重庆低海拔虫草发酵条件及其发酵液抑菌活性研究

从重庆低海拔地区采得一株虫草,分离得到其无性型菌株.以海绵抑菌圈大小为活性指标,考核了无机盐、碳氮比值、发酵温度及培养基初始pH等因素对其发酵液抑菌活性的影响,筛选出抑菌活性物质的发酵培养基为:NaNO3 0.05%,KCl 0.05%,蔗糖3.0%,蚕蛹粉0.05%.摇瓶最佳发酵条件为:pH 6.5,温度25 ℃,转速250 r/min.在此优化条件下,发酵活性在第6 d最高,对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈为30.4 mm.用海绵抑菌圈法,测定虫草真菌发酵液对不同供试菌的抑菌活性,对真菌酿酒酵母无抑菌作用,对供试的所有革兰氏阴、阳性细菌都有抑菌活性,且对枯草芽孢杆菌的活性最强,其抑菌圈为(26±4) mm.     

蛹虫草超氧化物歧化酶分离纯化及稳定性的研究

以蛹虫草为材料,经过硫酸铵盐析、Sephedex G-75柱层析和DEAE-52柱层析,得到纯化的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示单一区带,此酶比活力为17855．73u／mg,纯化倍数为53．7,回收率为21．8％。同时鉴于SOD在溶液中容易失活,无法长期保存,该文研究了不同浓度的糖类及不同浓度的有机酸类对SOD活力的影响,发现糖类对SOD活力影响不明显,有机酸均使SOD活力下降,但随着酸浓度的增加,SOD活力下降的程度也减轻。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化培养基残基中虫草素

采用大孔吸附树脂分离纯化人工蛹虫草培养基残基中的虫草素,以HPLC法测定样品中虫草素含量,筛选出了适宜的大孔树脂NKA-II。研究了pH、洗脱剂乙醇体积分数等因素对该树脂吸附性能及解析性能的影响。结果表明,NKA-II型树脂纯化虫草素的最佳吸附条件为pH9,吸附流速2BV/h,该树脂对虫草素的吸附量可达到16.5mg/g。洗脱工艺条件为2.5倍树脂柱体积的50%乙醇,NKA-II大孔树脂对虫草素的解析率可达到95%以上。     

古尼虫草小孢变种无性型原生质体制备及再生条件的研究

以从古尼虫草小孢变种Cordyceps gunnii var.minor上分离的无性型古尼拟青霉小孢变种Paecilomyces gunnii var.minor G106M为出发菌株,进行原生质体制备及再生条件的研究。将培养16h的菌丝体用溶壁酶和蜗牛酶的混合酶液于28℃酶解1.5~2h,原生质体产量可达3.74×107/mL。以培养12h的菌丝制备的原生质体在0.6mol/L氯化钠的SDAY培养基上再生率最高,为17.92%。     

蛹虫草无性型深层培养液中纤溶酶的分离纯化和酶学性质研究

【目的】确立蛹拟青霉深层培养液中高纯度、高纤溶活性纤溶酶的分离纯化方法并测定其酶学性质。【方法】采用硫酸铵盐析、Sephadex G-25凝胶色谱、Phenyl-Sepharose HP疏水相互作用色谱、CM-Sepharose FF弱阳离子交换色谱和Superdex 75凝胶色谱对蛹拟青霉纤溶酶进行分离。用Lowry法测定蛋白质浓度,纤维蛋白平板法测定其纤溶活性,SDS-PAGE鉴定其纯度并确定其分子量,IEF法测定其等电点。【结果】研究发现,以蔗糖和豆饼为培养基主要基质时,蛹拟青霉深层培养可以产生至少两种纤溶酶。提纯后的纤溶酶Ⅱ比活力达到800.46 U/mg,总纯化倍数为30.07倍。纤溶酶Ⅱ的相对分子量和等电点分别为32 kD和9.3±0.2。纤溶酶Ⅱ是一种糖蛋白,总含糖量为0.98%(W/V)。该酶可以顺次降解人血纤维蛋白(原)的α、β和γ链。其最适作用pH及温度分别为7.4和41°C。Aprotinine与PMSF对该纤溶酶的活性完全抑制,推测此纤溶酶可能是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶。【结论】单一的高纤溶活性纤溶酶的获得和酶学性质的确定,为该酶开发成为新型溶栓药物提供了理论依据。     

高分子量和低分子量尿激酶的分离纯化及动力学性质研究

人尿激酶粗品经苯甲脒亲和柱纯化和Ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ－ＰａｋＳＰ柱分离后,得到两种分子量的尿激酶（ＵＫ）,即高分子量尿激酶（ＨＵＫ）和低分子量尿激酶（ＬＵＫ）,采用民斯亮蓝法测定蛋白质浓度,纤维蛋白板法测定活力,测得ＨＵＫ比活为２．９×１０＾５ＩＵ／ｍｇ蛋白,ＬＵＫ为３．５１０＾５ＩＵ／ｍｇ蛋白,活力回收为７０％以上,经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ鉴定,ＨＵＫ和ＬＵＫ均呈单一条带,分子量分别为５４ｋＤ和３３ｋＤ,Ｈ     

虫草多糖的分离、纯化和初步药效活性研究

以虫草发酵菌丝体为原料提取虫草多糖并对多糖进行结构鉴定和初步药效活性研究。采用水提醇沉和离子交换纤维素进行分离得到两种虫草多糖,HPLC测定相对分子质量,紫外光谱、红外光谱、部分酸水解、甲基化分析和高效液相色谱等方法研究单糖组成及连接方式,四甲基偶氮唑盐微量酶反应比色法（MTT）检测虫草多糖的活性。经分离得到中性（CPSl）、酸性（CPS2）两种成分,相对分子质量分别为2．56×10^4,9．91×10^;单糖组成：CPSln,（葡萄糖）：n（甘露糖）：n（半乳糖）：n（阿拉伯糖）=46：36：18：l;CPS2／n,（葡萄糖）：n,（甘露糖）：n（半乳糖）：n（半乳糖酸）：n（木糖）：n（阿拉伯糖）：n（鼠李糖）=30：25：14：4：3：3：1。红外谱揭示均含-a-键。CPSl主链含（1→6）糖苷键的高度分支的葡甘露半乳聚糖,另有少量葡萄糖分支点在2,3,4位。CPS2主链含葡萄糖（Glc）、甘露糖（Man）、半乳糖（Gal）,分支点主要在3位,侧链含多种单糖。CPSl和CPS2都对顺铂（CDDP）损伤的vero细胞有一定保护作用。     

蛹虫草中虫草素的提取及纯化工艺研究

目的:优化从蛹虫草中提取、纯化虫草素的方法并鉴定其纯度.方法和结果:通过3种提取方法的比较,确定了以恒温水浴法作为虫草素规模化提取方法,最佳提取条件为45℃、80％乙醇;同时,确定了ML-7大孔树脂纯化虫草素的工艺,采用该工艺虫草素纯度可达到92％以上,并对纯化虫草素和标准品进行了比较鉴定.结论:该方法提取、纯化的虫草素纯度高,适于虫草素的规模化生产.     

蛹虫草液体培养条件的优化及生长动力学考察

为了优化蛹虫草菌的液体培养条件 ,对液体培养菌丝的生长情况进行了研究。采用摇瓶培养的方法 ,以发酵得率为指标确定培养条件。结果表明 :优化培养基成分确定为蛋白胨 1.5 % ,葡萄糖 2 % ,KH2 PO4 0 .15 % ,Mg SO40 .0 5 %、VB1 5 m g/ L .2 ,4 - D 2 mg/ L .该培养基下发酵得率达 1.4～ 2 .2 g/ 10 0 m L ;考察了蛹虫草菌液体培养的外部条件 ,确定为 :装料系数为 30 % ,培养基 p H为 5 .5 ,接种量为 0 .0 3g,摇床振荡频率为 12 0 r· m in- 1 ;利用优化培养基得到了生长代谢曲线。在相同条件下 ,优化培养基比原来培养基的发酵得率提高了 4 .5 % ,研究初步得到蛹虫草菌液体培养条件和生长动力学 ,为工业化生产提供了一定的依据     

蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素组分分析及其稳定性研究

本研究以蛹虫草菌丝体为供试材料,采用高效液相色谱对提取的蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素的组分进行了分离纯化与测定分析,并以其主要组分YP-4为检测指标,采用温度、光照、pH、金属离子、常见食品添加剂等条件对蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素稳定性的影响进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明,蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素由5种结构相似的类胡萝卜素组分组成。其中,主要组分YP-4占到WSYPs总量的57.43%,YP-4的MS data [M-H]为521.2657,紫外特征吸收峰为：209nm、239nm、421nm、445nm、474nm,在445nm处有最大吸收峰。以YP-4为检测指标,对提取蛹虫草菌丝体黄色素的稳定性测试结果表明,该类黄色素具有良好的加工稳定性,但在加工过程中应尽量缩减紫外光照射时间,注意酸性添加剂和Fe ³⁺的用量。这一研究结果将为蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素乃至其他优质天然黄色素的开发利用提供参考依据。     

野生皱果赤瓟低海拔地区引种栽培研究

在资源调查的基础上,通过低海拔地区栽培试验,研究了野生珍稀食用植物皱果赤瓟的资源特性和栽培技术.结果表明:不需要采取特殊保护措施,能正常生长发育;能以常规可行和繁殖方式进行生产;能提高产量和品质.为资源开发利用提供了科学依据.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分离及其培养条件优化

目的:获得可应用于烟气脱硫的菌株,并对其培养条件进行优化.方法:从化工厂取土样分离氧化亚铁硫杆菌,分析分离菌株的形态学特征、培养特征及16S rDNA序列,确定菌株的分类地位.通过单因子实验,对培养基中主要成分硫酸亚铁和硫酸铵的浓度进行优化.利用SAS软件中的Box-Behnken法设计实验,通过响应面分析对初始pH、温度、接种量、装液量4个因素进行优化.结果:获得菌株N16,经鉴定为嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans).确定FeSO_4·7H_2O和(NH_4)_2SO_4的最适添加量分别为60/L和1g/L.确定菌株最适培养条件为:初始pH 1.8,温度28℃,转速150r/min,接种量15%,装液量30mL.在最适培养墓及培养条件下,菌株N16的亚铁氧化率可达99.78%.结论:分离得到的菌株适合于微生物法烟气脱硫的应用.     

低温碱性蛋白酶菌株的筛选及产酶条件的研究

从 2 0株枯草芽孢杆菌筛选出了 1株产低温碱性蛋白酶菌株 ;并通过单因子实验、正交实验确定该菌株的最佳培养基为 :葡萄糖 8%,豆粕粉 6 %,Tween80 0 .0 3%,KH2 PO4 0 .0 6 %;确定了酶作用的最适条件为 30℃。     

Isolation and characterization of a mannoglucan from edible Cordyceps sinensis mycelium

Cordyceps sinensis is a well known tonic food or invigorant with broad-spectrum medicinal properties that is widely used in the People's Republic of China. A neutral mannoglucan 1 with a molar mass of approximately 7.7x10(3) Da was obtained from the 0.05 M acetate buffer extract of C. sinensis mycelium. It had [alpha](D)(20)+126 (c 0.2, H(2)O) and consisted of Man and Glc units in the molar ratio of 1:9. A combination of chemical analysis and NMR and IR spectroscopy together with digestion with alpha-D-amylase showed 1 to have a alpha-D-glucan backbone with (1-->4)- and (1-->3)-linkages, and the side chains of alpha-D-(1-->6)-Manp were attached to the backbone via O-6 of alpha-(1-->3)-Glcp residues. Compound 1 showed weak cytotoxicity activity against SPC-I (IC(50)=63 microg/mL) cancer line, and no obvious cytotoxicity activities against BCAP37 (IC(50)>100 microg/mL) and SW480 (IC(50)>100 microg/mL) cancer lines.     

A New Formulation of the Logistic Growth Equation and Its Application to Leaf Area Growth

A formulation of the logistic growth equation in terms of twodifferential equations is proposed; this permits the asymptoteto depend upon conditions during the growth period such as substratesupply (irradiance) and temperature. The application of themodel to leaf area growth is outlined, and it is shown how observedresponses of mature leaf area to irradiance and temperaturemay be simulated. Logistic, leaf area, model     

Studies of Growth and Development in the Genus Fragaria: V. Spring Growth

From observations of leaf emergence dates and periodical dissectionsof stem apices it appears that leaf initiation does not keeppace with leaf emergence during the spring. This leads to asubnormal number of enclosed leaf initials at each stem apexat some time in April or May. Forced plants behave similarly,and it is concluded from these results and from direct experimentsthat part of the lag of leaf initiation on leaf emergence isconnected in some way with the flowering of the first inflorescenceto emerge from the crown. Conditions in the bud at the end ofthe winter also lead to an excess of leaf emergence over leafinitiation in the early spring.     

Inorganic and Metal-Organic Growth Requirements of the Genus Bacteroides

The inorganic and metal-organic growth requirements of ruminal and nonruminal Bacteroides species were compared. The heme requirement of many nonruminal Bacteroides species was similar to that of Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. ruminicola and was a general tetrapyrrole requirement. Some nonruminal Bacteroides species utilized succinate or alpha-ketoglutarate, as well as tetrapyrrole-containing compounds, in place of heme. Fe(+) as well as heme was required for maximal yields of some Bacteroides species. The divalent cation requirements of Bacteroides species are complex. Mg(2+) deletion from a medium containing Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Co(2+), and Mn(2+) reduced the yields of all isolates. Ca(2+) deletion from the same medium reduced the growth yields of Bacteroides fragilis, B. fundiliformis, and one strain of B. oralis. The effects of Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) on the growth of Bacteroides isolates was influenced by other divalent cations. Relatively large quantities of Na(+) were obligately required by all of the currently recognized predominant rumen Bacteroides species. Nonruminal Bacteroides species either did not require Na(+) or required only small amounts. The Na(+) requirement of some nonruminal Bacteroides species could be partially replaced by Li(+) or Cs(+). The Na(+) requirement of rumen Bacteroides species was absolute. The inorganic and metal-organic growth requirements of Bacteroides species appear useful as aids in species differentiation.     

一株耐低温石油烃降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

目的:从污染环境中分离耐低温石油降解菌,并对其降解特性进行研究。方法:采用摇瓶富集培养和平板划线分离的方法,得到一株能以原油为碳源、能源生长的细菌菌株,采用分子生物学方法对该降解菌进行初步鉴定。结果:从天津大港油田污染土壤和水体中分离到一株耐低温石油降解菌DSY171,该菌株能够在10℃条件下,以石油为惟一碳源生长。经过对其形态特征、生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌株归属红球菌属。菌株DSY171在低温条件下(10～15℃)12 d的石油降解率显著优于常温条件(20～30℃),原油降解率为60%左右;菌株DSY171的pH适应范围较广,初始pH值为6～9时均能代谢生长,但在偏碱性环境下(pH7～9)的代谢生长好于偏酸性环境(pH6～7)。除了降解石油外,菌株DSY171对柴油、食用油等不同碳源也均能够降解代谢,具有一定的碳源利用广谱性。结论:耐低温石油降解菌DSY171的分离及其降解特性的研究,为生物学方法解决低温环境石油污染问题提供了高效菌种,在环境微生物学理论研究和实践应用中具有一定的意义和价值。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Metarhizium taii var. chongqingensis</Emphasis> Nov., Anamorph of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cordyceps</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">chongqingensis</Emphasis> sp. Nov. Isolated from a Low Altitude Area in Chongqing,China

Previously, a new Cordyceps species was isolated from a low altitude area in Chongqing, China, and named Cordyceps chongqingensis sp. nov. In this study, its anamorph was isolated and designated CQM1^T. It grew optimally on Czapek medium supplied with 0.5% silkworm flour and 0.5% soybean oil meal at 25°C, pH 5.0–5.5. The phenotypic and molecular characteristics were investigated for its identification and typing. Morphological observations under a microscope revealed that this anamorph of Cordyceps chongqingensis sp. nov. was a new species of Metarhizium. Moreover, it was identified as one of the variants of Metarhizium taii based on sequences of 26S rDNA D1/D2 and ITS regions, and thus named Metarhizium taii var. chongqingensis nov.