嵌了一些草地。     

陕西大荔一早更新世哺乳动物群

陕西大荔县洛河下游后河村附近游河组之上黄褐色砂砾层中,发现一个很有意义的动物群.动物群中含有典型的第四纪哺乳动物化石,如似三门马 (Equus cf. sanmeniensis)、平额象 (Archidiskodon planifrons)、奥米加鼢鼠 (Myospalaxomegodon) 和复齿拟鼠兔 (Ochotonoides complicidens) 等.经过对动物群特点、岩相古地理及古气候的分析,并与华北、华南及欧洲同期对比,该动物群在时代上介于狭义泥河湾期与游河期之间,名为后河村期.     

广西崇左木榄山智人洞的鼠科化石

最近在广西崇左木榄山智人洞遗址采集到1件具有现代智人解剖特征初始状态的下颌骨和丰富的哺乳动物化石。啮齿类中的鼠科化石有锡金小鼠(Mus pahari)、中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco)、黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)、似德氏狨鼠(Hapalomys cf.H.delacouri)、笔尾树鼠(Chiropodomys gliroides)、社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)、针毛鼠(Niviventer fulvescens)、爱氏巨鼠(Leopoldamys edwardsi)、印度板齿鼠(Bandicota indica)、褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)和黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)共8属11种。这种全部由当地或邻近地区现生种类构成的组合显然比当地早更新世的三合大洞和川黔地区中更新世歌乐山期的鼠类组合进步, 而与广西田东雾云洞的鼠类组合相似, 其动物群的时代为晚更新世早期, 与不平衡铀系法得到的测年结果(距今约11万年)相吻合。智人洞鼠科动物的组合明显具有东洋界热带-亚热带动物群的特点, 其中林灌和草地型所占比例较大表明当时的森林面积可能减少、林灌和草地面积可能增加, 反映出当时的气候相对干旱。     

陕西蓝田锡水洞啮齿动物群的性质与时代

锡水洞啮齿动物化石共6科19属25种.其中大部分为东洋界种类,因此具有强烈的南方色彩;喜湿热的现生啮齿类占绝对优势,它反映了一个气候相对湿热的时期,表明锡水洞遗址当时具有亚热带森林环境.该啮齿动物群的时代为中更新世;它既可与南方歌乐山期各动物群直接对比,又可与北方周口店第一地点动物群对比,因此在研究南北动物群对比上具有重要意义;它的时代比公王岭动物群的晚,比陈家窝动物群的可能也稍晚.     

PLEISTOCENE HISTORY OF THE BRITISH VERTEBRATE FAUNA

• 1 This review covers the Pleistocene history of British non-marine Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia and especially Mammalia, which alone have a good fossil record. Aves are also briefly discussed.
• 2 The fossil material available is often inadequate for purposes of taxonomy and identification. Further problems arise because many groups of Mammalia have undergone rapid evolution during the Pleistocene.
• 3 In this paper the fossil record is related to the currently accepted stratigraphic table of the British Pleistocene (Shotton & West, 1969). Wherever possible, fossil records have been assigned to pollen assemblage zones. Throughout, emphasis is placed on the relationship between faunal history and vegetational history, as determined from fossil pollen and macroscopic plant remains.
• 4 Although fossils are relatively scarce in the fluviatile and lacustrine deposits of open sites, compared with the often rich cave assemblages, the stratigraphy of the former is usually much clearer and the sediments commonly contain pollen. It is difficult to correlate cave sequences with those of open sites.
• 5 It is important to take into account possible bias in a fossil assemblage according to its mode of accumulation, e.g. assemblages from occupation sites may represent only those animals which were hunted by man.
• 6 Lower Pleistocene vertebrates are rather poorly-known. The majority of fossils are from the marine Crags of East Anglia (Pre-Ludhamian to Pastonian) and a single cave assemblage of this age is known (Dove Holes). Few records can be related to particular stages, but a few finds from Easton Bavents are assigned to Antian and Baventian stages.
• 7 Early Middle Pleistocene vertebrates are represented mainly by the rich assemblages from the marine and fresh-water Weybourne Crag and Cromer Forest Bed Series (Baventian to Early Anglian) of Norfolk and Suffolk. The East Runton fauna appears to be of pre-Cromerian (?Pastonian) age. A good fauna is known from the type Cromerian deposits at West Runton (zone Cr 11). A few records are available for zone ?Cr III and one for the Early Anglian. The assemblages from other localities appear to represent more than one stage at each site, e.g. the so-called ‘Bacton Forest Bed’ fauna is composite, including both Cromerian and ?Pastonian taxa. Outside East Anglia one open site (Sugworth) and one cave fauna (Westbury) of probable Cromerian age are known.
• 8 Many of the fossils found in lacustrine and river-terrace deposits of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene glacial-interglacial succession (Anglian to present day) can be assigned to particular stages, zones or even subzones. Cave assemblages rarely predate the Ipswichian. No pre-Devensian records are available for either Scotland or Ireland. The Anglian fauna is very poorly known. The Hoxnian is represented principally by the Clacton (zone Ho IIb) and Swanscombe faunas. The Baker's Hole deposit, the basal gravels of the Summertown-Radley Terrace and the Glutton and Bear Strata in Tornewton Cave have yielded faunas of probable Wolstonian age. The early Ipswichian is poorly represented (Selsey), many fossils are known from zone Ip Iib (e.g. Trafalgar square, Swanton Morley, Aveley), there are a few records from early zone Ip III (Aveley, Swanton Morley) and fairly good faunas from zone Ip III/IV (Histon Road, Stutton). Several open and cave-site faunas resemble those of zones Ip II and Ip III and the assemblages from Ilford, Brundon, etc., appear to date from the end of this interglacial. The Early Devensian is represented by the Wretton fauna and probably by some cave faunas. Middle Devensian faunas are fairly well known (e.g. Upton Warren) and there are a number of records for the Late-Devensian (Ballybetagh, High Furlong, Nazeing). Many cave faunas date from the Middle or Late Devensian. Good faunas are available from the early Flandrian, zone F1 I (e.g. Star Carr). The present-day native fauna (zone F1 111) is also discussed.
• 9 The main faunal characteristics for each subdivision of the Pleistocene are summarized in the Conclusions. There is a major faunal change between the predominantly Tertiary fauna of the Red Crag Nodule Bed (Probably Pre-Ludhamian and older) and that of the Red Crag (Pre-Ludhamian and Ludhamian). There appears to have been comparatively little change in fauna through the rest of the Lower Pleistocene but the more intense climatic fluctuations of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene were accompanied by rapid faunal change and the appearance of characteristic ‘steppe-tundra’ faunas in the Wolstonian and Devensian cold stages. The Late-Devensian and Flandrian faunas are impoverished in comparison to earlier stages. This may be partly due to the activities of man as well as climatic and vegetational changes.
• 10 There is usually good agreement between fauna and vegetational conditions when these can be compared, but a few taxa (e.g. Cricetus cricetus, Equus) have clearly changed their ecological requirements during the Pleistocene. Changes of fauna in response to vegetational changes within interglacials are known from the Hoxnian and especially the Ipswichian. The ‘steppe-tundra’ vegetation of cold stages was accompanied by a mixture of animals nowadays extinct or living in either steppe or tundra.

     

A succession of Miocene rodent assemblages from fissure fillings in southern France: palaeoenvironmental interpretation and comparison with Spain

An Early to Late Miocene sequence of rodent assemblages from southern France has been quantitatively studied. The resulting pattern seems very similar to a contemporary sequence from central Spain (Calatayud–Teruel Basin). The fossil mammal-bearing localities are of different types: mainly karst infills in France and localities situated in sedimentary basins in Spain. In order to interpret the fossil record, a comparison has been made between southern France faunas of similar age but collected in karst infills and in basin deposits. There seems to be no difference between the two kinds of faunas and thus there is no indication that karst infills systematically give a picture of drier and more open environments. Both types of localities may give a similar relative abundance of taxa and when differences exist they can be attributed to local conditions. The comparison between southern France and the Calatayud–Teruel Basin (central Spain) shows that: (1) similar trends occurred in the two areas; (2) differences between spectra were more important during the late Early Miocene than during the Middle Miocene; (3) the shift between the late Early Miocene and the Middle Miocene environments in southern France does not seem to be correlated with a general drop in temperatures as inferred from the analysis of central Spain faunas.     

福建清流发现的人类牙齿化石

本文记述福建省境内首次发现的出自地层的古人类化石。标本为晚期智人的一枚左下第一臼齿。根据对化石产地的地质、地貌以及伴生哺乳动物化石种类的分析,表明其时代为晚更新世晚期。     

The Middle Pleistocene avifauna from Pinilla del Valle (Spain)

The middle Pleistocene bird fauna from Pinilla del Valle, Spain, comprises 20 taxa, several of which are reported for the first time from middle Pleistocene deposits of Spain. Today, these species inhabit a variety of habitats, including fresh water, woodland, shrubland, and various open environments. The species inhabiting the latter category are the most numerous.     

中国北方黄土地层中的哺乳动物群及在磁性地层中的位置

本文研究了中国黄土地层中有确切层位的哺乳动物化石记录,并进行了生物地层学与磁性地层学对比,将黄土地层中的动物化石归纳成如下哺乳动物群：早更新世（2．50─0．73Ma）：午城动物群（2．50─1．20Ma）、公王岭动物群（1．20─1．10Ma）和阳郭动物群（1．10─0．90Ma）、中更新世（0．73─0．13Ma）：陈家窝子动物群（0．73─0．40Ma）;晚更新世（0．13─0．01Ma）：柔远─靖远动物群（0．13─0．01Ma）;全新世（0．01Ma─Rec）:半坡动物群。结果表明：早更新世许多森林习性的化石动物虽然反映出气候较第三纪的寒冷,但比后期温暖湿润。中更新世出现了较多的草原、干旱草原习性的动物,气候更为寒冷干旱,森林逐渐减少或消失,草原或干旱草原得到发展;晚更新世出现的沙鼠、跳鼠等动物,表明气候更加寒冷、干旱,部分地区甚至沙化。