产氢菌的分离鉴定及其产氢特性研究

从河底污泥中分离到一株产氢菌,通过16S rDNA序列和系统发育分析,鉴定为克雷伯氏菌属,命名为Klebsiella sp. HQ-3.运用单因子试验考察了摇瓶发酵培养基中碳源、氮源、无机盐等因素对克雷伯氏菌HQ-3发酵产氢的影响,并对其产氢特性做了初步研究.结果表明,克雷伯氏HQ-3在葡萄糖浓度为24 g/L,蛋白胨为18 g/ L,KH2PO4为 8g/ L时具有较高产氢量,其最佳产氢初始pH为8.0左右.     

烟酸转磷酸核糖激酶和丙酮酸羧化酶共表达对大肠杆菌BA002产丁二酸的影响

大肠杆菌BA002是敲除了乳酸脱氢酶的编码基因 (ldhA) 和丙酮酸-甲酸裂解酶的编码基因 (pflB) 的工程菌。厌氧条件下NADH不能及时再生为NAD+,引起胞内辅酶NAD(H)的不平衡,最终导致厌氧条件下菌株不能利用葡萄糖生长代谢。pncB是烟酸转磷酸核糖激酶 (NAPRTase) 的编码基因,通过过量表达pncB基因能够提高NAD(H)总量与维持合适的NADH/NAD+,从而恢复了厌氧条件下重组菌E. coli BA014 (BA002/pTrc99a-pncB) 的生长和产丁二酸的性能。然而,BA014在厌氧发酵过程中有大量丙酮酸积累,为进一步提高菌株的丁二酸生产能力,减少副产物丙酮酸的生成,共表达NAPRTase和来自于乳酸乳球菌 NZ9000中丙酮酸羧化酶 (PYC) 的编码基因pyc,构建了重组菌E. coli BA016 (BA002/pTrc99a-pncB-pyc)。3 L发酵罐结果表明,BA016发酵112 h后,共消耗了35.00 g/L的葡萄糖。发酵结束时,菌体OD600为4.64,产生了25.09 g/L丁二酸。通过共表达pncB和pyc基因,使BA016的丙酮酸积累进一步降低,丁二酸产量进一步提高。     

亮氨酰氨肽酶基因的阻断对刺糖多孢菌生长及次级代谢产物合成的影响

【目的】构建亮氨酰氨肽酶基因(pep A)被阻断的刺糖多孢菌工程菌株,并鉴定该基因对刺糖多孢菌菌丝形态、生物量、菌体全蛋白表达水平及产多杀菌素能力的影响,探究该基因调控多杀菌素合成的可能机制。【方法】利用PCR扩增刺糖多孢菌中的pep A基因同源片段,经酶切连接技术构建敲除载体p OJ260-pep A;通过接合转移和单交换同源重组将该载体整合至刺糖多孢菌染色体中,获得工程菌株S.sp-△pep A;利用培养特征、形态学、高效液相色谱、SDS-PAGE等方法对菌株进行研究分析。【结果】工程菌株S.sp-△pep A菌丝片段化程度加剧,生长态势被延缓且生物量降低,但有效促进了多杀菌素的生物合成。阻断亮氨酰胺肽酶基因的表达使刺糖多孢菌菌体全蛋白表达情况发生明显改变,找到表达水平显著上调的差异蛋白核糖体蛋白亚基和醛基脱氢酶,核糖体蛋白亚基通过影响蛋白质代谢对菌体生长产生影响;醛基脱氢酶则可与乙醇脱氢酶、乙酰辅酶A的合成酶相互作用影响辅酶A合成,而辅酶A是合成多杀菌素的重要底物。【结论】在刺糖多孢菌合成多杀菌素的次级代谢过程中,pep A基因作为负调控因子发挥作用。     

嗜乙酰乙酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum-Δldh缺氧条件下代谢葡萄糖途径的变化

缺氧条件下嗜乙酰乙酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum ATCC13870生长停滞,却能够代谢葡萄糖产生以乳酸和琥珀酸为主的有机酸。采用以sacB基因为反向筛选标记的同源重组染色体基因敲除系统,敲除嗜乙酰乙酸棒杆菌的乳酸脱氢酶基因,得到的Δldh菌株CCTCC NO.M20122041在缺氧条件下不产乳酸,葡萄糖消耗速率降低了29.3%,产琥珀酸和乙酸浓度分别提高45.6%和182%;NADH/NAD+值小于1(约0.7);磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和乙酸激酶的比酶活分别提高84%和12倍。说明嗜乙酰乙酸棒杆菌中乳酸合成途径的阻断驱使了琥珀酸和乙酸代谢途径加强,推测加强NADH供给和阻断乙酸产生支路可能是提高C.acetoacidophilum菌株产琥珀酸产量的有效途径。     

relA基因敲除对克雷伯氏菌CPK降解毒死蜱的影响

目的:敲除毒死蜱降解菌Klebsiella sp.CPK菌中的relA基凶,研究其对毒死蜱降解的影响.方法:采用同源重组技术敲除了Klebsiella sp.CPK菌中魔斑合成酶编码基因relA,通过PCR及RT-PCR扩增对其敲除进行了验证,分别采用分光光度法和气相色谱检测了该突变体对毒死蜱的耐受性和对毒死蜱的降解.结果:获得了一株relA基因敲除菌株△relA.在毒死蜱胁迫下,△ relA菌株的耐受能力和对毒死蜱的降解能力均弱丁野生型的CPK菌株.在初始降解的第一天,两者的降解速率相差最大,CPK菌株对毒死蜱的降解率高达50%以上,而△relA菌株对毒死蜱的降解率却低于15%.结论:relA基因的产物魔斑参与调控了Klebsiella sp.CPK菌在毒死蜱胁迫下的严谨反应,可能以此增强了该菌株对毒死蜱的耐受性并促进了它对毒死蜱的降解.     

过量表达苹果酸脱氢酶对大肠杆菌NZN111产丁二酸的影响

大肠杆菌NZN111是敲除了乳酸脱氢酶的编码基因 (ldhA) 和丙酮酸-甲酸裂解酶的编码基因 (pflB) 的工程菌,厌氧条件下由于辅酶NAD(H) 的不平衡导致其丧失了代谢葡萄糖的能力。构建了苹果酸脱氢酶的重组菌大肠杆菌NZN111/pTrc99a-mdh,在厌氧摇瓶发酵过程中通过0.3 mmol/L的IPTG诱导后重组菌的苹果酸脱氢酶 (Malate dehydrogenase,MDH) 酶活较出发菌株提高了14.8倍,NADH/NAD+的比例从0.64下降到0.26,同时NAD+和NADH浓度分别     

在Klebsiella pneumoniae醛脱氢酶失活菌中构建NADH再生系统

生物法生产1,3-丙二醇（1,3-Propanediol,1,3-PD）是当前工业生物技术研究的热点之一,生产过程中,需要消耗还原当量NADH,NADH的有效供给决定了1,3-PD的产量和得率。本文采用PCR的方法从Candida boidinii基因组中克隆编码fdh的基因,将该基因片段插入载体pMALTM-p2X,构建表达载体pMALTM -p2X-fdh,并转入醛脱氢酶失活菌Klebsiella pneumoniae DA-1HB,获得重组菌Klebsiella pneumoniae DAF-1。在IPTG浓度0.5 mmol/L时,诱导3 h后甲酸脱氢酶表达明显;发酵过程中甲酸脱氢酶比酶活达到4.82 U/mg;与出发菌株K. pneumoniae DA-1HB相比,重组菌DAF-1合成1,3-丙二醇的浓度提高了19.2%?。     

甲酸脱氢酶在Klebsiella pneumoniae中的表达和功能分析

在甘油厌氧发酵生产1,3-丙二醇的过程中,需要消耗还原当量NADH,NADH的有效供给决定了1,3-丙二醇的产量和得率。采用PCR方法从Candidaboidinii基因组中克隆编码甲酸脱氢酶基因fdh,将fdh基因片段插入载体pMALTM-p2X中,构建表达载体pMALTM-p2X-fdh,并转入1,3-丙二醇生产菌Klebsiella pneumoniae YMU2,获得重组菌Klebsiella pneumoniae F-1。研究了重组质粒的稳定性和IPTG诱导fdh基因过量表达的条件。结果表明,重组质粒具有良好的稳定性;fdh基因表达的蛋白分子量为40.2kDa;IPTG诱导表达研究表明,在IPTG浓度为0.5mmol/L时,诱导4h后甲酸脱氢酶表达明显;发酵过程中甲酸脱氢酶比酶活达到5.47U/mg;与出发菌株K.pneumoniae YMU2相比,重组菌F-1合成1,3-丙二醇的浓度提高了12.5%。     

Lysine 21突变对树干毕赤氏酵母木糖还原酶辅酶依赖性的影响

木糖还原酶是重组酿酒酵母工程菌利用木糖生成乙醇代谢途径中的关键酶, 该关键酶在利用木糖时依赖NADPH而不是NADH是导致酿酒酵母代谢木糖生成乙醇的最终产率低的主要原因之一。为了改变树干毕赤氏酵母木糖还原酶的辅酶依赖性, 对它的第21位赖基酸Lys进行了突变。利用质粒载体pET28b分别将突变后的基因K21A-XYL1、K21R-XYL1及野生基因WT-XYL1在大肠杆菌E. coli BL21(DE3)中进行表达, 表达后的蛋白经His-Tag纯化柱纯化后测定酶学性质。结果表明: K21R突变子的辅酶依赖性没有改变, 但K21A突变子的辅酶依赖性由NADPH完全逆转为NADH。     

土壤杆菌氧调控基因fnrN突变株发酵性能及基于RNA-Seq的基因表达

【目的】研究Crp家族转录调节因子fnr N突变对土壤杆菌ATCC 31749发酵性能和基因表达的影响。【方法】利用三亲结合法将构建的自杀式质粒p JQ-fnr N-kan导入土壤杆菌ATCC31749中,从而获得fnr N基因突变株(Δfnr N);分析Δfnr N的发酵特性;基于RNA-Seq对产胶期土壤杆菌ATCC 31749野生菌和Δfnr N差异表达基因进行分析。【结果】fnr N的突变使土壤杆菌合成热凝胶能力下降了22.0%,转录组分析发现在Δfnr N中186个基因表达发生显著性变化(|log2(|fold change|)|≥1且q≤0.001),其中65%的基因表达上调。热凝胶合成的关键基因crd ASC的表达受到不同程度的抑制,fnr N的突变使编码σ因子的ecf R和编码生物膜合成调节因子的sin R显著下调;Δfnr N菌中与细胞色素有关基因cyd AB、cy2、fix NOPQ的转录水平下调2-13倍。【结论】fnr N通过调控ecf R和sin R的表达调控热凝胶合成,通过调控fix NOPQ等基因的表达参与氧信号调控,该研究有助于丰富对土壤杆菌氧调控系统的认识。     

Effects of anaerobic regulatory mutations and catabolite repression on regulation of hydrogen metabolism and hydrogenase isoenzyme composition in Salmonella typhimurium.

Hydrogen metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium is differentially regulated by mutations in the two anaerobic regulatory pathways, defined by the fnr (oxrA) and oxrC genes, and is controlled by catabolite repression. The synthesis of the individual hydrogenase isoenzymes is also specifically influenced by fnr and oxrC mutations and by catabolite repression in a manner entirely consistent with the proposed role for each isoenzyme in hydrogen metabolism. Synthesis of hydrogenase isoenzyme 2 was found to be fnr dependent and oxrC independent, consistent with a role in respiration-linked hydrogen uptake which was shown to be similarly regulated. Also in keeping with such a respiratory role was the finding that both hydrogen uptake and the expression of isoenzyme 2 are under catabolite repression. In contrast, formate hydrogenlyase-dependent hydrogen evolution, characteristic of fermentative growth, was reduced in oxrC strains but not in fnr strains. Hydrogenase 3 activity was similarly regulated, consistent with a role in hydrogen evolution. Unlike the expression of hydrogenases 2 and 3, hydrogenase 1 expression was both fnr and oxrC dependent. Hydrogen uptake during fermentative growth was also both fnr and oxrC dependent. This provided good evidence for a distinction between hydrogen uptake during fermentation- and respiration-dependent growth and for a hydrogen-recycling process. The pattern of anaerobic control of hydrogenase activities illustrated the functional diversity of the isoenzymes and, in addition, the physiological distinction between the two anaerobic regulatory pathways, anaerobic respiratory genes being fnr dependent and enzymes required during fermentative growth being oxrC dependent.     

The effect of NAPRTase overexpression on the total levels of NAD,the NADH/NAD+ ratio,and the distribution of metabolites in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli (E. coli) maintains its total NADH/NAD+ intracellular pool by synthesizing NAD through the de novo pathway and the pyridine nucleotide salvage pathway. The salvage pathway recycles intracellular NAD breakdown products and preformed pyridine compounds from the environment, such as nicotinic acid (NA). The enzyme nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRTase; EC 2.4.2.11), encoded by the pncB gene, catalyzes the formation of nicotinate mononucleotide (NAMN), a direct precursor of NAD, from NA. This reaction is believed to be the rate-limiting step in the NAD salvage pathway. The current study investigates the effect of overexpressing the pncB gene from Salmonella typhimurium on the total levels of NAD, the NADH/NAD+ ratio, and the production of different metabolites in E. coli under anaerobic chemostat conditions and anaerobic tube experiments. In addition, this paper studies the effect of combining the overexpression of the pncB gene with an NADH regeneration strategy that increases intracellular NADH availability, as we have previously shown. (The effect of increasing NADH availability on the redistribution of metabolic fluxes in Escherichia coli chemostat cultures, Metabolic Eng. 4, 230-237; Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli: Increase of NADH availability by overexpressing an NAD(+)-dependent formate dehydrogenase, Metabolic Eng. 4, 217-229.) Overexpression of the pncB gene in chemostat experiments increased the total NAD levels, decreased the NADH/NAD+ ratio, and did not significantly redistribute the metabolic fluxes. However, under anaerobic tube conditions, overexpression of the pncB gene led to a significant shift in the metabolic patterns as evidenced by a decrease in lactate production and an increase as high as two-fold in the ethanol-to-acetate (Et/Ac) ratio. These results suggest that under chemostat conditions the total level of NAD is not limiting and the metabolic rates are fixed by the system at steady state. On the other hand, under transient conditions (such as those in batch cultivation) the increase in the total level of NAD can increase the rate of NADH-dependent pathways (ethanol) and therefore change the final distribution of metabolites. The effect of combining overexpression of the pncB gene with the substitution of the native cofactor-independent formate dehydrogenase (FDH) with an NAD(+)-dependent FDH was also investigated under anaerobic tube conditions. This manipulation produced a metabolic pattern that combines a high Et/Ac ratio similar to that obtained with the new FDH with an intermediate lactate level similar to that obtained with the overexpression of the pncB gene. It was found that addition of the pncB gene to the FDH system does not increase further the production of reduced metabolites because the system for NADH regeneration already reached the maximum theoretical yield of approximately 4 mol NADH/mol of glucose.     

Molecular cloning of the fdhF gene of Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract The fdhF gene of Escherichia coli , coding for at least one component of benzyl viologen-linked formate dehydrogenase (FDH-BV) activity, was isolated on a ColE1- fdhF hybrid plasmid from the Clarke and Carbon colony bank.
Endonuclease restriction maps of this plasmid and its pBR322-subcloned derivative, pLW06, were constructed. Various hybrid plasmids were further obtained by deletion of endonuclease-cleaved fragments from pLW06 DNA. Their complementation pattern was analyzed after introduction into different fdhF mutant strains. The fdhF gene was shown to be located on a 5.5 kb Bam HI- Pvu II-DNA fragment, which restored FDH-BV activity to the wild-type level.     

Engineering NADH metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: formate as an electron donor for glycerol production by anaerobic, glucose-limited chemostat cultures

Anaerobic Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures reoxidize the excess NADH formed in biosynthesis via glycerol production. This study investigates whether cometabolism of formate, a well-known NADH-generating substrate in aerobic cultures, can increase glycerol production in anaerobic S. cerevisiae cultures. In anaerobic, glucose-limited chemostat sultures (D=0.10 h(-1)) with molar formate-to-glucose ratios of 0 to 0.5, only a small fraction of the formate added to the cultures was consumed. To investigate whether incomplete formate consumption was by the unfavourable kinetics of yeast formate dehydrogenase (high k(M) for formate at low intracellular NAD(+) concentrations) strains were constructed in which the FDH1 and/or GPD2 genes, encoding formate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, respectively, were overexpressed. The engineered strains consumed up to 70% of the formate added to the feed, thereby increasing glycerol yields to 0.3 mol mol(-1) glucose at a formate-to-glucose ratio of 0.34. In all strains tested, the molar ratio between formate consumption and additional glycerol production relative to a reference culture equalled one. While demonstrating that that format can be use to enhance glycerol yields in anaerobic S. cerevisiae cultures, This study also reveals kinetic constraints of yeast formate dehydrogenase as an NADH-generating system in yeast mediated reduction processes.     

Enhanced hydrogen production from glucose by metabolically engineered <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

To utilize fermentative bacteria for producing the alternative fuel hydrogen, we performed successive rounds of P1 transduction from the Keio Escherichia coli K-12 library to introduce multiple, stable mutations into a single bacterium to direct the metabolic flux toward hydrogen production. E. coli cells convert glucose to various organic acids (such as succinate, pyruvate, lactate, formate, and acetate) to synthesize energy and hydrogen from formate by the formate hydrogen-lyase (FHL) system that consists of hydrogenase 3 and formate dehydrogenase-H. We altered the regulation of FHL by inactivating the repressor encoded by hycA and by overexpressing the activator encoded by fhlA, removed hydrogen uptake activity by deleting hyaB (hydrogenase 1) and hybC (hydrogenase 2), redirected glucose metabolism to formate by using the fdnG, fdoG, narG, focA, focB, poxB, and aceE mutations, and inactivated the succinate and lactate synthesis pathways by deleting frdC and ldhA, respectively. The best of the metabolically engineered strains, BW25113 hyaB hybC hycA fdoG frdC ldhA aceE, increased hydrogen production 4.6-fold from glucose and increased the hydrogen yield twofold from 0.65 to 1.3 mol H₂/mol glucose (maximum, 2 mol H₂/mol glucose).     

Metabolic engineering to enhance bacterial hydrogen production

Hydrogen fuel is renewable, efficient and clean, and fermentative bacteria hold great promise for its generation. Here we use the isogenic Escherichia coli K‐12 KEIO library to rapidly construct multiple, precise deletions in the E. coli genome to direct the metabolic flux towards hydrogen production. Escherichia coli has three active hydrogenases, and the genes involved in the regulation of the formate hydrogen lyase (FHL) system for synthesizing hydrogen from formate via hydrogenase 3 were also manipulated to enhance hydrogen production. Specifically, we altered regulation of FHL by controlling the regulators HycA and FhlA, removed hydrogen consumption by hydrogenases 1 and 2 via the hyaB and hybC mutations, and re‐directed formate metabolism using the fdnG, fdoG, narG, focA, fnr and focB mutations. The result was a 141‐fold increase in hydrogen production from formate to create a bacterium (BW25113 hyaB hybC hycA fdoG/pCA24N‐FhlA) that produces the largest amount of hydrogen to date and one that achieves the theoretical yield for hydrogen from formate. In addition, the hydrogen yield from glucose was increased by 50%, and there was threefold higher hydrogen production from glucose with this strain.     

光合细菌与产气肠杆菌协同产氢特性分析

对光合细菌(Rhodopseudomonas sp. DT)与产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)进行了发酵产氢试验, 考察了不同起始接种比例、培养温度及碳源条件下混合菌协同产氢特性。结果表明: 光合细菌与产气肠杆菌初始接种比例对协同产氢影响较大, 初始接种比例为1:1最有利于协同产氢, 产氢效率和产氢周期达到了3.1 mol H2/mol葡萄糖及81 h。进一步培养液pH动力学变化研究发现初始接种比例为1:1的混合菌培养液pH变化较小, 为pH 6~7, 利于混合菌协同产氢。28°