天然砂与修饰砂对病毒的吸附与去除

分别在不同pH、含有不同金属阳离子及腐殖酸的脱氯自来水与蒸馏水中,研究了砂与金属氢氧化物修饰砂吸附与去除Polivirus 1(PV1)和Bacteroides fragilis phage(B．fp)的不同效果。结果显示,天然砂吸附病毒效率随水体pH的降低而增加,但当砂表面经氧氧化铝、氢氧化铁沉积修饰后,却在中性pH具有较高的吸附率。金属阳离子可促进天然砂吸附病毒,并随其浓度和价态的增加而增加,但对修饰砂作用不明显。腐殖酸对砂及修饰砂吸附病毒的影响也不同,修饰砂吸附病毒不受腐殖酸的存在及其浓度影响,而天然砂会因腐殖酸的存在及其浓度的提高而降低吸附病毒效率。在任一实验条件下,砂与修饰砂在自来水中的吸附病毒效率高于在蒸馏水中的吸附效率,扫描电镜观察显示砂与修饰砂具有明显不同的表面结构特征,这是两者具有不同吸附效率的基础。从砂与修饰砂吸附PV1的效率高于B．fp的现象说明B．fp是一个更为合适的病毒去除指示生物。本实验结果表明了金属氢氧化物修饰砂可为传统的净水工艺提供高效的病毒去除过滤介质与途径。     

水体病毒浓缩条件的优化

病毒浓缩条件的优化是水环境病毒污染监测及灭活去除效率评价的基础,本文开发了在待浓缩水样中预先加入钠化蒙脱石吸附病毒以增加其沉降性能,并在优化絮凝条件下用聚合氯化铝絮凝沉淀蒙脱石钠的水体病毒浓缩方法.该方法对人为污染的脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus 1, PV1)、烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)、大肠杆菌噬菌体(Phage of Ecoli, E.cp)在闽江水、生活污水、自来水中分别有高于84.3%的浓缩回收率,说明该浓缩方法具有较广泛的适用性和应用前景,可为水体病毒污染监测及灭活去除评价提供一个简便、回收率高、成本低的浓缩方法.     

水体病毒浓缩条件的优化

病毒浓缩条件的优化是水环境病毒污染监测及灭活去除效率评价的基础,本文开发了在待浓缩水样中预先加入钠化蒙脱石吸附病毒以增加其沉降性能,并在优化絮凝条件下用聚合氯化铝絮凝沉淀蒙脱石钠的水体病毒浓缩方法。该方法对人为污染的脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus 1,PV1)、烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)、大肠杆菌噬菌体(Phage of Ecoli,E．cp)在闽汀水、生活污水、自来水中分别有高于84．3％的浓缩回收率,说明该浓缩方法具有较广泛的适用性和应用前景,可为水体病毒污染监测及灭活去除评价提供一个简便、回收率高、成本低的浓缩方法。     

不同干扰形式对砂生槐群落结构特征的影响

在雅鲁藏布江中游流域以放牧、封育和水淹3种不同干扰形式下的砂生槐群落为研究对象,从林分特征、物种组成、优势种种群发育状况和物种多样性等对群落特征进行对比研究,以揭示不同干扰形式对砂生槐群落结构的影响.结果显示:(1)砂生槐群落以群落A(放牧)的林分状况最好,其次为群落B(封育),群落C(水淹)最差;(2)不同干扰形式下群落中植物种类分别为群落A(13种)＞群落C(9种)＞群落B(6种);(3)优势种群生长状况说明放牧和封育形式下砂生槐生长情况基本一致,高度级和幅度级小的个体均较多,而水淹干扰下群落仅有少数生长旺盛的个体存在,种群呈衰退趋势;(4)物种多样性指数为群落A＞群落B＞群落C.研究表明:一定程度放牧干扰能够促进砂生槐种群更新,增加群落物种丰富度和物种多样性,封育可促进砂生槐种群萌蘖更新,而水淹则促使群落衰退.     

谈"根对矿质元素离子的交换吸附实验"的对比实验

在观察根对矿质元素离子的交换吸附现象的实验中,将染色、冲洗后的根等分投入盛有等量蒸馏水和CaCI。溶液的烧杯中进行对比实验,其结果是：除正常结果外,还常出现两种不同的结果：一种是CaCI。溶液和蒸馏水对比实验后均不变蓝;另一种是CaCI。溶液和蒸馏水对比实验后均变蓝。对此,学生并不知道其原因何在,也不懂得做好该实验的关键在哪里。通过分别用NaCI溶液、KNO;溶液、自来水等进行对比实验,可知;＊。"、＊"以及自来水中含有的某些离子都可与亚甲基蓝的阳离子发生交换吸附而使溶液或自来水变蓝。即使将CaCI。溶液稀释到1…     

活性绿19修饰花生壳粉微球的制备及对溶菌酶的吸附

以天然产物花生壳粉作为基质,环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,活性绿19(Reactive Green 19,简称RG19)为修饰剂,制备了新型的生物吸附剂RG19修饰花生壳粉微球,比较了RG19修饰花生壳粉前后对溶菌酶的吸附性能,包括吸附溶液的pH,溶菌酶的初始浓度,吸附时间,温度及NaCl的浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明,用25.0 mgRG19修饰花生壳粉微球处理溶菌酶溶液10 mL,pH值7.4,吸附时间4 h的条件下,对溶菌酶的吸附量是149.6mg·g-1,其酶活力保持率为96.4%,而未修饰的花生壳粉微球对溶菌酶的吸附量只有23.6 mg·g-1,修饰后是修饰前的6.3倍。在上述条件下从鸡蛋清中分离纯化溶菌酶,纯化倍数为31.0,收得率为64.2%。而且该吸附剂的复用性好。     

青霉吸附水体重金属铬条件与特性研究

目的:研究青霉(Penicillium lh-1)作为吸附剂去除水体中六价铬的吸附条件与吸附特性.方法:菌种摇瓶培养收获茵体,干燥粉碎分选,添加吸附剂到体积100ml浓度50mg/L六价铬溶液中,对最优吸附温度、pH、共存离子以及铬被吸附形式进行研究.结果:①温度28℃以及酸性环境(pH 3)为最优吸附条件,10 h内,Cr(Ⅵ)的生物吸附去除效率达99%.②铬的生物吸附主要以六价形式,约占80%,部分Cr(Ⅵ)被还原成Cr(Ⅲ),约占20%.③溶液中共存离子对六价铬吸附的影响不同,一价阴离子与Cu2+对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附几乎没有影响,二价阴离子和Ni2+的存在却明显地影响了生物吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.结论环境温度、溶液pH以及溶液中共存离子对铬的生物吸附有显著的影响.     

壳聚糖改性竹炭对铜吸附性能研究

为了提高竹炭去除废水中重金属离子能力,采用交联法设计合成新型的磁性壳聚糖改性竹炭复合吸附剂,并采用傅里叶红外光谱对改性竹炭复合吸附剂进行表征,同时开展不同Cu2+初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、pH和温度等因素对Cu2+吸附去除率的影响。结果表明,吸附效率与Cu2+初始浓度和吸附剂投加量成正效应;吸附平衡时间约8 h;在作用温度范围内,吸附效率随温度升高而上升;pH为7时吸附效果最好。振荡条件吸附效果优于静置处理。该结果为废水重金属深度处理及水环境保护提供依据。     

饮用水水源与自来水中病毒和指示细菌存在水平的比较研究

自来水中人肠道病毒的存在已引起人们极大的关切和忧虑。本文报道了武汉东湖水和以东湖为水源的自来水中病毒和指示细菌的存在水平。水源水经过预加氯消毒、絮凝沉淀、砂滤和最后加氯消毒处理而成的自来水中细菌总数检测范围是41—500/升,总大肠菌是2—13/升、粪大肠菌为0—4/升、大肠菌噬菌体是0—13.6PFU/升,平均2.48PFU/升,肠道病毒为0—78PFU/升,平均为6.7PFU/升。水源水经制水工艺处理去除指示细菌、大肠菌噬菌体和肠道病毒的效率分别为97.95—99.99％,90.63％和53.18％。这种结果说明自来水制水工艺能有效地降低指示细菌,大肠菌噬菌体,而去除肠道病毒效率较低,揭示肠道病毒对环境压专的耐受性明显地比指示细菌强。     

小麦秸秆对硝基苯的吸附效果研究

在实验室内以人工配制的含有硝基苯的实验用水为模拟废水,用静态吸附法研究了小麦秸秆对模拟废水中硝基苯的吸附效果.结果表明,小麦秸杆具有较宽的投加量范围,能保证对硝基苯良好的去除效果.小麦秸秆对水中硝基苯的吸附效果与溶液的初始浓度有较大关系,溶液初始浓度越高,初始吸附速率越大,且吸附量随初始浓度的增大而增大;小麦秸秆对水中硝基苯的去除效果受pH值的影响比较大,随pH值的升高,去除率增大;去除效果受温度的影响较小,这使得小麦秸秆在实际应用中能够免受季节的限制.小麦秸秆对有机物的去除速度很快,在60min内即可完成整个吸附过程,达到吸附平衡.     

Sustainability Assessment of Red Sand as a Substitute for Virgin Sand and Crushed Limestone

This article assesses the sustainability benefits of replacing virgin sand and crushed limestone with Red Sand for road construction and top dressing. The sustainability of Red Sand was assessed using a triple bottom line analysis that includes economic, social, and environmental objectives. Each of these objectives consists of a number of headline performance indicators, with each being the aggregate of key performance indicators that measure whether Red Sand applications foster or impede sustainability. Red Sand is a newly developed product that is expected to be commercially available in 2014. It is produced by washing and carbonating the coarse fraction of the residue produced by the Bayer alumina refining process. Our assessment indicates that replacing virgin sand and crushed limestone with Red Sand will provide a range of financial and environmental benefits. For example, some environmental impacts associated with using virgin sand and crushed limestone, such as loss of biodiversity and land degradation, can be avoided by substituting Red Sand. Also, the use of Red Sand for road construction and top dressing is expected to conserve land and raw materials for future generations, thus enhancing intergenerational social equity. The energy consumption associated with producing Red Sand is projected to be lower than that required to quarry virgin sand and crushed limestone, thereby conserving energy and reducing the overall greenhouse impact of road construction and top‐dressing applications that use virgin sand and crushed limestone. The greenhouse benefit of Red Sand is further enhanced by avoiding the loss of vegetation associated with sand and limestone quarrying. There are also intangible benefits expected from the substitution of Red Sand, including ecological, aesthetic, and recreational benefits associated with bushland conservation, a significant issue in areas surrounding metropolitan Perth.     

Denitrification in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer

Denitrification was assayed by the acetylene blockage technique in slurried core material obtained from a freshwater sand and gravel aquifer. The aquifer, which has been contaminated with treated sewage for more than 50 years, had a contaminant plume greater than 3.5-km long. Near the contaminant source, groundwater nitrate concentrations were greater than 1 mM, whereas 0.25 km downgradient the central portion of the contaminant plume was anoxic and contained no detectable nitrate. Samples were obtained along the longitudinal axis of the plume (0 to 0.25 km) at several depths from four sites. Denitrification was evident at in situ nitrate concentrations at all sites tested; rates ranged from 2.3 to 260 pmol of N₂O produced (g of wet sediment)⁻¹ h⁻¹. Rates were highest nearest the contaminant source and decreased with increasing distance downgradient. Denitrification was the predominant nitrate-reducing activity; no evidence was found for nitrate reduction to ammonium at any site. Denitrifying activity was carbon limited and not nitrate limited, except when the ambient nitrate level was less than the detection limit, in which case, even when amended with high concentrations of glucose and nitrate, the capacity to denitrify on a short-term basis was lacking. These results demonstrate that denitrification can occur in groundwater systems and, thereby, serve as a mechanism for nitrate removal from groundwater.     

Sand Beach Bacteria: Enumeration and Characterization

Bacteria in the water-saturated sand of a relatively unpolluted sand beach were enumerated by direct microscope and viable counting. The number of interstitial bacteria was estimated to be a significant fraction of the total number of bacteria present. Three hundred sixty-two strains were isolated and submitted to cultural and biochemical tests. Fermentational abilities and the production of indole suggested that a significant number of these bacteria were symbiotically associated with resident metazoans.     

A Measure of Sliding Sand

The Royal Commission on Medical Education recommends that the ratio of doctors to population should undergo an exponential expansion after 1975. It is suggested that the Commission does not appear to have fully recognized the implications of this proposal, nor to have considered other possible modes of expansion, which would result in substantially different estimates of future needs.     

Saltation of Non-Spherical Sand Particles

Saltation is an important geological process and the primary source of atmospheric mineral dust aerosols. Unfortunately, no studies to date have been able to precisely reproduce the saltation process because of the simplified theoretical models used. For example, sand particles in most of the existing wind sand movement models are considered to be spherical, the effects of the sand shape on the structure of the wind sand flow are rarely studied, and the effect of mid-air collision is usually neglected. In fact, sand grains are rarely round in natural environments. In this paper, we first analyzed the drag coefficients, drag forces, and starting friction wind speeds of sand grains with different shapes in the saltation process, then established a sand saltation model that considers the coupling effect between wind and the sand grains, the effect of the mid-air collision of sand grains, and the effect of the sand grain shape. Based on this model, the saltation process and sand transport rate of non-spherical sand particles were simulated. The results show that the sand shape has a significant impact on the saltation process; for the same wind speed, the sand transport rates varied for different shapes of sand grains by as much as several-fold. Therefore, sand shape is one of the important factors affecting wind-sand movement.     

砂梨EST-SSR引物开发及其应用

利用GenBank和GDR数据库中的995条梨EST序列开发砂梨SSR引物,并根据开发的EST-SSR引物对砂梨'西子绿'×'喜水'F1群体的遗传变异进行分析.结果发现:(1)60个SSR位点分布于54条EST序列中,占整个EST数据库的5.4%,其中二核苷酸重复基元出现频率最高,达51.7%,其次为三核苷酸重复基元占25%.23类重复基序中AT重复基序出现的频率最高,为32.3%.(2)利用开发的25对EST-SSR引物对'西子绿'×'喜水'F1群体的遗传变异分析结果表明,其中9对引物呈现多态性,多态性引物占设计引物的36%;多态性引物扩增产物在F1群体中的等位基因数(No)平均为2,有效等位基因数(Ne)平均为1.932 4,平均杂合度观测值(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为1和0.480 9.