草莓品种灰霉病抗性田间鉴定

调查了160个草莓品种对灰霉病的田间抗、感病情况,结果表明,草莓品种对灰霉病均无免疫能力,但品种之间的抗、感病程度有差异,抗病性较强的品种为硕蜜,感病率为4．8％,感病率最高的品种为绥陵,达66．7％。筛选出硕蜜、83-11、益芳、明宝、83—21等7个品种(系)表现为高抗(HR)。高抗品种中,生长势以中偏强、株态以半直立至半开张较多。     

枣种质缩果病抗性多样性研究

为充分发掘抗缩果病枣种质资源,对保存于河北沧县（2006年~2009年,77个品种）及山西太原（2006年~2007年,53个品种）和山西太谷（2006年,231个品种）的共268个枣品种资源进行了田间缩果病抗性调查。结果表明,枣品种间缩果病抗性差异显著,其中病果率变幅为0%~66.18%、变异系数为2.01,病情指数变幅为0%~55.06%、变异系数为2.46;同一品种的发病程度因年份和地点不同而有明显差异。根据在发病严重的沧县枣资源圃连续4年（2006~2009）的观测结果,枣品种的缩果病抗性可分为高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感5类,相应的平均缩果率分别为5%以下、5%~10%、10%~15%、15%~25%和25%以上;在沧县的77个品种中,表现高抗、抗病、中抗、感病、高感的品种分别占调查总数的80.52%,2.60%,7.79%,6.49%和2.60%。在我国主栽枣树品种中,金丝小枣、圆铃枣、长红、冬枣等为高抗品种,婆枣、壶瓶枣为高感品种。本研究表明,我国有着非常丰富的抗缩果病枣树种质资源。     

亚蔬中心绿豆品种(系)抗白粉病评价

采用苗期人工接种鉴定法,在大棚种植条件下对12个亚蔬中心(AVRDC)绿豆品种白粉病抗性进行了鉴定评价。结果显示,VC1560C、V4785和VC2768A三个品种高抗(HR)白粉病,VC6173-14、V1132为中抗(MR)白粉病品种。其它品种对白粉病表现高度感病。在田间种植条件下对亚蔬中心16个抗豆象回交9代品系(BC9)进行了成株期白粉病抗性鉴定。与对照感病品种 VC1973、VC1178A 相比,VC6459-3-6-37和 VC6458-6-3-16对白粉病具有一定抗性,但白粉病感染程度仍很严重,其它14个 BC9品系均对白粉病表现高度感病。     

玉米种质和新品种对腐霉茎腐病和镰孢穗腐病的抗性分析

玉米是我国最重要的农作物之一,腐霉茎腐病和镰孢穗腐病是玉米生产上的重要病害。2006-2012年期间,对1647份玉米种质进行了抗肿囊腐霉茎腐病和拟轮枝镰孢穗腐病鉴定,筛选出高抗茎腐病和穗腐病的种质分别为564份和27份,占鉴定总材料的34.2%和1.6%,抗性材料分别为209份和352份,占比为12.7%和21.4%,表明高抗肿囊腐霉茎腐病的资源较为丰富,高抗镰孢穗腐病的种质相对匮乏。其中,13份种质对2种病害均表现高抗,207份种质对2种病害均表现抗性或对其中一种表现高抗而另一种表现抗性。自交系中对肿囊腐霉茎腐病和拟轮枝镰孢穗腐病表现抗性以上(含HR和R)的种质分别占总鉴定种质的56.5%和23.6%,在农家种中分别为21.2%和21.4%,表明玉米自交系中的抗性资源较农家种丰富。2009-2013年期间参加国家玉米区试的品种中,对腐霉茎腐病表现高抗、抗性、中抗、感病和高感的品种分别占11.5%、11.9%、40.1%、17.6%和18.9%。2009-2011年间,中抗以上的育成品种所占比例呈现明显上升趋势,但2012-2013年间,中抗以上的品种所占比例呈下降趋势。     

红麻种质资源根结线虫病抗性鉴定

为鉴定我国红麻种质资源对根结线虫病的抗病性,在对120份红麻遗传资源进行田间自然发病鉴定的基础上,选择25份有代表性(22份高抗和3份感病)的种质进行盆栽根结线虫病接种鉴定。田间自然发病鉴定结果:120份红麻遗传资源中5个高感、19个中感、25个中抗、71个高抗;其侵染的根结线虫主要为南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)、爪哇根结线虫(Meloidogyne javanica)和花生根结线虫(Meloidogyne arenria)的混合种群。进行盆栽接种鉴定的25份遗传资源中,7份为中抗,其余分别为中感和高感品种,未发现高抗或免疫品种。本研究可为红麻种质资源发掘利用提供科学依据。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种对两种镰孢菌（Fusarium）的抗性鉴定

为掌握我国黄淮麦区主推或新近选育小麦品种对假禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium pseudograminearum)和禾谷镰孢菌(F.graminearum)的抗性水平,采用室内苗期接种法和田间穗期单花滴注接种法对黄淮麦区主推或新近选育的135份小麦品种进行了抗性评价。结果表明,供试小麦品种中,对假禾谷镰孢菌和禾谷镰孢菌没有免疫(I)和高抗(HR)的品种。在室内苗期接种条件下,对假禾谷镰孢菌仅有3个品种表现中抗(MR),占供试品种的2.59%,表现感病(S)的品种有10个,占8.62%,103个小麦品种表现高感(HS),占88.79%;对禾谷镰孢菌表现中抗(MR)的小麦品种有23个,占供试的19.83%,表现感病(S)的品种有50个,占43.10%,43个品种表现高感(HS),占37.07%。在田间穗期单花滴注接种条件下,对假禾谷镰孢菌表现抗病(R)的品种有6个,占5.17%,表现中抗(MR)的品种有10个,占8.62%,表现中感(MS)的品种有62个,占53.45%,表现感病(S)的有34个,表现高感(HS)的有4个品种;对禾谷镰孢菌仅苏麦3号1个品种表现抗病(R,0.86%),囤麦127和丰德存1号表现中抗(MR,1.72%),37个品种表现中感(MS),49个品种表现感病(S),26个品种表现高感(HS)。供试小麦品种对两种镰孢菌不同时期的抗性表现存在明显差异,室内苗期接种条件下,抗假禾谷镰孢菌的品种少;而田间穗期单花滴注接种条件下,抗禾谷镰孢菌的品种少。     

抗花叶病烟草种质资源的鉴定与筛选

本研究以不同来源、不同类型的46个烟草品种为试验材料,进行抗烟草普通花叶病（TMV）特性的田间鉴定和分子鉴定,为筛选抗病烟草种质奠定基础。结果表明,22个品种的烟草抗TMV特性田间鉴定结果与前人鉴定结果基本相同,从24个前人未鉴定的烟草品种中初步筛选出14个中抗品种,8个中感品种和2个感病品种;通过抗TMV基因（CN）的特异引物进行扩增,36个烟草品种的基因组DNA具有特异性片段;通过分子鉴定和田间鉴定的结果比较,62.9%的具有CN或其同源基因的烟草品种田间鉴定表现为中抗或高抗,83.3%的具有CN或其同源基因的选育烟草品种田间鉴定表现为中抗或高抗;结合两种方法,初步确定了3个中感品种和11个中抗品种。     

湖南省草莓灰霉病的发生与防治

为了解湖南省保护地草莓灰霉病的发生与防治情况,2013年2~4月对位于湖南省湘南的郴州、衡阳,湘东的长沙、株洲、湘潭,湘中的邵阳,湘北的岳阳、湘西的怀化等地区的保护地灰霉病的发生和防治情况进行了调查。结果表明:1各调查地区草莓灰霉病普遍发生,但发生严重程度存在差别,其中湘中邵阳市大兴村的病果率和病情指数最高达到46.67%和6.34,湘南衡阳师古村病果率次之,但并不严重,其他地区病果率和病情指数均呈正相关;2连作棚年限越长,病害发生越严重;轮作棚草莓灰霉病的发生相对较轻,病果率介于9%~14%之间,而且病害发生也不严重;3不同草莓品种抗病能力不同,中章姬品种的草莓病果率和病情指数较低,其次为法兰地、红颜品种的草莓和丰香品种的草莓病果率和病情指数相当,甜查理的病果率和病情指数最高,发病最严重;4定植时期早晚对草莓灰霉病的发生有影响,其中9月上中旬定植草莓灰霉病病果率和病情指数均较高;9月下旬至10月上旬定植病害的发生相对较轻;10月中旬及其以后定植不仅抗寒效果差,而且产果慢,经济效益差;5不同大棚类型也影响草莓灰霉病发生的轻重,其中全封闭立柱拱棚的病果率和病情指数最高为38%和5.87,简易连栋拱棚次之,拱形单栋式拱棚和无立柱半封闭拱棚相当,日光智能温室大棚发生最轻;6当前,湖南省防治草莓灰霉病使用最多的药剂是腐霉利,多菌灵次之,其他农药依据所占调查比例的高低依次为甲基托布津、嘧菌环胺、咯菌腈、异菌脲、多抗霉素、甲基嘧菌。首次对湖南省保护地草莓灰霉病发生情况的调查,其结果将为进一步开展湖南省保护地草莓灰霉病的系统研究和防控奠定基础。     

我国蚕豆品种资源对细菌性茎疫病的抗性鉴定

1998～1999年对156份蚕豆品种(系)进行抗蚕豆细菌性茎疫病鉴定,其中表现免疫的材料有11个,占7．05%,高抗和抗病的品种108个,占69．22%,感病和高感品种37个,占23．72％。结果表明,不同地理来源的品种,不同株高及粒重的材料抗性有差异。     

不同灰霉病抗性苹果果实中酚类物质代谢特征

以‘秦冠’、‘富士’、‘金冠’苹果果实为材料,通过对损伤接种灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers)后果肉组织酚类代谢主要产物和相关酶活性变化的分析测定,揭示苹果采后酚类物质代谢与灰霉病抗性的关系,为苹果灰霉病抗性鉴定和筛选抗灰霉病苹果资源提供理论指导。结果表明:(1)接种灰葡萄孢菌后,3个苹果品种的果实灰霉病发病率和病斑直径大小均为‘秦冠’‘富士’‘金冠’,而且3个品种间的发病率和病斑直径均差异显著,各品种对灰霉病的抗性由强到弱依次为‘秦冠’‘富士’‘金冠’。(2)抗病品种‘秦冠’果肉组织中类黄酮、木质素含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均显著高于感病品种‘富士’和‘金冠’,但总酚含量为‘秦冠’‘金冠’‘富士’,且3品种间总酚含量差异显著。研究表明,抗病苹果品种通过调节果肉内酚类物质代谢,增强次生代谢能力,其中类黄酮和木质素含量的增加强化了果实的抗性反应,进而提高对灰霉病的抗性,但总酚含量与植物抗病性关系不大。     

花椰菜幼苗抗黑腐病的生理机制研究

以对黑腐病抗性不同的2个花椰菜(B rassica oleracea var.botry tis)品种为材料,研究了花椰菜苗期抵抗黑腐病的生理机制。结果表明:接种7 d后,黑腐病菌(X anthom onas camp estris pv.C amp estris)的侵入导致花椰菜幼苗干物质积累下降,抗病品种‘雪峰’的下降幅度明显低于感病品种‘2003X-106’,这与接种3 d后雪峰的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量等下降较慢有关。病原菌侵染后,2个品种叶片的可溶性糖含量均有增加,但是抗病品种‘雪峰’的增幅较感病品种‘2003X-106’低;‘雪峰’叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量在接种后逐渐降低,而‘2003X-106’却逐渐增加;接种后,‘雪峰’叶片的IAA和M e-JA含量均上升,ABA则显著降低,而‘2003X-106’的IAA含量降低,ABA显著增加,M e-JA则在接种后的不同时期有增有减。     

Role of a protein inhibitor of polygalacturonase in ripening of apples and their resistance of infection with Monilia fructigena, the causative agent of fruit rot

We investigated the dynamics of the activity of the polygalacturonidase inhibitor protein (PGIP) in apple fruits of six varieties differing in ripening time and correlated it with the degree of damage by the causative agent of fruit rot, Monilia fructigena. The apple varieties studied differed significantly in PGIP activity and degree of damage by Monilia fructigena. The rate of dissemination over fruit tissues was inversely related to PGIP activity. The resistance of apples to M. fructigena increased with ripening. The simultaneous increase in PGIP activity suggests its important role in the reduction of apple damage by fruit rot.     

小麦抗茎腐病种质筛选及鉴定新方法的建立

为筛选针对我国黄淮麦区小麦茎腐病抗病新种质,建立可区分小麦其他茎基部病害的茎腐病抗性鉴定方法,本文采用室内苗期鉴定方法对主要来自黄淮麦区的108份小麦品种和高代品系进行茎腐病抗性评价,对其中45份小麦材料同时采用荧光定量PCR方法测定基部茎秆的禾谷镰刀菌DNA含量并与其茎腐病平均病级进行相关分析。共筛选到中抗茎腐病材料22份,未发现高抗和免疫品种(系);相关分析结果表明,小麦基部茎秆禾谷镰刀菌DNA含量与其茎腐病平均病级呈极显著正相关(r=0.73**),小麦基部茎秆禾谷镰刀菌DNA含量可以作为小麦茎腐病抗性的重要参考。抗病新种质的筛选和荧光定量PCR抗性评价方法的建立将为今后黄淮麦区小麦抗茎腐病品种的培育提供帮助。     

Identification and mapping of fruit rot resistance QTL in American cranberry using GBS

Sustainability of the cranberry industry is threatened by widespread and increasing losses due to fruit rot in the field as well as increasing restrictions on fungicide inputs. Breeding for resistance offers a partial solution but is challenging because fruit rot is caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi that can vary by location and from year to year. We identified four genetically diverse germplasm accessions that exhibit broad-spectrum fruit rot resistance under field conditions. Three of these accessions were used in biparental crosses to develop four populations segregating for resistance. Genotyping by sequencing was used to generate single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for development of high-density genetic maps and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses. Nineteen QTL associated with fruit rot resistance, distributed on nine linkage groups, were discovered in our populations. Three of these QTL matched previously reported fruit rot resistance QTL. Four newly reported QTL found on linkage group 8 (Vm8), which explain between 21 and 33% of the phenotypic variance for fruit rot, are of particular interest to our breeding program. The populations described herein were also phenotyped for other horticulturally important traits, and QTL associated with yield and berry weight were identified. These QTL provide markers for candidate gene discovery and for future breeding efforts to enhance and pyramid disease resistance and other traits into elite horticultural backgrounds.     

甘薯品种抗黑斑病鉴定及其遗传趋势

对2745份甘薯品种及育种材料的黑斑病抗性鉴定结果表明,高抗型占7．7％,抗病型占17．7％,中抗型占23.2％,感病型占27．2％,高感型占24．2％。对898份材料及其亲本的抗性分析表明,不同抗性组合后代中均可分离出高抗至高感类型的材料,杂交后代的抗性强弱随双亲抗性水平的增加而提高。相关分析显示,甘薯品种抗黑斑病性与其它主要经济性状间没有相关关系。采用品种阃杂交育种技术先后育成了一批高产、优质的抗病型优良品种。     

OBSERVATIONS ON BROWN ROT (SCLEROTINIA FRUCTIGENA) OF APPLES IN RELATION TO INJURY CAUSED BY EARWIGS (FORFICULA AURICULARIA)

Observations in West Midlands orchards in 1947–50 on the apple varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Laxton's Superb showed that brown rot was often associated with shallow holes in the fruit. Laboratory experiments with undamaged apples proved that earwigs ( Forficula auricularia ) could cause this type of injury.
Bands of sacking soaked in BHC placed around trunks of Laxton's Superb trees in 1949 and 1950 trapped many earwigs; less brown rot occurred in the banded than on control trees. A survey of picked fruit in 1950 showed close correlation between degree of earwig damage and amount of brown rot.
Earwig damage was appreciable in fruit from ten out of thirteen grass orchards, but was negligible in fruit from nine arable plantations.     

Effect of potassium nutrition of three tomato varieties on incidence of blossom-end rot

Summary Three tomato varieties, Amberley Cross, VF-145 and VF-13L (the last two reported to show K-deficiency symptoms independent of the amount of K applied) were grown in sand with three concentrations of applied nutrient K at a constant high level of Ca. There was a varietal difference in the K concentration and total K uptake into the plants. The Mg concentrations in the fruit were unaffected by K nutrition but the concentrations fell in the leaves of all varieties when the nutrient K was increased above 0.28 meq/l.While the concentration of Ca in the leaves of Amberley Cross was not significantly reduced by raising the concentration of K in the nutrient feed, there was a reduction in the varieties VF-145 and VF-13L. Maximum concentrations of Ca were present in fruit of all varieties receiving 2 meq K⁺/l, and that present in fruit of Amberley Cross was significantly higher than in fruit from either VF-145 or VF-13L. Comparing the varieties in the 10.2 meq K⁺/l treatment, fruit of VF-13L contained the lowest concentration and total amount of Ca, and had the highest incidence of blossom-end rot. VF-13L was the most susceptible to blossom-end rot, particularly in the highest K treatment, while Amberley Cross was the only variety free of symptoms in all three nutrient treatments.     

Role of foliar hemibiotrophic and fruit resistance in anthracnose‐resistant strawberry genotypes for annual hill plasticulture systems

Anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the most devastating diseases of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) in plasticulture systems in the Southeast US. Host resistance offers the best option to limit crop losses in both nursery and fruiting fields. To evaluate levels of anthracnose resistance and elucidate the role of foliar and fruit resistance in overall field AFR resistance, we tested 14 strawberry genotypes including numerous selections from the North Carolina State University strawberry breeding programme. Inoculations of plug plants with three representative C. acutatum isolates prior to field‐set indicated that the commercially standard cultivar Chandler was highly susceptible, with an average fruit rot incidence of over 72% the following spring. In contrast, breeding lines such as NC C99‐13 and NC C02‐63 showed superior resistance with AFR incidence values of 23.6% and 11.1%, respectively, and showed superior marketable yields. An average hemibiotrophic infection (HI) severity on foliage (percent leaf area covered with acervular growth after paraquat treatment and incubation) did not correlate (r = 0.57) well with in vitro AFR severity on detached fruit, indicating different mechanisms may be operative for resistance to foliar HI and fruit rot resistance. Multiple regression analysis indicated that in vitro fruit rot resistance expressed by lesion diameter and severity of foliar hemibiotrophic infections may be utilized to predict field AFR incidence. Strawberry genotypes bred for resistance against both fruit rot and foliar HI could be effectively selected by using rank‐sum classification methods and this process offers an effective strategy to advance selections for superior AFR field resistance.     

抗甘薯黑斑病优异种质资源的筛选与评价

通过对1107份甘薯种质资源抗黑斑病鉴定,筛选出高抗品种8份,占鉴定品种总数的0.7%;抗病品种128份,占11.6%.并进一步对这些抗性资源的兼抗病性、抗逆性、产量及品质进行分析研究,从中筛选出了兼抗两种或两种以上病害的优异种质资源若干份,以期为育种和生产提供依据.     

Application of Genomic and Quantitative Genetic Tools to Identify Candidate Resistance Genes for Brown Rot Resistance in Peach

The availability of a complete peach genome assembly and three different peach genome sequences created by our group provide new opportunities for application of genomic data and can improve the power of the classical Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) approaches to identify candidate genes for peach disease resistance. Brown rot caused by Monilinia spp., is the most important fungal disease of stone fruits worldwide. Improved levels of peach fruit rot resistance have been identified in some cultivars and advanced selections developed in the UC Davis and USDA breeding programs. Whole genome sequencing of the Pop-DF parents lead to discovery of high-quality SNP markers for QTL genome scanning in this experimental population. Pop-DF created by crossing a brown rot moderately resistant cultivar ‘Dr. Davis’ and a brown rot resistant introgression line, ‘F8,1–42’, derived from an initial almond × peach interspecific hybrid, was evaluated for brown rot resistance in fruit of harvest maturity over three seasons. Using the SNP linkage map of Pop-DF and phenotypic data collected with inoculated fruit, a genome scan for QTL identified several SNP markers associated with brown rot resistance. Two of these QTLs were placed on linkage group 1, covering a large (physical) region on chromosome 1. The genome scan for QTL and SNP effects predicted several candidate genes associated with disease resistance responses in other host-pathogen systems. Two potential candidate genes, ppa011763m and ppa026453m, may be the genes primarily responsible for M. fructicola recognition in peach, activating both PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses. Our results provide a foundation for further genetic dissection, marker assisted breeding for brown rot resistance, and development of peach cultivars resistant to brown rot.