血浆激肽释放酶新底物PK—120的研究

血浆激肽释放酶新底物ＰＫ┐１２０的研究蒲小平（军事医学科学院基础医学研究所,北京１００８５０）关键词血浆激肽释放酶底物１．发现补体系统由２０余种血浆蛋白组成,在机体防御和炎症应答反应中起重要作用。１９８９年Ｈａｍｍｅｒ等在用Ｃ４ｂ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ...     

无载体酶稳定化——交联酶晶体

本文涉及到无载体稳定化问题,介绍无载体稳定化新方法－交联酶晶体（Ｃｒｏｓｓ－ＬｉｎｋｅｄＥｎｚｙｍｅＣｒｙｓｔａｌｓ,ＣＬＥＣｓ）它是近年发展起来的新型酶晶体催化剂,具有酶的一般特性,催化活性和选择性高,在温和条件下反应等,又具有非均相化学催化剂的操作稳定性高,易回收利用的特点,ＣＬＥＣｓ技术是将酶结晶技术和化学交联技术结合,提高酶抵抗极端条件以及有机溶剂中的稳定性,并广泛适应于各种各样的蛋白质及     

17β-雌二醇诱导血管内皮细胞一氧化氮释放及其与细胞内钙的关系

利用小牛胸主动脉内皮细胞（ＢＡＥＣｓ）作为模型,观察１７β－雌二醇（Ｅ２）ＢＡＥＣｓ一氧化氮（ＮＯ）释放、一氧化氮合酶（ｅＮＯＳ）ｍＲＮＡ表达和细胞内钙（〔Ｃａ＾２＋〕ｉ）的影响,以及雌激素受体（ＥＲ）拮抗剂ｔａｍｏｘｉｆｅｎ和ＮＯＳ抑制剂（Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ）的作用。结果显示,Ｅ２（１０＾－１２￣１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）呈尝试依赖性促进ＢＡＥＣｓ中ＮＯ的释放,以１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度Ｅ２处理ＢＡＥＣｓ     

疏水吸附性载体上附加基团对天冬氨酸酶性质的影响

６－氨基已酸和四乙烯基五胺通过高碘酸氧化法分别引入到邻甲苯胺基琼脂珠（ＴＡ）衍生物上,得到ＣＴＡ和ＡＴＡ,天冬氨酸酶在ｐＨ５．５,０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲液中,０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＣｌ存在下通过疏水吸附固定化在ＴＡ,ＣＴＡ和ＡＴＡ上。结果表明三种固定化酶活力回收均达９０％以上,同ＴＡ－天冬氨酸酶相比,ＣＴＡ－酶,ＡＴＡ－酶的最适ｐＨ,ｐＨ稳定性等均有所改变,其中ＡＴＡ－酶的热稳定性,使用稳定性增强     

海枣曲霉β—木糖苷酶的提纯和性质

从海枣曲霉麦麸培养物抽提液中,通过聚乙二醇６０００－磷酸钾缓冲液双水相分离,相继用Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００凝胶过滤、ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ａ－５０离子交换柱层析、羟基磷石吸附层析、ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ａ－５０离子交换层析、ＳＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｃ－５０离子交换层析以及最适温度为６５℃,在ｐＨ３．５－６．５之间稳定,酶保温３０分钟时的半失活温度（ｔ１／２）为６８℃。酶的分子量为９     

反相胶束体系中辣根过氧化物酶的活力和动力学性质

本文系统研究辣根过氧化物酶在ＣＴＡＢ／Ｈ２Ｏ／ＣＨＣ．３－ｉｓｏｏｃｔａｎｅ（１∶１,Ｖ／Ｖ）反相胶束体系中的催化行为。在一定条件下酶反符合Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｅｎ动力学。研究水含量、底物浓度、ＰＨ、温度、表面活性剂的浓度等对酶反应的影响,结果表明表面活性剂对酶表现非竞争性抑制作用,高浓度的过氧化氢抑制酶活,最适ＰＨ为７．０。在低水含量（Ｗ０＜５）的胶束体系中保温后,酶的活力发生不可逆的改     

番茄叶片胞外β—半乳糖苷酶的纯化和性质

健康或系统感染ＴＭＶ的番茄叶片胞外都存在高比活可溶性β－半乳糖苷酶。系统感染ＴＭＶ的番匣叶胞外提取液经冰冻干燥浓缩－２０℃丙酮沉淀、ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＣ－２５阳离子交换层析、ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－２５阴离子交换层析和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０凝胶层析纯化,获得ＰＡＧＥ和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ均一的β－半乳糖苷酶。该酶的分子量为７４ｋＤ,酶蛋白带能被过碘酸－Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ试剂染成档红色,属糖蛋白     

番茄叶片胞外β－半乳糖苷酶的纯化和性质

健康或系统感染ＴＭＶ的番茄叶片胞外都存在高比活可溶性β－半乳糖苷酶。系统感染ＴＭＶ的番茄叶胞外提取液经冰冻干燥浓缩、－２０℃丙酮沉淀、ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＣ－２５阳离子交换层析、ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－２５阴离子交换层析和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０凝胶层析纯化．获得ＰＡＧＥ和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ均一的β－半乳糖苷酶。该酶的分子量为７４ｋＤ．酶蛋白带能被过碘酸－Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ试剂染成桃红色,属糖蛋白。β－半乳精苷酶无论在健康或系统感染ＴＭＶ的番茄叶中,均为主要的胞外蛋白组分之一。     

番茄感染TMV诱导的β—1,3—葡聚糖酶的纯化和性质

番茄系统感染ＴＭＶ诱导叶胞外β－１,３－葡聚糖酶活性升高,番茄叶胞外提取液经冰冻干燥浓缩、－２０℃丙酮沉淀、ＣＭ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｃ－２５离子交换层析和ＰＢＥ９４聚焦层析纯化,获得ＰＡＧＥ和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ均一的β－１,３－葡聚糖酶,测得该酶的分子量为２２ｋＤ;以昆布多糖为底物,该酶的最适ｐＨ５．４,最适温度３０－４０℃;Ｋｍｔ Ｖｍａｘ值分别为５．６４ｍｇ／ｍｌ和０．３２８ｎｍｏｌ／ｓ。在感染     

用染料修饰吐温80液—固萃取体系从猪心肌匀浆液中分离纯化心肌黄酶

用三嗪类染料 Ｃｉｂａｃｒｏｎ Ｂｌｕｅ Ｆ３Ｇ－Ａ修饰的吐温８０,与吐温８０、硫酸被构成液－固萃取体系,从猪心肌匀浆液中分离纯化心肌黄酶。研究了吐温８０染料修饰物在吐温８０相中所占的比例、分相盐浓度、溶液的酸度、匀浆液的加入量等对匀浆液中酶及杂蛋白在两相中分配的影响。在室温条件下,酶选择性地进入吐温８０固相,杂蛋白主要留在盐水相。匀浆液中心肌黄酶的酶活力平均收得率为８１．４％,一步纯化倍数为６．６。降低盐浓度,提高盐水相酸度,能使酶从吐温８０固相反萃到盐水相。     

Regulation of hydrolase formation and phosphate release in turimycin fermentations

During the turimycin fermentation hydrolytic enzymes are excreted responsible for orthophosphate release from phosphate-containing dissolved and undissolved complex medium constituents. Following a phosphate-limited growth period the phosphate release leads to a second growth period (diauxic growth). Depending on the rate of phosphate release the length of the lag phase of diauxic growth changes in different fermentations. The resulting second growth period is correlated with a transient delay in the formation of turimycin, of phosphatases and of nucleases. The amylolytic activities are formed already within the first hours after the beginning of fermentations. Phosphatases, nucleases and protease are excreted parallel to turimycin formation after extracellular phosphate limitation in presence of ammonia and glucose. A special role of phosphate limitation initiating enzyme synthesis is proposed.     

The ATPase reaction cycle of yeast DNA topoisomerase II. Slow rates of ATP resynthesis and P(i) release

DNA topoisomerase II catalyzes the transport of one DNA duplex through a transient break in a second duplex using a complex ATP hydrolysis mechanism. Two key rates in the ATPase mechanism, ATP resynthesis and phosphate release, were investigated using 18O exchange and stopped-flow phosphate release experiments, respectively. The 18O exchange results showed that the rate of ATP resynthesis on the topoisomerase II active site was slow compared with the rate of phosphate release. When topoisomerase II was bound to DNA, phosphate was released slowly, with a lag. Since each of the preceding steps is known to occur rapidly, phosphate release is apparently a rate-determining step. The length of the lag phase was unaffected by etoposide, indicating that inhibiting DNA religation inhibits the ATPase reaction cycle at some step following phosphate release. By combining the 18O exchange and phosphate release results, the rate constant for ATP resynthesis can be calculated as approximately 0.5 s(-1). These data support the mechanism of sequential hydrolysis of two ATP by DNA topoisomerase II.     

Studies on the isolation of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli by aqueous two-phase partitioning

A method of enzyme release and aqueous two-phase extraction is described for the separation of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli cells. Butyl acetate, 12% (v/v), treatment combined with freeze-thawing gives up to 70% enzyme release. For polyethylene glycol (PEG) + phosphate two-phase extraction systems the enzyme purity and yield were rather low. Modified PEG, including PEG-ampicillin, PEG-aniline, PEG-phosphate, and PEG-trimethylamine, were synthesized and used in aqueous two-phase systems; PEG-trimethylamine is the most satisfactory. A system containing 12% (w/w) PEG4000, 8% (w/w) of which is PEG-trimethylamine, with 0.7M potasium phosphate at pH 7.2, resulted in the enzyme selective partition being greatly enhanced by charge directed effects. Possible mechanisms for the separation process are discussed. (c) 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The lability of an intermediate of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase reaction

Interruption of the catalytic cycle of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase by acid denaturation liberated an intermediate with a labile phosphate ester. Addition of fresh, buffered carboxylase enzyme to the acidified carboxylase reaction after 5 s inhibited phosphate release from the intermediate. Therefore, the species with a labile phosphate ester was stable for 5 s in acid and was apparently a substrate for the enzymatic reaction, since the labile intermediate was converted to a stable form by the protein. After acid denaturation, the carboxylated intermediate could be stabilized by reduction after 5 s in acid, but after 1 h no carboxylated intermediate remained. The stoichiometries of phosphate released to enzyme active sites and the carboxylated intermediate trapped to enzyme active sites were approximately 0.04. It was concluded that the labile phosphate species is probably the carboxylated intermediate rather than the enediol(ate) intermediate.The carboxylase and oxygenase reactions were probed for intermediates by the ability of the enzymatic reaction to reduce hexacyanoferrate(III), dichlorophenolindophenol, or nitroblue tetrazolium. Reduction of these reagents and hexacyanoferrate(III)-dependent paracatalytic inactivation were not observed. The copper chelate of lysine, a superoxide dismutase active species, did not selectively inhibit ribulose-bisphosphate oxygenase.     

Heterogeneous hydrolysis of substoichiometric ATP by the F1-ATPase from Escherichia coli.

The hydrolysis of 0.3 microM [alpha,gamma-32P]ATP by 1 microM F1-ATPase isolated from the plasma membranes of Escherichia coli has been examined in the presence and absence of inorganic phosphate. The rate of binding of substoichiometric substrate to the ATPase is attenuated by 2 mM phosphate and further attenuated by 50 mM phosphate. Under all conditions examined, only 10-20% of the [alpha,gamma-32P]ATP that bound to the enzyme was hydrolyzed sufficiently slowly to be examined in cold chase experiments with physiological concentrations of non-radioactive ATP. These features differ from those observed with the mitochondrial F1-ATPase. The amount of bound substrate in equilibrium with bound products observed in the slow phase which was subject to promoted hydrolysis by excess ATP was not affected by the presence of phosphate. Comparison of the fluxes of enzyme-bound species detected experimentally in the presence of 2 mM phosphate with those predicted by computer simulation of published rate constants determined for uni-site catalysis (Al-Shawi, M.D., Parsonage, D. and Senior, A.E. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 15376-15383) showed that hydrolysis of substoichiometric ATP observed experimentally was clearly biphasic. Less than 20% of the substoichiometric ATP added to the enzyme was hydrolyzed according to the published rate constants which were calculated from the slow phase of product release in the presence of 1 mM phosphate. The majority of the substoichiometric ATP added to the enzyme was hydrolyzed with product release that was too rapid to be detected by the methods employed in this study, indicating again that the F1-ATPase from E. coli and bovine heart mitochondria hydrolyze substoichiometric ATP differently.     

Calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase: complex kinetic mechanism,hydrolysis of 7-methylguanosine,and oligomeric state in solution

The active enzyme form was found to be a homotrimer, no active monomers were observed. Only in the presence of an extremely high orthophosphate concentration (0.5 M) or at a low enzyme concentration (0.2 microg/ml) with no ligands present a small fraction of the enzyme is probably in a dissociated and/or non-active form. The specific activity is invariant over a broad enzyme concentration range (0.017 microg/ml-0.29 mg/ml). At concentrations below 0.9 microg/ml and in the absence of ligands the enzyme tends to loose its catalytic activity, while in the presence of any substrate or at higher concentrations it was found to be active as a trimer. In the absence of phosphate the enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of 7-methylguanosine (m7Guo) with a catalytic rate constant 1.3x10(-3) x s(-1) as compared with the rate of 38 s(-1) for the phosphorolysis of this nucleoside. The initial pre-steady-state phase of the phosphorolysis of m7Guo, 70 s(-1), is almost twice faster than the steady-state rate and indicates that the rate-limiting step is subsequent to the glycosidic bond cleavage. Complex kinetic behaviour with substrates of phosphorolytic direction (various nucleosides and orthophosphate) was observed; data for phosphate as the variable substrate with inosine and guanosine, but not with their 7-methyl counterparts, might be interpreted as two binding sites with different affinities, or as a negative cooperativity. However, the titration of the enzyme intrinsic fluorescence with 0.2 microM-30 mM phosphate is consistent with only one dissociation constant for phosphate, K(d)=220+/-120 microM. Protective effects of ligands on the thermal inactivation of the enzyme indicate that all substrates of the phosphorolytic and the synthetic reactions are able to form binary complexes with the calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase. The purine bases, guanine and hypoxanthine, bind strongly with dissociation constants of about 0.1 microM, while all other ligands studied, including 7-methylguanine and 7-methylhypoxanthine, bind at least 3 orders of magnitude less potently. Binding of guanine and hypoxanthine is about 10-fold weakened by the presence of phosphate. These observations are best interpretable by the complex kinetic mechanism of the phosphorolytic reaction involving (i) random substrate binding, (ii) unusually slow, hence strongly rate-limiting, dissociation of the products guanine and hypoxanthine, but not 7-methylguanine and 7-methylhypoxanthine, and (iii) dual function of the phosphate binding site with phosphate acting as a substrate and as a modifier helping in the release of a purine base after glycosidic bond cleavage.     

Sequential processes of phosphate limitation and of phosphate release in streptomycin fermentations

The significance of the sequential processes of phosphate limitation and of phosphate release from medium constituents is demonstrated in technical streptomycin fermentations. The phosphate limitation initiated the streptomycin synthesis as well as the formation of phosphatases and protease. In later periods of the process the phosphate release influences especially the enzyme formation.     

Bovine lenticular gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase: reaction sequence.

The sequence of substrate addition and product release during the reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase was investigated with purified enzyme from bovine lens. Thermal inactivation and kinetic studies suggest that L-glutamate is the first substrate to bind to the enzyme. L-beta-Chloroalanine was used as the L-cysteine analogue. Utilizing substrate activation and product inhibition studies, the following reaction sequence was determined: L-glutamate binding. ATP binding, ADP release, L-beta-chloroalanine binding, followed by inorganic phosphate and then dipeptide release. The implications of this mechanism with regard to control of the enzyme in situ and its importance in glutathione synthesis are discussed.     

Phosphorus release by pure cultures of Acinetobacter sp. : effect of the growth stage with cells cultivated on various carbon sources

In order to understand biological phosphorus removal mechanisms, the role of growth stage and volatile fatty acids (VFA) on phosphate release in the anaerobic stage of P removal by three Acinetobacter strains was investigated. The phosphate release in anaerobic conditions was affected by the physiological state of cells and by the carbon source used. When the experiments were made with stationary growth phase cells, the release of phosphate was higher for all three strains cultured on acetic, propionic and butyric acid. Cells showed a limit to the amount of phosphate that could be released from total phosphate accumulated. Only 5–38% of P accumulated by the log cells and 18–58% of total P accumulated by stationary cells could be released. The ratio between the amount of P released and organic substrate removed under anaerobic condition varies depending on VFA types and tested strains.     

Engineering E. coli Alkaline Phosphatase Yields Changes of Catalytic Activity, Thermal Stability and Phosphate Inhibition

To investigate the function of aspartic acid residue 101 and arginine residue 166 in the active site of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (EAP), two single mutants D101S (Asp 101 →Ser) and R166K (Arg 166 →Lys) and a double mutant D101S/R166K of EAP were generated through site-directed mutagenesis based on over-lap PCR method. Their enzymatic kinetic properties, thermal stabilities and possible reaction mechanism were explored. In the presence of inorganic phosphate acceptor, 1 M diethanolamine buffer, the k cat for D101S mutant enzyme increased 10-fold compared to that of wild-type EAP. The mutant R166K has a 2-fold decrease of k cat relative to the wild-type EAP, but the double mutant D101S/R166K was in the middle of them, indicative of an additive effect of these two mutations. On the other hand, the catalytic efficiencies of mutant enzymes are all reduced because of a substantial increase of K m values. All three mutants were more resistant to phosphate inhibitor than the wild-type enzyme. The analysis of the kinetic data suggests that (1) the D101S mutant enzyme obtains a higher catalytic activity by allowing a faster release of the product; (2) the R166K mutant enzyme can reduce the binding of the substrate and phosphate competitive inhibitor; (3) the double mutant enzyme has characteristics of both quicker catalytic turnover number and decreased affinity for competitive inhibitor. Additionally, pre-steady-state kinetics of D101S and D101S/R166K mutants revealed a transient burst followed by a linear steady state phase, obviously different from that of wild-type EAP, suggesting that the rate-limiting step has partially change from the release of phosphate from non-covalent E-Pi complex to the hydrolysis of covalent E-Pi complex for these two mutants.