栽培方式对夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以青花7号花生品种为材料,研究了不同栽培方式对麦后夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明: 与传统栽培方式相比,采用夏直播高产保护性栽培方式可促进花生叶片生长,显著提高叶面积指数,且维持较高的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量的时间较长;植株功能叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较高和胞间CO₂浓度较低,光合效率显著提高.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式下花生单株生产力较高,荚果产量显著增加,经济系数明显提高.地膜覆盖和秸秆还田均可改善夏直播花生叶片光合特性,提高花生产量.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式能够有效缓解夏直播花生生育期较短、单株生产力低等不利因素,是一项实用的夏直播花生高产栽培方法.
     

栽培方式对夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以青花7号花生品种为材料,研究了不同栽培方式对麦后夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明:与传统栽培方式相比,采用夏直播高产保护性栽培方式可促进花生叶片生长,显著提高叶面积指数,且维持较高的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量的时间较长;植株功能叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较高和胞间CO2浓度较低,光合效率显著提高.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式下花生单株生产力较高,荚果产量显著增加,经济系数明显提高.地膜覆盖和秸秆还田均可改善夏直播花生叶片光合特性,提高花生产量.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式能够有效缓解夏直播花生生育期较短、单株生产力低等不利因素,是一项实用的夏直播花生高产栽培方法.     

底墒和种植方式对夏大豆光合特性及产量的影响

选择华北地区冬小麦-夏大豆一年两熟制度,冬小麦设置90 mm、135 mm、180 mm3种灌水量。冬小麦收获后,播种夏大豆,夏大豆设置30 cm等行距、“20 40” cm大小行、“20 40” cm垄作3种种植方式。研究了底墒和种植方式对夏大豆光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦灌溉能够明显影响夏大豆播种时的土壤蓄水量（底墒）。随冬小麦灌水量的增加,夏大豆播种时底墒改善,180 mm和135 mm较90 mm处理明显提高了夏大豆净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2浓度、叶绿素含量指数、Fo、Fv及ΦPSⅡ,增产效果显著。180 mm较135 mm处理增产效果不显著,且水分利用效率显著降低。夏大豆种植方式也能明显影响其净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2浓度、叶绿素含量指数、Fo、Fm、ΦPSⅡ、Fv/Fm、产量及水分利用效率,具体表现为：“20 40” cm垄作> 30 cm等行距>“20 40” cm大小行。综合评价,冬小麦135 mm灌水量条件下,夏大豆采用“20 40” cm垄作是生产上可行的栽培模式。     

干旱胁迫对降香黄檀幼苗光合生理特性的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,设置对照(CK)、轻度(LS)、中度(MS)和重度(HS)干旱胁迫4个水分条件,研究不同水分条件对降香黄檀幼苗光合和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度增加,降香黄檀幼苗叶片叶绿素总含量总体呈现出下降趋势。(2)降香黄檀幼苗叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率随着干旱胁迫强度增加均呈现出先增加后降低趋势,且MS和HS处理下的气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度同时降低,此时幼苗光合能力的下降主要受气孔因素限制。(3)随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,降香黄檀幼苗叶片细胞膜相对透性、丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸含量和POD活性均呈现出增加趋势,而同期SOD和CAT活性呈现出先升高后降低趋势。可见,降香黄檀幼苗在轻度干旱胁迫下可通过增加叶片保护酶活性来清除活性氧对其组织造成的伤害,但胁迫超过一定程度后保护酶活性下降,表明降香黄檀幼苗的耐旱能力有限。     

干旱胁迫下尖果沙枣幼苗的根系活力和光合特性

以尖果沙枣1年生实生苗为材料,研究了自然干旱时不同土壤相对含水量对幼苗叶片细胞质膜相对透性、叶片相对含水量、根系活力、光合色素含量和光合参数等指标的影响.结果表明:土壤相对含水量从70%(CK)降到40%时,幼苗根系活力和净光合速率均逐渐上升并达到最大值,分别为1178μg.g-1.h-1和21.9μmol.m-2.s-1;光合色素含量稳步上升;蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均保持稳定;叶片细胞质膜相对透性保持较低水平.土壤相对含水量从40%降到20%时,幼苗叶片相对含水量仍在50%以上,叶片细胞质膜相对透性仍保持较低水平;根系活力和光合色素含量仍较高;但其他光合参数开始缓慢下降.土壤相对含水量从10%降到5%时,幼苗叶片细胞质膜相对透性急剧上升;叶片相对含水量、根系活力、总叶绿素含量、光合参数均极显著下降;而土壤相对含水量为10%时幼苗表现出最高的水分利用效率.尖果沙枣土壤相对含水量最好控制在40%~50%,其1年生实生苗的永久萎蔫系数为4.3%(土壤相对含水量).     

垄作栽培对高产田夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响

试验于2006-2007年在河南省浚县农业科学研究所试验田进行,以传统平作为对照,研究了垄作栽培对夏玉米光合特性和产量的影响.结果表明,垄作提高了夏玉米光合速率Pn、叶片蒸腾速率Tr和气孔导度Gs,且其日变化均呈单峰曲线,12:00达到最大值,而细胞间隙二氧化碳浓度Gi有所降低,其日变化与Pn相反,呈倒抛物线型.垄作栽培夏玉米的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和实际光化学效率φPSⅡ均有所增加.与平作相比,垄作后期叶面积衰减较慢,籽粒蜡熟期和成熟期垄作比平作叶面积指数分别高6.4％和3.7％,减少了漏光损失,垄作栽培延长了叶片功能期,促进光合产物的积累及向籽粒的转移,有利于后期玉米籽粒充实,千粒重显著高于平作,产量提高9.6％.     

丛枝菌根真菌对盐碱胁迫下杜梨幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

采用盆栽实验,设置梯度盐碱环境(0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5 g·kg^-1),接种根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,Ri),对比分析杜梨幼苗苗高生长、叶片光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数及抗逆生理指标的变化,探讨在混合盐碱胁迫下接种菌根真菌对杜梨幼苗生长和抗逆性的影响,为盐碱地杜梨菌根化栽培提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)根内根孢囊霉能够与杜梨根系形成良好的共生,但在盐碱浓度6.0和7.5 g·kg^-1时侵染率分别下降为47.98%和32.97%。(2)盐碱胁迫条件下,接种Ri显著提高了杜梨苗高生长量和生物量,同时显著提高了杜梨叶片光合色素的含量和净光合速率;尤其在高盐碱程度(6.0 g·kg^-1、7.5 g·kg^-1)下显著提高了气孔导度和胞间二氧化碳含量,有利于光化学淬灭系数提高和非光化学淬灭系数的降低,促进实际光化学效率提升。(3)接种Ri显著降低了杜梨幼苗叶片细胞膜透性和丙二醛的含量,显著增强了超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,并提高了可溶性糖和可溶性...     

干旱胁迫对鸭茅幼苗根系生长及光合特性的影响

以不同耐旱型鸭茅品种(系)“01998”(敏感型)和“宝兴”(耐旱型)为试材,采用盆栽控水试验方法,研究土壤干旱胁迫对鸭茅幼苗根系生长、生理特性及叶片光合作用的影响,探讨不同品种耐旱机制的差异.结果表明：干旱胁迫下,不同耐旱型鸭茅幼苗的根系活力和根系数量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,当土壤相对含水量降到30%时,根系活力和根数显著增加并达到最大值;干旱胁迫降低了两个品种鸭茅叶片的相对含水量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度,提高了电导率和胞间CO₂浓度.干旱胁迫降低了两个品种鸭茅的单株叶面积,品种“01998”的地下及地上生物量下降,而“宝兴”无显著变化.     

硒对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养 ,研究不同浓度的硒和镉处理对稻苗的株高、叶片干重、叶绿素、还原糖、叶片丙二醛含量以及保护酶 SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响。结果表明 ,镉胁迫下稻苗矮化 ,镉毒害使叶片失绿 ,干重降低 ,还原糖含量下降 ,叶片 MDA含量增加 ,POD活性增强 ,而 SOD、CAT活性降低 ;硒可减轻镉对水稻的毒害 ,表现为 :减轻镉胁迫对株高增加的抑制 ,提高叶绿素含量 ,增加叶片干物质积累 ,提高叶片还原糖含量 (Cd0 .5 mg/ L加 Se 0 .1 0～ 0 .5 0 mg/ L例外 ) ,降低 MDA含量与 POD活性 ,提高 SOD、CAT活性     

播种深度对夏玉米幼苗性状和根系特性的影响

选用郑单958(ZD958)和先玉335(XY335)为试验材料,在砂培和大田条件下设置3、5、7和9 cm 4个播种深度,并在大田条件下以不同播种深度混播作为对照(CK),研究播种深度对夏玉米幼苗性状和根系特性的影响.结果表明： 随着播种深度的增加,夏玉米的出苗率下降,出苗时间延长.ZD958和XY335播深9 cm的出苗率较3 cm的分别降低9.4%和11.8%,出苗时间较3 cm的均延长1.5 d.随着播种深度的增加,幼苗长度及幼苗整齐度显著降低,中胚轴长度显著增加,胚芽鞘长度差异不显著;初生胚根长度逐渐减小,次生胚根总长度逐渐增加,总根长度差异不显著;幼苗与中胚轴的总干质量增加,总根干质量差异不显著.随播种深度的增加,种子萌发时幼苗各部位可溶性糖含量增加,营养物质消耗量增加,幼苗根系生长速度增加,根系活力降低,总节根数及节根层数增加.播深增加后出苗率及幼苗活力的降低导致收获穗数的显著降低,最终影响产量形成.此外,播深一致有利于群体整齐度的提高和群体性状的改善,从而提高产量.     

外源NO对铝毒下水稻根系生长和抗氧化系统的影响

以水稻品种‘浙辐802’为材料,采用水培法研究铝毒下外源NO对幼苗根系生长、活性氧产生和抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨外源NO提高水稻耐铝性的生理生化机制。结果显示:(1)0.05mmol/L Al显著抑制水稻根系生长,促使根尖Al、胼胝质、过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子自由基(O-·2)含量显著增加;而外源0.1mmol/L的NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)预处理能使铝毒下水稻幼苗根相对伸长率及根尖NO含量分别增加34.96%和12.86%,根尖Al和相对胼胝质含量分别下降83.04%和31.93%,表明NO可部分缓解铝毒害,且这种作用与内源NO含量变化有关。(2)外源NO同时使铝毒下水稻幼苗根尖H2O2和O-·2含量分别下降15.43%和12.93%,使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著上升,且外源NO的该种作用可以被0.075mmol/L NO清除剂(carboxy-PTIO,cPTIO)所逆转。研究表明,外源NO在调节活性氧代谢以维持细胞膜结构稳定,进而有效减轻Al对水稻根系的损伤上起着重要作用。     

Oxidative stress triggered by aluminum in plant roots

Aluminum (Al) is a major growth-limiting factor for plants in acid soils. The primary site of Al accumulation and toxicity is the root meristem, and the inhibition of root elongation is the most sensitive response to Al. Al cannot catalyze redox reactions but triggers lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in roots. Furthermore, Al causes respiration inhibition and ATP depletion. Comparative studies of Al toxicity in roots with that in cultured plant cells suggest that Al causes dysfunction and ROS production in mitochondria, and that ROS production, but not lipid peroxidation, seems to be a determining factor of root-elongation inhibition by Al.     

外源抗坏血酸缓解水稻幼苗的铝胁迫效应

为探讨外源抗坏血酸对铝胁迫下水稻氧化损伤的影响,该文以峰1A(不育系,籼稻)和滇优35号(杂交,粳稻)两个水稻品种为材料,采用溶液培养法研究外源抗坏血酸(AsA)对50μmol·L^-1Al³⁺胁迫下水稻根尖H₂O₂和内源AsA含量以及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:铝胁迫24 h时,水稻根尖内源AsA含量为对照的0.90倍,与对照相比,根尖H₂O₂增加了0.55倍至1.3倍,SOD、POD、CAT及APX活性分别增加了0.83倍至1.6倍、1.0倍至1.3倍、0.85倍至1.2倍、1.0倍至1.8倍;外源AsA处理铝胁迫水稻24 h,水稻根尖内源AsA含量为对照的1.2倍,SOD、POD、CAT及APX活性分别增加了1.2倍至2.2倍、1.5倍至1.6倍、1.3倍至1.7倍、1.2倍至2.6倍,根尖H₂O₂含量增加了0.1倍至0.6倍。这些研究结果说明铝胁迫加剧了细胞膜的过氧化程度,并诱导抗氧化酶活性以清除活性氧,...     

12/15-Lipoxygenase targets neuronal mitochondria under oxidative stress

12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is an important mediator of brain injury following experimental stroke in rodents. It contributes to neuronal death, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We demonstrate here that in neuronal HT22 cells subjected to glutamate-induced oxidative stress, 12/15-LOX damages mitochondria, and this represents the committed step that condemns the cell to die. Importantly these events, including breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the production of reactive oxygen species, and cytochrome c release, can all be replicated by incubation of 12/15-LOX with mitochondria in vitro , without the need to add other cytosolic factors. Proteasome activity is required downstream of mitochondrial damage to complete the cell death cascade, but proteasome inhibition is only partially protective. These findings position 12/15-LOX as the central executioner in an oxidative stress-related neuronal death program.     

Interactive regulation of nitrogen and aluminum in rice

Despite many studies on the high aluminum (Al) tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa), its exact mechanisms remain largely unknown. It is also unclear why Al improves growth of some plants. Our research on interactions between nitrogen (N) and Al may help to understand these phenomena. Previously, we found that ammonium-supplemented rice was more Al tolerant than nitrate-supplemented rice. Furthermore, Al-tolerant rice varieties preferred ammonium, while Al-sensitive ones preferred nitrate; in fact, Al tolerance was significantly correlated with the ammonium/nitrate preference among rice varieties. Al even enhanced growth of ammonium-supplemented rice, while it inhibited growth of nitrate-supplemented rice. Based on our own and other reports on N-Al interactions, we propose that intermediate products of N metabolism may play a role in rice Al tolerance. Al-enhanced ammonium utilization may explain why Al promotes growth of some plants, since Al often coexists with higher levels of ammonium than nitrate in acid soils.     

Proteome analysis of roots of wheat seedlings under aluminum stress

The root apex is considered the first sites of aluminum (Al) toxicity and the reduction in root biomass leads to poor uptake of water and nutrients. Aluminum is considered the most limiting factor for plant productivity in acidic soils. Aluminum is a light metal that makes up 7 % of the earth’s scab dissolving ionic forms. The inhibition of root growth is recognized as the primary effect of Al toxicity. Seeds of wheat cv. Keumkang were germinated on petridish for 5 days and then transferred hydroponic apparatus which was treated without or with 100 and 150 μM AlCl₃ for 5 days. The length of roots, shoots and fresh weight of wheat seedlings were decreased under aluminum stress. The concentration of K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ were decreased, whereas Al³⁺ and P₂O₅ ^? concentration was increased under aluminum stress. Using confocal microscopy, the fluorescence intensity of aluminum increased with morin staining. A proteome analysis was performed to identify proteins, which are responsible to aluminum stress in wheat roots. Proteins were extracted from roots and separated by 2-DE. A total of 47 protein spots were changed under Al stress. Nineteen proteins were significantly increased such as sadenosylmethionine, oxalate oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, cysteine synthase, ascorbate peroxidase and/or, 28 protein spots were significantly decreased such as heat shock protein 70, O-methytransferase 4, enolase, and amylogenin. Our results highlight the importance and identification of stress and defense responsive proteins with morphological and physiological state under Al stress.     

Isolation,purification and characterization of adenosine triphosphatase from mitochondria of rice seedlings

A new and improved procedure is described for the isolation and purification of adenosine triphosphatase (F₁ ATPase) from rice seedling mitochondria. The enzyme has a multi-subunit structure, as revealed by electron microscopy and SDS-mercaptoethanol gel electrophoresis. Oligomycin sensitivity as well as cold lability of this enzyme clearly prove that the mitochondria of monocotyledons have an ATPase similar to the F₁ ATPases from other sources.     

OsTRXh1 regulates the redox state of the apoplast and influences stress responses in rice

The plant cell apoplast is the compartment beyond the cell plasmalemma, including the cell wall and intercellular space. Many environmental elements can trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst at the plasma membrane which then alters the redox state of the apoplast. Recently, h-type thioredoxin (Trx), OsTRXh1, was identified to be involved in apoplastic redox state regulation in rice. OsTRXh1 is conserved redox-active Trx and can be secreted into the extracellular regions. Through transgenic rice plant, we found that OsTRXh1 regulated ROS accumulation in apoplast and influenced plant development and stress responses. This provides new insights into apoplastic redox state regulation pathway and expands our understanding of h-type Trxs function.     

外源表油菜素内酯对NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及氧化还原平衡的影响

以‘津研四号’黄瓜为试材,以30 mmol·L^-1NaHCO_3模拟盐碱环境,采用水培法研究了0.2μmol·L^-1外源2,4表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)对盐碱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明:NaHCO_3胁迫显著诱导了叶片及根系中O2-·的产生和H_2O_2的积累,导致丙二醛含量和电解质渗透率提高.NaHCO_3胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性及还原型抗坏血酸、还原型谷胱甘肽含量随胁迫时间延长呈现先升后降的趋势.外源EBR显著提高了NaHCO_3胁迫下黄瓜叶片和根系中抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质的含量以及As A/DHA(双脱氢抗坏血酸)和GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽)比值,维持了植株内的氧化还原平衡,降低了活性氧积累水平,缓解了膜脂过氧化,从而提高了黄瓜幼苗的盐碱耐受性.