Determinate Floral Buds of Plantain (Musa AAB) as a Site of Adventitious Shoot Formation

Floral buds of the ‘False Horn’ plantain clonesMusa (AAB) ‘Harton Verde’, ‘Harton Negra’,and ‘Currare’ terminate in a large single floralstructure. The apices of these floral buds are here designatedas determinate since they have lost the ability to produce additionalfloral initials or buds. Terminal peduncle segments can be culturedin a modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplementedwith N⁶-benzyl-aminopurine (5 mg I^–1). Under these conditions,this apparent inability to yield buds can be overcome as vegetativeshoot clusters form in the axils of the bracts. Rooted plantletsare obtainable by treating shoots with naphthaleneacetic acid(1 mg I^–1) and activated charcoal (0.025%). The adventitiousorigin of the shoots has been established. Musa cultivars, plantains, floral bud, adventitious buds, tissue culture     

'过山香'香蕉胚性悬浮细胞原生质体分离的方法研究

目的:研究不同的方法对‘过山香'胚性悬浮细胞原生质体分离的影响,筛选最适合用于‘过山香'香蕉胚性悬浮细胞原生质体分离的方案.方法:用不同浓度、不同组合的酶液对‘过山香'原生质体进行分离,并对酶液的甘露醇含量、pH值进行调节.结果:3.0%纤维素酶R-10+0.2%果胶酶Y-23的是最佳酶组合;酶解8 h、酶液中含0.41 M甘露醇、酶液pH值为5.3时,获得原生质体产量最高.结论:合适的酶组合、酶解时间、酶液的渗透压和pH值对‘过山香'香蕉胚性悬浮细胞原生质体的分离有明显的促进作用.     

Regeneration of plants from alginate-encapsulated somatic embryos of banana cv. Rasthali (Musa SPP. AAB Group)

Summary Somatic embryos of banana cv. Rasthali (AAB genomic group) were encapsulated in 5% sodium alginate to produce synthetic seeds. The frequency of germination of ecapsulated embryos varied considerably on different gel matrices and substrates used for plant development. Maximum conversion frequency of 66% was noted from encapsulated embryos cultured on MS medium. Plantlets developed from synthetic seeds were successfully trnasferred to soil.     

Clonal Fidelity and Variation in Plantain (Musa AAB) Regenerated from Vegetative Stem and Floral Axis Tips in vitro

Recognition of a phenotypically distinct 'French-type' plantain(Musa AAB) designated 'Superplatano' (Superplantain) promptedevaluation of in vitro micropropagation as a means of generatingsufficient numbers of plants for field evaluation in three locationsin Puerto Rico. A multi-faceted study designed to evaluate relationshipsbetween different aseptic culture procedures and morphologicalorigins of primary explants was carried out. Vegetative budsfrom various positions relative to the mother corm (definedby cardinal points on the compass) and explants from the floralaxis of 'Maricongo' (the 'False-Horn', or florally determinatetype 'progenitor' of 'Superplatano'), and 'Superplatano' (a'French-type') were used as starting materials. Responses underfield conditions were studied using a number of parameters includingyield of commercially marketable fruits. We compared four populationsof shoots, each of which derived from at least three differentshoots from within one mat, shoots derived from vegetative andfloral material from the same mat for both 'Maricongo' and 'Superplatano',and shoots derived from a number of floral buds of the sameclone ('Maricongo') all of which were in culture for the samelength of time. 'Superplatano' was stable whether from vegetativecorm or floral bud apex. This shows conclusively that if thestarting point in the micropropagation process is a stable Musaclone, our tissue culture procedure is reliable. Considerablevariation in bunch phenotype was observed, however, in plantsregenerated from ten of 12 shoot and floral meristems startedfrom the 'False-Horn'-type 'Maricongo'. Change from 'False-Horn'-type(determinate) to 'French'-phenotype (indeterminate) was evidentin each of the three locations. Frequency of bunch reversionvaried from 0·4 to 100%, but was confined to individualoriginating stem tips rather than clones. The most dramaticbunch phenotypic change occurred in plants regenerated fromclone 3. All plants regenerated from shoot 3-North bore 100%'French-type' bunches. However, reversion in plants regeneratedfrom shoot 3-West was only 1·8%, and no bunch phenotypicchange was observed in plants from shoot 3-East. Plants regeneratedfrom both shoot and male floral axis tips in 'Maricongo' clone4 also bore 'French-type' bunches. Frequency of bunch reversionfrom shoot 4-East was 0·4% as compared to 2·6%from 4-floral. Bunch reversion occurred at the frequency of2·0% when plants were regenerated from clone 6-floral.No bunch reversion was observed in plants regenerated from asingle shoot tip in clones 1-West and 5-floral. No dwarfismwas encountered in any of the tissue culture-derived plants.We conclude that tissue culture per se plays a very small role,if any, in the direct induction of off-types. Pre-existing characteristicsof the primary explant determines whether products of a multiplicationshow fidelity or not. Our data suggest that 'Maricongo' is achimera and that 'Superplatano' is revertant off-type that resultswhen breakdown of the chimera occurs. Large numbers of stable'Superplatano' were produced from unstable 'Maricongo' and thisaffirms the value of micropropagation for generation of cloneswith desirable bunch phenotype.Copyright 1993, 1999 AcademicPress Musa, plantains, bananas, tissue culture, clonal multiplication, somaclonal variation, phenotype     

Field Evaluation of Selected Formulations of Beauveria bassiana for the Management of the Banana Weevil ( Cosmopolites sordidus ) on Plantain ( Musa spp., AAB Group)

Field experiments were undertaken to determine the efficacy of two formulations of Beauveria bassiana isolate IMI331094 against the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus . Oil palm kernel cake-based formulation of conidia (OPKC-C) and conidial powder (CP) were applied to the planting holes and suckers. After artificial weevil release, OPKC-C and CP gave the same high level of weevil mortality (75%) compared with only 1% in the untreated control. Under natural levels of weevil infestation, 42% of weevils collected from suckers treated with OPKC-C died compared with 6% and 3% weevil mortality for CP and the untreated control, respectively. None of the suckers treated with OPKC-C died during the study period (60 days) while 17% and 19% of suckers from the CP treatment and the untreated control respectively, were killed. A study on the spread of fungal conidia using artificially infected and non-infected adult weevils showed a possible dissemination of B. bassiana conidia from infected weevils up to 18 m from the release point. On the basis of these results, the isolate IMI330194 of B. bassiana could clearly play a key role in the management of C. sordidus adults on plantain.     

美蕉的组织培养 (简报)

以美蕉吸芽苗的生长点为外植体,在MS 6-BA 4mg/L NAA 0.5mg/L培养基上诱导产生不定芽的效果最好;在MS 6-BA 3~4mg/L NAA 0.5mg/L分化培养基上分化率达2~3倍;在1/2MS NAA 1mg/L KT 0.1mg/L生根培养基中生根率达100%。     

影响体胚发生途径香蕉(Musa spp.,AAB Group)植株再生的因素

香蕉品种‘Agbagaba'和‘Orishele'的胚性细胞悬浮系(ECS)在液体培养基中分别预培养1和2周后,将其接种在RD1和M3培养基上,于光照或黑暗条件下进行体胚的再生.从沉积细胞体积(SCV)为1 mL(1 mL SCV)的ECS获得的再生体胚数量因预培养时间、再生培养基的种类及培养条件的不同而异.植株的再生率及从1 mL SCV的ECS获得的再生植株数量也受上述体胚再生条件的间接影响.     

The Efficiency of Natural and Artificial Pollinators in Plantain (Musaspp. AAB group) Hybridization and Seed Production

Plantain-derived tetraploid hybrids are routinely crossed inMusabreedingprogrammes with diploidMusaaccessions for the efficient generationof putative triploid hybrid seed. However, natural open pollinationof these same tetraploid hybrids also consistently generatesviable seed. The mean germination rate of such open pollinatedseed was observed to be higher than that of seed generated fromartificial pollinations. This may suggest that tetraploidMusahybridsplayed a much more important role in the evolution of triploidMusalandracesthan previously considered. Moreover, the elite performanceof certain hybrids generated through such open pollination offerspossibilities of newMusabreeding paradigms. The inferences ofthese observations forMusaevolution and the implications forMusabreedingare discussed.Copyright 1997 Annals of Botany Company Banana; hybrid seed; Musa; open pollination; plantain; polycross; synthetic     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: In vitro somatic embryogenesis from immature female flower of Musa AAB cv. Chenichampa and molecular analysis of transcript factors (TFs) during somatic embryogenesis

Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) - Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process where somatic embryos can form differentiated tissues and regenerate into new plants. Efficient SE and liquid...     

Highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of banana cv. Rasthali (AAB) via sonication and vacuum infiltration

A reproducible and efficient transformation method was developed for the banana cv. Rasthali (AAB) via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of suckers. Three-month-old banana suckers were used as explant and three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA105, EHA101, and LBA4404) harboring the binary vector pCAMBIA1301 were used in the co-cultivation. The banana suckers were sonicated and vacuum infiltered with each of the three A. tumefaciens strains and co-cultivated in the medium containing different concentrations of acetosyringone for 3 days. The transformed shoots were selected in 30 mg/l hygromycin-containing selection medium and rooted in rooting medium containing 1 mg/l IBA and 30 mg/l hygromycin. The presence and integration of the hpt II and gus genes into the banana genome were confirmed by GUS histochemical assay, polymerase chain reaction, and southern hybridization. Among the different combinations tested, high transformation efficiency (39.4 ± 0.5% GUS positive shoots) was obtained when suckers were sonicated and vacuum infiltered for 6 min with A. tumefaciens EHA105 in presence of 50 μM acetosyringone followed by co-cultivation in 50 μM acetosyringone-containing medium for 3 days. These results suggest that an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into banana has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for future studies on transferring economically important genes into banana.     

In vitro antioxidant activity of banana (Musa spp. ABB cv. Pisang Awak)

The methanolic extract of Musa ABB cv Pisang Awak was investigated for the polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activity. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the fruit extract were found to be 120 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and 440 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g of sample dry weight, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the Pisang Awak methanol extract (PAME) (20-500 microg/ml) was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing capacity, 2-2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation decolourization and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity (OH*). The EC50 values of DPPH, ABTS and OH* activities of the PAME and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) were found to be 65 and 9 microg/ml, 29 and 6 microg/ml, 36 and 42 microg/ml respectively. The reducing capacity increased with increasing concentration (31.5-1000 mg/ml) of the fruit extract and the activity was comparable with the standard BHT. The high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of the extract revealed the presence of polyphenols. The strong and positive correlations were obtained between total phenol/flavonoid contents (R2 = 0.693-1.0) and free radical scavenging ability was attributed to the polyphenols as the major antioxidants.     

Retraction Note to: In vitro somatic embryogenesis from immature female flower of Musa AAB cv. Chenichampa and molecular analysis of transcript factors (TFs) during somatic embryogenesis

Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) - This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-020-01912-4     

Plant regeneration from embryogenic suspension cultures of Musa acuminata cv. Mas (AA)

Embryogenic callus was established using immature male flower of Musa acuminata cv. Mas. After 5–6 months of culture, embryogenic callus was obtained at 21.75±11.9 from 750 immature male flower clusters with translucent somatic embryos proliferated from the whitish friable callus. It was observed that flower clusters ranging from 4 to 11 responded to form embryogenic callus and out of which 3–10 somatic embryos were formed per flower cluster. Embryogenic callus were obtained at a percentage of 10.00±0.3 on M1 medium initially supplemented with 18 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 3 months and subsequently transferred to the same media with reduced 2,4-D (9 M) for the next 2–3 months. Embryos developed into translucent spheres and slightly torpedo shaped embryos in suspension cultures. Plantlets were obtained on medium M4 supplemented with 0.8M BA, at an average regeneration rate of 13.00±0.58.     

Comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic diversity among plantain landraces (Musa spp., AAB group)

Genetic diversity amongst 76 plantain landraces has been studied using RAPD analysis at two levels of intensity and compared with groupings based on phenotypic indices and morphotype. There was a good correlation (R²=0.78) between estimates of genetic diversity based on 76 RAPD bands and 164 RAPD bands. However, there was a poor correlation between RAPD-based estimates of genetic diversity and a phenotypic index based on agronomic characters. There was also a poor correlation between RAPD analyses and morphotype group (based on bunch type and stature). These results suggest that the traditional designations of plantain landraces based on morphotype do not provide a true reflection of overall genetic divergence. Similarly, classification systems using phenotypic indices based on agronomic characters may not provide accurate taxonomic differentiation. The level of genetic divergence within morphogroups based on bunch type suggests that True Horn plantains are derived from False Horn plantains which in turn are derived from French plantains. Genetic divergence was found to be generally quite low within the plantain landrace genepool, which is consistent with the proposed evolution of this germplasm through somatic mutation of a relatively small number of introductions. However, putative synonyms/duplicates have been shown to be genetically distinct. In contrast, a group of 12 landraces have been identified that are highly distinct from one another (showing 20–35% dissimilarity). Fertile members of this group may be useful for generating genetically diverse 2x and 4x breeding populations that can be used in breeding secondary triploid hybrid plantain varieties. Received: 8 January 2000 / Accepted: 2 March 2000     

Centrifugation Assisted Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Transformation (CAAT) of embryogenic cell suspensions of banana (Musa spp. Cavendish AAA and Lady finger AAB)

Centrifugation-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (CAAT) protocol, developed using banana cultivars from two economically important genomic groups (AAA and AAB) of cultivated Musa, is described. This protocol resulted in 25-65 plants/50mg of settled cell volume of embryogenic suspension cells, depending upon the Agrobacterium strain used, and gave rise to hundreds of morphologically normal, transgenic plants in two banana cultivars from the two genomic groups. Development of a highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for a recalcitrant species like banana, especially the Cavendish group (AAA) cultivars, required the identification and optimisation of the factors affecting T-DNA delivery and subsequent plant regeneration. We used male-flower-derived embryogenic cell suspensions of two banana cultivars (Cavendish and Lady Finger) and Agrobacterium strains AGL1 and LBA4404, harbouring binary vectors carrying hpt (hygromycin phosphotransferase) and gusA (-glucuronidase) or nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase) and a modified gfp (green fluorescent protein) gene in the T-DNA, to investigate and optimise T-DNA delivery and tissue culture variables. Factors evaluated included pre-induction of Agrobacterium, conditions and media used for inoculation and co-cultivation, and the presence of acetosyringone and Pluronic F68 in the co-cultivation media. One factor that led to a significant enhancement in transformation frequency was the introduction of a centrifugation step during co-cultivation. Post co-cultivation liquid-media wash and recovery step helped avoid Agrobacterium overgrowth on filters supporting suspension culture cells. Marker-gene expression and molecular analysis demonstrated that transgenes integrated stably into the banana genome. T-DNA:banana DNA boundary sequences were amplified and sequenced in order to study the integration profile.     

The effect of headspace renewal in a Temporary Immersion Bioreactor on plantain (Musa AAB) shoot proliferation and quality

The positive effect of ventilation of the culture container on in vitro shoot proliferation and quality was already proven for different species. Hereafter we report on the evolution of the headspace during in vitro culture of plantain in a Temporary Immersion Bioreactor (TIB) on the one hand, and culture on semi-solid medium on the other hand. The CO₂ and C₂H₄ concentration reached a maximum of 12% and 0.45 μl l⁻¹, respectively in the control treatment on semi-solid medium, compared to 5.7% CO₂ and 0.06 μl l⁻¹ C₂H₄ in TIB. The minimal O₂-concentration on semi-solid medium was 15.1%, compared to 19.3% in TIB. The multiplication rate was best in TIB, 6.4 compared to 4.3 in semi-solid conditions, and this was also the case for shoot height (4.3 cm compared to 3.3 cm), and leaf number (2.6 compared to 1.6). Moreover shoots produced on semi-solid medium showed distorted leaves. A typical day-night pattern in CO₂ and O₂ concentration was observed in TIB, as well as on semi-solid medium; this is illustrative for the photosynthetic capacity of the plant material produced in both systems.