Taxonomic studies on new or critical fungi of non-pathogenic Onygenales 4

Three noteworthy taxa of soil-borne onygenalean fungi are described and illustrated:Kraurogymnocarpa trochleospora, comb. nov.,Kuehniella aurea, comb. nov., andNannizziopsis albicans. In addition,Aphanoascus boninensis, which was previously described as a new species, is considered to be a synonym ofUncinocarpus orissi.     

Three common bryophilous fungi with meristematic anamorphs and phylogenetic alliance to Teratosphaeriaceae,Capnodiales

Bryophilous ascomycetes are an overlooked and poorly known fungal group. In this study, the extreme and small-sized niche of Polytrichum piliferum hyaline leaf tips was screened for the presence of these fungi in Finland. Three closely related species were found. Bryochiton perpusillus and Bryochiton monascus were identified from several samples, and DNA isolations revealed a third closely related species, Bryochiton sp. In addition, melanised hyphae, typical to the Bryochiton species, were present in all the samples. According to phylogenetic analyses consisting of combined small subunit (SSU), large subunit (LSU), and 5.8S rDNA sequences, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences, the species showed affinity with Teratosphaeriaceae within Capnodiales, and especially with black, meristematic species often inhabiting rock substrate in extreme environments. The connection was supported by meristematic growth of the Bryochiton species in culture. Bryochiton is the second sexual genus associated within the family Teratosphaeriaceae, and B. perpusillus, and B. monascus constitute examples of teleomorphs within a group of meristematic anamorphs. These findings emphasize the multiform diversity underlying poorly researched fungal groups, such as the bryophilous fungi.     

A new monotypic genus of a parmulariaceous dictyosporous ascomycetes from Taiwan

A new monotypic ascomycete genus, Dictyocyclns gen. nov. with D. hydrangeae sp. nov. as its type, is described and illustrated. It is placed in the family Parmulariaceae and it is the second genus in that family with dictyoseptate ascospores. It is compared with Aldonata the only other member of the family with similar ascospores.     

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Summary

A new coprophilous species of Coniochaeta, C. burtii, with 512-spored asci, is described from deer dung from Glen Dochart, Perthshire.     

Isolation and characterization of some mycelia inhabiting Tuber ascomata

Tuber spp. are ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes that produce subterranean ascomata known as truffles. Truffles can be regarded as complex microhabitats hosting bacteria and yeasts. In this paper we show that guest filamentous fungi are also associated to truffle ascomata, regardless of the Tuber spp., and report the morpho-molecular characterization of seven truffle-hosted mycelia isolated from healthy and intact Tuber ascomata. Some of these isolates were shown to be related to the fungal endophytes of plants. Interestingly, the truffle-hosted mycelia grew stuck to the hyphal wall of their partner when co-cultivated with the Tuber borchii mycelium, but not when co-cultivated with the test species Agaricus macrosporus. The present data suggest that guest filamentous fungi can be added to the list of truffle-interacting microorganisms.     

Chitin synthase homologs in three ectomycorrhizal truffles

Abstract Degenerate PCR primers were used to amplify a conserved gene portion coding chitin synthase from genomic DNA of six species of ectomycorrhizal truffles. DNA was extracted from both hypogeous fruitbodies and in vitro growing mycelium of Tuber borchii . A single fragment of about 600 bp was amplified for each species. The amplification products from Tuber magnatum, T. borchii and T. ferrugineum were cloned and sequenced, revealing a high degree of identity (91.5%) at the nucleotide level. On the basis of the deduced amino acid sequences these clones were assigned to class II chitin synthase. Southern blot experiments performed on genomic DNA showed that the amplification products derive from a single copy gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of class II chitin synthase genes confirmed the current taxonomic position of the genus Tuber , and suggested a close relationship between T. magnatum and T. uncinatum .     

Ascomycetes on Polytrichadelphus aristatus (Musci)

Fourteen herbarium specimens of Polytrichadelphus aristatus (Polytrichaceae, Musci) from the northern Andes were found to be colonized by ascomycetes. Thirty fungal specimens are indicated representing nine species and six genera. They belong to the first records of bryophilous fungi of northern South America. Five taxa are proposed as new: the genus Aphanotria, and the species A. paradoxa, Bryochiton macrosporus, Bryorella imitans, and Massarina polytrichadelphi. Most frequently found were Rogellia triseptata with six and Bryochiton macrosporus with five records. Four species develop their ascomata between the photosynthetic leaf lamellae, three are immersed within the abaxial side of the leaf nerve and two grow below the adaxial cuticle. The hypocrealean A. paradoxa, which has huge but almost invisible ascomata, merits special attention. Apart from a pronounced rostrum, these are completely immersed within the leaf nerve but longitudinally orientated occupying a type of microniche hitherto unknown. Hyphae of several species attack the thick-walled stereids of the leaf nerve and strongly contribute to leaf decomposition. Polytrichadelphus aristatus has an assemblage of parasitic ascomycetes quite different from that of P. magellanicus from southern South America.     

中国西南地区地图衣属一新种——四川地图衣

为明确地图衣属部分物种的分类地位,该研究以中国西南地区为研究区域,采用表型特征(形态学、解剖学和化学特征)和基因型特征(ITS序列)相结合的方法,对地图衣属(Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC.)地衣物种进行分类学研究,初步探讨该属物种表型与基因型的对应关系.通过研究,我们发现了该属1新种——四川地图衣(Rhizocarpon sichuanense Y.M.Zhang,L.Hu & W.C.Wang,sp.nov.),该新种与相近种黑灰地图衣(Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain.)和中华地图衣(Rhizocarpon sinense Zahlbr.)的主要区别:地衣体裂片较为分散,表面呈龟裂或者亚鳞叶状;下地衣体黑色,明显;孢子较大,为[(27～)32～42.5]μm×[12.5～17.5(～20)]μm,TLC检测含有巴巴酸.在系统发育中,该新种与黑红地图衣[Rhizocarpon badioatrum(Flörke ex Spreng.)Th.Fr.]在同一个进化分枝上,但黑红地图衣的地衣体裂片连续不分散,孢子明显较小[(23～36)μmx(13～16)µm],地衣体中含有地弗地衣酸或不含化学物质.通过系统发育分析,结果表明:(1)该新种——四川地图衣属于褐地衣体亚属中的Badioatrum group;(2)仅依据解剖学特征(孢子的大小和分隔类型)对地图衣属部分类群的划分存在不合理性,还需结合化学特征进行综合分析.该文提供了新种的分类学描述以及形态、解剖和化学的高分辨率图片.利用新种的ITS序列构建的系统发育树,为建立更趋自然合理的分类系统提供基础数据.此外,该文对世界范围内褐地衣体亚属中子囊孢子为棕色1隔的类群(Badioatrum group)编写了详细的物种检索表,为该类群的进一步研究提供了资料支持.     

中国粪生子囊真菌Ⅰ:中国新记录属异接柄孢属和新记录种盘孢锥毛壳(英文)

报道了中国粪生真菌的1个新记录属——异接柄孢属和1个新记录种——盘孢锥毛壳。在观察所采集标本的基础上,概述了异接柄孢属的特征,并描述了美丽异接柄孢和盘孢锥毛壳的形态特征。文中还讨论了所采集的标本与模式标本原始描述的差别。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lasiosphaeriopsis pilophori</Emphasis> sp. nov. (Sordariales) and other lichenicolous fungi on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pilophorus</Emphasis>

Seven representatives of the Arthoniales, Dothideales, Lecanorales and Sordariales are known to occur on the lichen genus Pilophorus. Lasiosphaeriopsis pilophori sp. nov. is described from the north of the Holarctic. Cercidospora cephalodiorum is reported as new to North America. Cercidospora punctillata and Dactylospora deminuta are reported on Pilophorus for the first time. The host specificity, niche specialization and distribution of the taxa are discussed. A key to the lichenicolous fungi on Pilophorus is provided.     

Effect of continuous olive mill wastewater applications, in the presence and absence of nitrogen fertilization, on the structure of rhizosphere–soil fungal communities

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is rich in potentially toxic organics precluding its disposal into water receptors. However, land application of diluted OMW may result in safe disposal and fertilization. In order to investigate the effects of OMW on the structure of soil fungal groups, OMW was applied daily to pepper plants growing in a loamy sand and a sandy loam at two doses for a period of 3 months (total OMW equivalents 900 and 1800 m³ ha⁻¹). Nitrogen (N) fertilization alleviated N scarcity and considerably enhanced plant biomass production; however, when applied in combination with the high OMW dose, it induced plant stress. OMW applications resulted in marked changes in the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns of soil basidiomycete communities, while concurrent N fertilization reduced these effects. In contrast, the ascomycete communities required N fertilization to respond to OMW addition. Cloning libraries for the basidiomycete communities showed that Cryptococcus yeasts and Ceratobasidium spp. dominated in the samples treated with OMW. In contrast, certain plant pathogenic basidiomycetes such as Thanatephorus cucumeris and Athelia rolfsii were suppressed. The observed changes may be reasonably explained by the capacity of OMW to enrich soils in organic substrates, to induce N immobilization and to directly introduce OMW-derived basidiomycetous yeasts.