Coryneform Bacteria in Poultry, Eggs and Meat

S ummary . In the course of investigations on the incidence of micro-organisms on turkey giblets, in liquid egg and on meats, determinations were made of coryneform bacteria. Corynebacterium was the most common of 15 genera of micro-organisms isolated from turkey giblets; Brevibacterium and Arthrobacter were also recovered. Species of Corynebacteriaceae were included among the most predominant contaminants in 9 of 17 samples of commercial liquid egg. Of these bacteria, Arthrobacter was most prevalent comprising 18% of the total number of isolates. Gram positive nonmotile rods recovered from fresh beef showed characteristics of Microbacterium and were similar to M. lacticum but failed to ferment lactose or survive temperatures higher than 60° for 30 min.     

Classification of Bacteria Based on the Biases of Terminal Amino Acid Residues

The frequencies of amino acid residues are known to be biased at both terminal regions of amino acid sequences deduced from bacterial genomic DNA. To investigate whether or not the features of biases of amino acid residues at the terminal regions are related to the bacterial phylogeny, we calculated the normalized amino acid compositions at both terminal regions, and used these compositions to classify 144 bacteria by hierarchical clustering analysis. Our results showed that most of these bacteria were classified into taxonomic classes by the hierarchical clustering analysis that was based on the normalized amino acid compositions at the N-terminal region. Therefore, we concluded that the features of biases of the N-terminal amino acid residues were related to the bacterial phylogeny.     

Growth of Some Lactic Acid Bacteria in Milk Containing Sulfadiazine

A method for testing the effect of sulfonamides on lactic acid bacteria was developed. Sulfadiazine was used as the inhibitory substance. In the study 3 lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus thermophilus, were used. Lactic acid production, pH and plate count were used as parameters when monitoring the effect of Sulfadiazine on the test organisms under anaerobic conditions in milk medium. A depressing effects due to Sulfadiazine on each of the test microbes could be demonstrated by all of the parameters used. Measurement of the inhibition in lactic acid production using Streptococcus thermophilus as test organism should be used when rapid determination of Sulfadiazine residues in milk is preferred.     

Isolation and Identification of Ciliatine (2-Aminoethylphosphonic Acid) from Lipids of Edible Antarctic Krill,Euphausia superba

An improved method for regenerating Bacillus subtilis protoplasts at the frequency of 92～100% on a semi-synthetic medium was found. Protoplasts were preincubated in HCP-3 medium, an isotonic semi-synthetic medium supplemented with polyvinylpyrrolidone, and then plated on HCP-1.5 agar medium by overlaying. By this method, even on the regeneration medium supplemented with minimal nutritional requirements protoplasts regenerated at a frequency of as high as 20%. The modified method was applicable to the direct-selection of prototrophic recombinants after fusion (the highest recombination yield from the input protoplasts was 1.3%) and to protoplast transformation with plasmid DNA.     

Cellular Fatty Acid Composition and Identification of Rumen Bacteria

The fatty acid compositions of 21 pure cultures of rumen bacteria, representing 12 genera and 14 species, were compared as methyl esters. Each organism possessed a consistent and reproducible fatty acid profile. Overlapping similarities and differences in composition did not allow differentiation between families or genera. Although species differentiation was possible, fatty acid composition appeared to be only an aid in the identification of bacteria.     

乳酸菌受体菌株的筛选、鉴定及特性研究

从乳酸菌保健品中分离筛选到一株能作为受体菌的乳酸菌菌株COCC101,经鉴定为粪肠球菌(Enterococcusfaecali)。抗药性实验显示这株粪肠球菌对多数药物敏感或中度敏感;粪肠球菌中没有质粒存在,转化效率和电场强度有对应的正相关,最高达到2×104转化子/μgDNA,并且能广泛接受不同来源的质粒;在Nisin诱导下可表达外源的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)。这些结果显示COCC101菌株在乳酸菌基因工程研究中有望成为受体菌。     

产糖乳酸菌的筛选、鉴定及其产糖条件的优化

微生物胞外多糖是一类由微生物产生的,有一定加工性能和/或人体健康增益效果的高分子聚合物。为了筛选胞外多糖高产的菌株并提高其多糖产量,以多糖含量为衡量指标,首先通过比较实验筛选目标菌株,然后采用生理生化和分子生物学的方法对该菌株进行菌种鉴定,最后运用单因素分析和响应面实验确定该菌株发酵脱脂乳产糖的最佳条件。结果表明,菌株B6的产糖能力显著高于其他常规乳酸菌,经鉴定为鼠李糖乳杆菌（CGMCC No.13310）。该菌株最优的产糖条件为发酵时间41 h,发酵温度39 ℃,脱脂乳浓度91 mg/mL,接种量5%（体积分数）。在此条件下获得的发酵乳中多糖含量可达354.5 mg/L,比优化前提高35.8%。     

In Vitro Enzymological Studies on Anabolism of 2,4-diaminobutyric Acid in Lathyrus sylvestris

An in vitro synthetic reaction system was established with 2,3-3H-aspartic acid (Asp) as a substrate and the homogenate of fiatpea ( Lathyrus sylvestris L. ) leaves as the crude enzyme extract. The results showed that 3H-Asp was incorporated into 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA). The incorporation was inhibited by the addition of glutamic acid (Glu). 3H-Asp was also incorporated into DABA after the cmde enzyme was dialyzed, indicating that Asp as a substrate for DABA synthesis was catalyzed by a group of enzymes which converted Asp to DABA in flatpea. From the in vitro reactions it was proved that DABA and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could not be mutually substituted as substrates.     

几株乳酸菌的分离鉴定

通过厌氧分离技术,从鸡肠道和西红柿花面分离得到五株产乳酸细菌,根据《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》（第八版）［１］鉴定ＳＢ１、ＳＢ２４５１、ＳＢ３１５１均为干酪乳杆菌（Ｌ．ｃａｓｅｉ）,Ａ、ＳＡ则可能是乳酸菌的一个新种。五株菌均为同型发酵,乳酸产量均达到９６％以上．对抗生素等药物及低ｐＨ有一定耐受性,是益生素饲料添加剂的优良菌种［２］。     

产γ-氨基丁酸乳酸菌的筛选及初步鉴定

γ-氨基丁酸是哺乳动物体内的一种抑制性神经递质,具有许多重要的生理功能。利用MRS培养基从自然生境中分离了1000余株细菌,经纸层析和HPLC检测,发现其中一株能转化谷氨酸钠生成GABA,产量为4.84g/L;转化产物通过HPLC-MS得到了证实。通过形态特征和生化特性鉴定,初步判断该菌为乳酸菌。     

细菌分类与鉴定的新热点：16S—23S rDNA间区

随着分子生物学的迅速发展,细菌的分类鉴定亦从传统的表型分类进入到各种基因型分类水平、如（G＋C）mol%、DNA杂交、rDNA指纹图、质粒图谱和16S rDNA序列分析等。rRNA存在于所有细菌中,rRNA基因由保守区和可变区组成,在细菌中高度保守。rRNA基因包含5‘端到3‘端的若干种成分,分别是16S rDNA、间区、23S rDNA、间区和 5S rDNA。16S－23S rDNA间区近年来在细菌系统发育学,特别是相近种和菌 区分和鉴定方面倍受关注。作为细菌分类和鉴定中的一个热点,本文将就16S－23S rDNA间区的一些特性及其胡细菌分类鉴定方面的作用做一简要的介绍。     

基于氨基酸分类的基本氨基酸秩序的研究

在分析了基本氛基酸分类的基础上,提出基本氛基酸存在着一种参考排列秩序,以此固定的氛基酸排列秩序为参考标准,分析蛋白质一级结构相对此参考秩序的变化规律,能够找到构成蛋白质的二级结构的某些信息．     

Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Chili Bo, a Malaysian Food Ingredient

Ninety-two strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from a Malaysian food ingredient, chili bo, stored for up to 25 days at 28°C with no benzoic acid (product A) or with 7,000 mg of benzoic acid kg⁻¹ (product B). The strains were divided into eight groups by traditional phenotypic tests. A total of 43 strains were selected for comparison of their sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) whole-cell protein patterns with a SDS-PAGE database of LAB. Isolates from product A were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus farciminis, Pediococcus acidilactici, Enterococcus faecalis, and Weissella confusa. Five strains belonging to clusters which could not be allocated to existing species by SDS-PAGE were further identified by 16S rRNA sequence comparison. One strain was distantly related to the Lactobacillus casei/Pediococcus group. Two strains were related to Weissella at the genus or species level. Two other strains did not belong to any previously described 16S rRNA group of LAB and occupied an intermediate position between the L. casei/Pediococcus group and the Weissella group and species of Carnobacterium. The latter two strains belong to the cluster of LAB that predominated in product B. The incidence of new species and subspecies of LAB in chili bo indicate the high probability of isolation of new LAB from certain Southeast Asian foods. None of the isolates exhibited bacteriocin activity against L. plantarum ATCC 14917 and LMG 17682.     

Fatty Acids in the Lipids of Marine and Terrestrial Nitrifying Bacteria

Fatty acids in the lipids of 19 marine and terrestrial nitrifying bacteria have been analyzed. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria have a very simple acid composition; palmitic and palmitoleic acid account for 96 to 100% of the total acids. The fatty acids of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria cover a wider range, from C(14) to C(19), but from two to four acids still account for more than 80% of the total acids. Branched iso- and anteiso-acids are present in traces only in 2 of the 19 bacteria. The chemical and morphological similarity between blue-green algae and these bacteria is discussed.     

Ether- and Ester-Bound iso-Diabolic Acid and Other Lipids in Members of Acidobacteria Subdivision 4

Recently, iso-diabolic acid (13,16-dimethyl octacosanedioic acid) has been identified as a major membrane-spanning lipid of subdivisions 1 and 3 of the Acidobacteria, a highly diverse phylum within the Bacteria. This finding pointed to the Acidobacteria as a potential source for the bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers that occur ubiquitously in peat, soil, lakes, and hot springs. Here, we examined the lipid composition of seven phylogenetically divergent strains of subdivision 4 of the Acidobacteria, a bacterial group that is commonly encountered in soil. Acid hydrolysis of total cell material released iso-diabolic acid derivatives in substantial quantities (11 to 48% of all fatty acids). In contrast to subdivisions 1 and 3 of the Acidobacteria, 6 out of the 7 species of subdivision 4 (excepting “Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum”) contained iso-diabolic acid ether bound to a glycerol in larger fractional abundance than iso-diabolic acid itself. This is in agreement with the analysis of intact polar lipids (IPLs) by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), which showed the dominance of mixed ether-ester glycerides. iso-Diabolic acid-containing IPLs were not identified, because these IPLs are not released with a Bligh-Dyer extraction, as observed before when studying lipid compositions of subdivisions 1 and 3 of the Acidobacteria. The presence of ether bonds in the membrane lipids does not seem to be an adaptation to temperature, because the five mesophilic isolates contained a larger amount of ether lipids than the thermophile “Ca. Chloracidobacterium thermophilum.” Furthermore, experiments with Pyrinomonas methylaliphatogenes did not reveal a major influence of growth temperature over the 50 to 69°C range.     

Fatty Acid 2-Hydroxylase Mediates Diffusional Mobility of Raft-associated Lipids,GLUT4 Level,and Lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Straight chain fatty acid α-oxidation increases during differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, leading to a marked accumulation of odd chain length fatty acyl moieties. Potential roles of this pathway in adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis are unknown. Mammalian fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) was recently identified and suggested to catalyze the initial step of straight chain fatty acid α-oxidation. Accordingly, we examined whether FA2H modulates adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis in mature adipocytes. FA2H level markedly increases during differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and small interfering RNAs against FA2H inhibit the differentiation process. In mature adipocytes, depletion of FA2H inhibits basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and lipogenesis, which are partially rescued by the enzymatic product of FA2H, 2-hydroxy palmitic acid. Expression of fatty-acid synthase and SCD1 was decreased in FA2H-depleted cells, and levels of GLUT4 and insulin receptor proteins were reduced. 2-Hydroxy fatty acids are enriched in cellular sphingolipids, which are components of membrane rafts. Accelerated diffusional mobility of raft-associated lipids was shown to enhance degradation of GLUT4 and insulin receptor in adipocytes. Consistent with this, depletion of FA2H appeared to increase raft lipid mobility as it significantly accelerated the rates of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements of lipid rafts labeled with Alexa 488-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B. Moreover, the enhanced recovery rates were partially reversed by treatment with 2-hydroxy palmitic acid. In conclusion, our findings document the novel role of FA2H in adipocyte lipogenesis possibly by modulation of raft fluidity and level of GLUT4.