氮磷配施对藏北退化高寒草甸群落结构和生产力的影响

Fertilization is an effective management measure for recovery of degraded grasslands. To better understand the effects of fertilization on community structure and productivity of lightly and severely degraded alpine meadows, we conducted a fertilization experiment in northern Tibet since 2008. The treatments were addition of nitrogen (N) alone (50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1, LN; 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1, HN) or addition of both phosphorus (P) and N (50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1+50 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1, LN+P; 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1+50 kg P·hm^-2·a ^-1, HN+P) in each of the two types of degraded alpine meadows. N addition alone significantly affected plant community co-verage or productivity in neither the slightly nor the severely degraded alpine meadow, while addition of both N and P significantly increased plant community coverage, aboveground and belowground biomass of the alpine meadows. This suggested that productivity of this alpine meadow is co-limited by N and P. HN and HN+P significantly decreased species richness and evenness in the lightly degraded grassland, indicating that HN was not beneficial for the lightly degraded grassland to maintain species diversity and community stability. N addition significantly reduced the root to shoot ratio in the severely degraded meadow. In the lightly degraded meadow, N addition alone, especially with a high amount (HN), enhanced the importance values (IV) and biomass of grasses, while fertilization with both N and P increased those of sedges. In the severely degraded meadow, fertilization had little effect on IV of grasses or sedges, but improved biomass of forbs. The results suggested that LN+P could be employed in recovery of lightly degraded alpine meadows, but other management measures such as fencing and reseeding may be needed for recovery of severely degraded alpine meadows.     

重金属在珠江口海域两种腹足类动物组织中的分布与累积

通过测定珠江口海域典型腹足类动物习见蛙螺(Bursa rana)和棒锥螺(Turritellabacillum)各组织器官中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和As)的含量,研究了腹足类动物重金属的组织分布及累积模式.结果表明:肠与肝脏重金属累积模式差异较大,腮在两种螺累积重金属的过程中可能扮演着重要角色,性腺是重金属在螺体的重要累积器官;人体通过食用习见蛙螺和棒锥螺肌肉摄入的重金属虽未超过国际食品法典委员会提出的最大容许摄入量,但重金属联合毒性的潜在危害值得引起高度关注.     

极小种群植物水松群落系统发育多样性分析

极小种群植物水松（Glyptostrobus pensilis（Staunton ex D.Don）K.Koch）是著名的孑遗植物,被列为我国Ⅰ级重点保护和极小种群野生植物,在IUCN红色名录中被评估为"极危"等级,且种群数量仍在继续减少。水松主要分布于我国华南和东南地区以及越南和老挝。本研究对我国42个水松种群周边植被、种群健康状况、群落干扰类型、外来植物入侵状况等进行了调查,采用系统发育多样性相关指数对该物种所在群落进行了研究。结果显示,系统发育多样性指数对水松种群状况具有一定的指示性,人为干扰对所在群落的影响越严重,种群的健康状况愈差;具有较高系统发育多样性水平（PD值）的群落内水松种群状况良好;入侵物种的存在会使群落系统发育结构聚集,系统发育多样性水平降低。因此,在对水松种群进行保护时,要尽量减少群落中人为恶性干扰因素和外来植物的入侵威胁,以增强水松种群和个体的健康水平,维持群落系统发育的多样性,从而提高水松种群抵抗力和恢复力的稳定性。     

遗传多样性与濒危植物保护生物学研究进展

尽管对于濒危物种的遗传学人们已经进行了大量研究,但是种群遗传学在植物保护中的实际地位尚存在很大争议。濒危物种的遗传多样性可能会由于遗传漂变、近交的作用而丧失;但这种丧失更可能是濒危的结果而不是濒危的起因。遗传多样性水平与物种生存力之间没有任何必然的联系。但植物种群遗传结构如果由于自交不亲和等位基因的丧失和与亲缘种杂交造成的遗传同化而发生改变,那么它对物种生存力会产生明显负作用。     

海岸带沉积物中氮循环功能微生物多样性

海岸带生境类型多样,环境梯度明显,是研究微生物多样性、群落结构与功能关系及调控机制的天然实验场.沉积物是海岸带环境中营养盐再生与转化发生的重要场所,其中多种微生物类群在氮素循环过程中扮演重要角色.本文重点介绍海岸带沉积物中固氮菌、氨氧化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌、反硝化与硝酸盐铵化微生物的基于16SrRNA基因的物种多样性和基于关键酶基因nifH、amoA、narG、nirS、nirK、nosZ、nrfA、hzo、hzs等的功能多样性;总结了在海岸带特有生境(如河口、潮间带、海草藻床、红树林、盐沼、珊瑚礁、浅海等)及污染胁迫、生物扰动等条件下各功能类群的群落组成特征及时空变化规律,并提出今后需要重点关注新的培养技术和方法的开发,以进一步提高微生物的可培养性,将单细胞基因组测序与分析技术、DNA和RNA结合起来研究,以全面了解氮循环微生物多样性、参与介导硝酸盐铵化过程的微生物多样性等方面.     

Phylogenetic diversity of Sri Lankan freshwater crabs and its implications for conservation

As part of a Global Biodiversity Hotspot, the conservation of Sri Lanka's endemic biodiversity warrants special attention. With 51 species (50 of them endemic) occurring in the island, the biodiversity of freshwater crabs is unusually high for such a small area (65 600 km²). Freshwater crabs have successfully colonized most moist habitats and all climatic and elevational zones in Sri Lanka. We assessed the biodiversity of these crabs in relation to the different elevational zones (lowland, upland and highland) based on both species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Three different lineages appear to have radiated simultaneously, each within a specific elevational zone, with little interchange thereafter. The lowland and upland zones show a higher species richness than the highland zone while – unexpectedly – phylogenetic diversity is highest in the lowland zone, illustrating the importance of considering both these measures in conservation planning. The diversity indices for the species in the various IUCN Red List categories in each of the three zones suggest that risk of extinction may be related to elevational zone. Our results also show that overall more than 50% of Sri Lanka's freshwater crab species (including several as yet undescribed ones), or approximately 72 million years of evolutionary history, are threatened with extinction.     

采用未培养技术对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃细菌多样性进行初步分析

采用未培养(Culture independent)技术直接从荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃液中提取瘤胃细菌微生物混合DNA(也叫元基因组DNA),利用细菌16SrDNA通用引物27F与1492R,扩增瘤胃混合微生物的16SrDNA,根据16SrDNA序列对瘤胃细菌多样性进行初步分析。通过16SrDNA序列同源性分析,发现有多于一半以上的序列与可培养的菌株的同源性小于90%,属于不可培养的菌株。选用45条测得序列与已知序列构建系统发育树,分析结果表明,它们分属于两大类LGCGPB(the lowG CGram positivebac teria)和CFB(Cytophaga_Flexibacter $CBacteroides group),剩下的克隆尚难确定其分类地位,可能是代表新属和种的序列,这些序列已向GenBank提交并得到序列号(AY986777_AY986791)。     

Phylogenetic and functional diversity of bacterioplankton during Alexandrium spp. blooms

The phylogenetic and functional diversity of the bacterioplankton assemblage associated with blooms of toxic Alexandrium spp. was studied in three harbours of the NW Mediterranean. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of a bacterium within the Roseobacter clade related to the presence of Alexandrium cells. Phylogenetic diversity was affected by the presence of Alexandrium spp., geographic situation and seasonality. In contrast, functional diversity, assessed with Biolog plates, was clearly affected by seasonality, but not by the presence of Alexandrium, indicating that the presence of the bacterium associated with the blooms was not enough to modify the metabolic pattern of the bacterioplankton assemblage.     

Orchid conservation in China from 2000 to 2020: Achievements and perspectives

We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years. We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China. We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation, especially of orchid conservation, which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China. There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China, including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years. The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened, 132 species were treated as data-deficient, and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct. Approximately 1100 species (ca. 65%) are protected in national nature reserves, and another ~66 species in provincial nature reserves. About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens. The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions. The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera, such as Bletilla, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, and Dendrobium. Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year. Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.     

微生物多样性及其保育

大量实验证明因原始环境的改变使放线菌多样性急剧减少。在对微生物资源的特点及保护微生物资源的必要性进行分析的基础上,提出了保护微生物资源及其多样性的若干措施。     

对青藏高原野生动物保护生物学研究的思考

青藏高原是我国重要的生态屏障区,动物资源丰富,物种独特,是开展野生动物保护生物学研究的天然实验室。尽管青藏高原野生动物保护研究已取得重要成就,但随着科学技术的发展与进步,未来可以在以下3个方面进一步加强。一是坚持高原野生动物种群及栖息地的长期监测;二是利用多学科交叉及宏微观结合的技术与方法开展整合生物学研究;三是进一步加强高原野生动物保护生物学研究青年科技人才的培养。