黔西北晚奥陶世Dalmanella testudinaria及Dorytreta longicrura(腕足类)居群动态学研究

对黔西北仁怀核桃湾、毕节燕子日晚奥陶世Ｈｉｒｎａｎｔｉａ动物群中Ｄａｌｍａｎｅｌｌａｔｅｓｔｕｄｉｎａｒｉａ及Ｄｏｒｙｔｒｅｔａｌｏｎｇｉｃｒｕｒａ居群的埋藏和时间均化的研究表明，两地居群均属原地埋藏的正常居群，且未遭受选择性破坏，这些化石居群的特征基本反映了原先生活居群长期变化的特征。它们的大小频率分布图是强烈的左偏斜，幼年期个体占很大比例。对各居群生存曲线的对比研究表明，生存曲线近似于Ｓ形（ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄａｌｔｙｎｅ），反映出幼年期死亡率很高，成年期死亡率较低，而老年期死亡率又增高。同一环境中Ｄａｌｍａｎｅｌｌａｔｅｓｔｕｄｉｎａｒｉａ居群的幼年期死亡率高于Ｄｏｒｙｔｒｅｔａｌｏｎｇｉｃｒｕｒａ居群，反映了物种自身的不同特性；另一方面，前述两种居群在核桃湾的幼年期死亡率高于在燕子口的幼年期死亡率，说明两地生活环境存在差异；物种分异度分析及剖面的微相分析表明，核桃湾古海水深度浅于燕子口。从大小频率分布图获得生存曲线时，宜采用Ｌｅｖｉｎｔｏｎ和Ｂａｍｂａｃｈ（１９７）的方法，即根据公式Ｄ＝ｓ×ｉｎ（Ｔ＋１）将大小转化为生存时限，而不宜采用Ｔｈａｙｅｒ（１９７７）的方法，即直接对作为横坐标的大小取对数。     

湘中泥盆系弗拉阶顶部腕足动物种群统计及其古生态学意义*

基于大量不同生长阶段的标本,本文绘制华南湘中蒋家桥剖面C1-0和佘田桥剖面S-Y-4两个样品共10种小型腕足动物的种群结构和生存曲线,结果显示,C1-0动物群内没有一种腕足类的大小-频率分布呈典型的正常钟型分布模式,仅Thomasaria?baii,Thomasaria?liangi,Xiangia liaoi,Cyrtinaella?houi及Gypidula xui的直方图有些类似钟型分布,而Qidongia tani,Athyris supervittata及Levipugnax?liui的直方图则呈明显的右斜型***分布。各种群生存曲线表现为不同程度的下凹型,这可能与它们生活在泥质软基底的环境有关。Thomasaria?baii为浅凹型,Levipugnax?liui,Xiangia liaoi,Gypidula xui,Qidongia tani及Cyrtinaella?houi为中凹型,Athyris supervittata及Thomasaria?liangi呈深凹型;依次反映的是更高的幼年期死亡率,之后死亡率持续降低的特点,而上述大小-频率分布和生存曲线型式的差异则可能反映了不同种类对环境条件适应程度的差异,例如不同的壳形可能导致的应对软基底及取食效率的区别。对蒋家桥剖面Iowatrypapseudobodini和佘田桥剖面Hunanotoechia tieni块体采样及手捡采样两种不同方法的结果对比表明,采样方法可以不同程度地影响腕足动物种群的大小-频率分布及生存曲线。为了获得最接近真实情况的生存曲线,工作中应尽量采用两种方法相结合。     

对几种百合科植物基因组大小的评价

利用孚尔根显微分光光度法测定了洋葱（ＡｌｌｉｕｍｃｅｐａＬ．）、头（Ａ．ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅＧ．Ｄｏｎ,）、分葱（Ａ．ａｓｃａｌｏｎｉｕｍＬ．）和黄花（ＨｅｍｅｒｏｃａｌｌｉｓｃｉｔｒｉｎａＢａｒｏｎｉ）４种百合科植物根尖的细胞核ＤＮＡ含量,并根据各自的核型得出了每个物种的基因组大小。它们分别为：洋葱１８．１６×１０９ｂｐ、头１２．８４×１０９ｂｐ、分葱１０．４４×ｌ０９ｂｐ和黄花７．４８×１０９ｂｐ。由此认为,基因组是生物体维持其生存所需的全套基因。它反映了生物物种全部的、特定的遗传信息。与胞核ＤＮＡ含量相比较,基因组大小更适合作为生物研究的特征参数。这不仅对细胞学、分类学和遗传学,而且对分子生物学亦有一定的意义。     

禺毛茛复合体及其近缘种过氧化物酶同工酶研究

对国产禺毛莨（Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌｕｓｃａｎｔｏｎｉｅｎｓｉｓ,ＤＣ）复合体及其近缘种８个种的１５个居群５２个个体的根进行了过氧化物同工酶研究,结果表明：（１）居群内过氧化物酶谱略有变异,同工酶酶谱或多或少能显示居群特征,供试的８个种中没有任何２个种的图谱完全一致,这说明在处级水平酶谱呈现出高度的分化现象。（２）根据染色体,孢粉和过氧化酶同工酶的资料推测,除Ｒ．ｓｉｌｅｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ（２ｘ）外,Ｒ．     

放牧和水淹干扰对松嫩平原碱化草地空间格局影响的分形分析

对东北松嫩平原碱化草地植物群落空间格局的分形性质进行了分析,分别用边长面积指数和Ｋｏｒｃａｋ相对斑块化指数估计了斑块边界复杂性和斑块面积大小频率分布格局。结果表明：随放牧强度增加,占优势的羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｔｒｉｎ．）Ｔｚｒｅｌ）斑块的斑块化加剧,而斑块的边界在中度放牧时最不规则;在水淹地,占优势的羊草斑块和次优势的碱茅（Ｐｕｃｉｎｅｌｉａｓｐｐ．）斑块、獐茅（Ａｅｌｕｒｏｐｕｓｌｉｔｏｒａｌｉｓ（Ｇｏｕａｎ）Ｐａｒｌ．ｖａｒ．ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＤｅｂｅａｕｘ）斑块的斑块边界复杂性和斑块化程度比未水淹地都低,说明水淹降低了群落复合体内的异质性;在水淹地,优势斑块的边长面积指数和Ｋｏｒｃａｋ指数均低于次优势种,但在重度放牧地结果正好相反,可能是由于两种样地处于不同的演替阶段;而且,斑块边界复杂性符合同一尺度规律,在现有的面积范围内没有尺度转换,斑块面积大小的频率分布格局则存在尺度转换点。     

浙赣边区晚奥陶世腕足类Altaethyrella zhejiangensis（Wang）的异？…

江西玉山祝宅、塔山,石燕山和浙江江山大桥上奥陶统下镇组及相当的浙江江山木林弄长坞组中,腕足动物小嘴贝类Ａｌｔａｅｔｈｙｒｅｌｌａ ｚｈｅｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｗａｎｇ）居群间的个体大小存在着显著的差异,前三个居群于大个体居群。依据Ａｌｔａｅｔｈｙｒｅｌｌａ属不同种的个体大小及Ａ ｚｈｅｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ种在不同种的居群中个体最大宽度、平均宽度的对比分析,并结合居群动态学的研究和物种分异度分析,认     

南极乔治王岛第三纪石化林段的孢粉植物群研究

本文研究了南极乔治王岛海军湾（ＡｄｍｉｒａｌｔｙＢａｙ）波兰站附近第三系石化林段的孢粉化石,共鉴定孢型７０余类,描述孢型２８种,包括新种Ｄｉｃｔｙｏｐｈｙｌｉｄｉｔｅｓｓｔｕｃｈｌｉｋｉ,Ｆｏｖｅｏｔｒｉｌｅｔｅｓｐｕｎｃｔａｔｕｓ,Ｌａｋｉａｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｅｌｅｇａｎｓ,Ｌ．ｐｕｎｃｔａｔｕｓ,Ｌ．ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｔｕｓ,Ｒｕｇｕｌａｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｍｉｃｒｏｃｏｎｃａｖｕｓ,Ｒ．ｃａｎｎｕｌａ－ｔｕｓ,Ｔｏｒｏｉｓｐｏｒｉｓｐｏｌａｎｎｕｌａｔｕｓ等;讨论了孢粉组合的植物群性质及反映的古气候以及地质时代。     

燕麦草（Arrhenatherum elatius）多倍体复合体的等位酶多样性研究

对欧洲及地中海地区燕麦草复合体２７个居群的等位酸电泳调查表明,燕麦草复合体维持比较高的等位酶多样性（Ｈｅ＝０．４４７,Ａ＝３．２９）,亚种间遗传分化较小（Ｇ（ＳＴ）＝０．０５３）;在四个亚种内,也维持着比较高的多样性（Ｈｅ：０．３２５—０．５３３）,各亚种内的基因多样度主要存在于居群之内,居群间分化较小．四倍体的基因多样性高于二倍体的．燕麦草复合体内居群间基因流较高,表明燕麦草繁育方式主要为风媒远交．对Ｎｅｉ氏标准遗传距离的ＵＰＧＭＡ聚类结果表明,四倍体是从二倍体有鳞茎的ｓｓＰ．ｂａｅｔｉｃｕｍ中产生的．     

中国东北地区林蛙属物种的分类学研究(两栖纲:蛙科)

用比较分类学方法和数值分类方法相配合,对我国东北产林蛙属物种多样性和原各命名物种的有效性及与中国林蛙的关系进行了探讨。结果认为：地方名为哈土螨的原中国林蛙的东北居群应属于我国蛙类的一新纪录东北林蛙Ｒ．ｄｙｂｏｗｓｋｉｉ,而Ｒ．ｓｅｍｉｐｌｉｃａｔａ和Ｒ．ｃｈｅｎｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｃｈａｎｇｂａｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ（魏刚等,１９９１ａ）为该种的同物异名,重新界定了东北林蛙和中国林蛙的分布区,提出中国     

四川省贡嘎山齿突蟾属一新种描述(两栖纲:锄足蟾科)

１９８０和１９８４年在四川省贡嘎山西侧九龙县采到Ｓｃｕｔｉｇｅｒ（Ａｅｌｕｒｏｐｈｒｙｎｅ）标本１种,经与该属其他物种的形态学特征对比研究,表明九龙标本与Ｓｃｕｔｉｇｅｒ（Ａｅｌｕｒｏｐｈｒｙｎｅ）的其他物种均不相同,此外九龙标本与Ｓ．（Ａ．）ｍａｍｍａｔｕｓ,Ｓ．（Ａ．）ｇｌａｎｄｕｌａｔｕｓ,Ｓ．（Ａ．）ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｔｕｓ的肌肉蛋白聚丙烯酰胺薄层凝胶等电聚焦电泳的谱带也不相同,其结果与形态分类相吻合。因此确定九龙县的猫眼蟾为一个新种,即九龙猫眼蟾Ｓｃｕｔｉｇｅｒ（Ａｅｌｕｒｏｐｈｒｙｎｅ）ｊｉｕｌｏｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＦｅｉ,ＹｅａｎｄＪｉａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

The effects of tail autotomy on survivorship and body growth of Uta stansburiana under conditions of high mortality

We examined the effects of tail autotomy on survivorship and body growth of both adult and juvenile Uta stansburiana by directly manipulating tail condition. Tail loss decreased neither survivorship nor rate of body growth for individuals in two natural populations. Lack of an influence of tail loss on survivorship in these two populations may be the result of high mortality. Under high mortality any differential effects of tail loss will be lower than in populations facing lower mortality. Growth experiments in the laboratory demonstrated that, under conditions of minimal environmental variation and social interactions, there is no tradeoff between body growth and tail regeneration as has been suggested for other species of lizards. One possible reason for this difference is that U. stansburiana does not use the tail as a storage organ for lipids. The original and regenerated tails are composed mainly of protein. In general, any differential body growth between tailed and tailless individuals may be due to social interactions and not a diversion of limited energy into tail regeneration.     

Phylogeography of the coronulid barnacle,Chelonibia testudinaria,from loggerhead sea turtles,Caretta caretta

The barnacle, Chelonibia testudinaria, is a common inhabitant of the marine turtle epibiont community and plays a key role in the development of this community. Phylogeographic analysis of 79 cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) sequences for barnacles collected from five populations found contrasting patterns of divergence for populations in the Atlantic vs. the Pacific Ocean. Our analysis indicates that the two Pacific populations, Senri Beach, Japan and Bahia Magdalena, Mexico, were not only highly divergent from the Atlantic populations but are highly divergent from one another. We suggest that barnacles from these populations may represent cryptic species. In contrast, sequence divergence was greatly reduced among barnacles collected from Wassaw Island, GA, USA, Keewaydin, FL, USA, and Kyparissia, Pèloponnésus Island, Greece. A reduction in sequence diversity at the latter site was attributed to a recent range expansion into the Mediterranean Sea. We examined historical patterns of migration among the three Atlantic and Mediterranean populations using the program migrate. This analysis indicates a high rate of migration from Keewaydin to Wassaw Island, contrasted with a much lower rate of migration in the opposite direction. The estimated migration rate from Kyparissia to Keewaydin was also non-negligible. We suggest that the association between C. testudinaria and loggerhead turtles and the patterns of turtle migration have played key roles in the expansion of the range of C. testudinaria into the Mediterranean Sea and the subsequent patterns of barnacle migration. We further propose that the difference between ocean basins, with respect to the impact of host migration on barnacle gene flow, probably stems from the fact that host-mediated dispersal in the Atlantic depends on advanced stage juveniles and adults while any host-mediated dispersal in the Pacific would have to involve early "pelagic" stage juvenile loggerheads.     

Loci affecting long-term hybrid survivorship in Louisiana irises: implications for reproductive isolation and introgression

Iris fulva and I. brevicaulis are long-lived plant species known to hybridize where they coexist in nature. Year-to-year survival contributes significantly to overall fitness for both species and their hybrid derivatives, and differences in hybrid survivability may have important consequences to interspecific gene flow in nature. We examined the genetic architecture of long-term survivorship of reciprocal backcross I. fulva x I. brevicaulis hybrids in a common-garden, greenhouse environment. Differences in mortality were found between the two backcross (BC1) hybrid classes, with hybrids crossed toward I. fulva (BCIF) revealing twice the mortality of those hybrids backcrossed toward I. brevicaulis (BCIB). Using genomic scans on two separate genetic linkage maps derived from the reciprocal hybrid populations, we found that hybrid survivorship is influenced by several genetic regions. Multiple interval mapping (MIM) revealed four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in BCIF hybrids that were significantly associated with survivorship. Introgressed I. brevicaulis DNA increased survivorship at three of the four QTLs. For the fourth QTL, introgressed I. brevicaulis DNA was associated with decreased survivorship. No QTLs were detected in BCIB hybrids; however, single-marker analysis revealed five unlinked loci that were significantly associated with survivorship. At all five markers, survivorship was positively associated with introgressed I. fulva DNA. The present findings have important implications for the evolutionary dynamics of naturally occurring hybrid zones. Regions of the genome that increase survivorship when in a heterozygous (i.e., hybrid) state should have an increased likelihood of passing across species boundaries, whereas those that decrease survivorship will be less likely to introgress.     

Size-specific mortality patterns in two species of forest floor Collembola

Summary Forest floor populations of Orchesella cincta (L) and Tomocerus minor (Lubbock) (Collembola; Entomobryidae) have been sampled over two generations and from length frequency distributions survivorship curves were constructed for each generation. Size-specific mortality rates were computed from size-specific survivorship data. The results reveal an asymmetrically U-shaped mortality pattern, with disproportionally high juvenile mortality. The pattern changes from one generation to the next, in particular the post-hatching mortality. Evidence from behavioural ecological research on a Collembola-specialized ground beetle is cited in favour of the hypothesis that size-specific mortality patterns are moulded by size-specific predation.     

Spatial and temporal variability of early post-settlement survivorship and growth in the barnacle Balanus glandula along an estuarine gradient

The performance of a species can be significantly altered by subtle changes in the physical environmental. The intertidal barnacle Balanus glandula is predominantly an open coast species in the Northeast Pacific. However, B. glandula commonly inhabits estuaries where environmental conditions such as salinity and temperature drastically differ from the open coast. We used survivorship and growth rates as a measure of performance in recently metamorphosed laboratory reared juvenile B. glandula outplanted along an environmental gradient at the mouth, mid-estuarine, and riverine end of the South Slough Estuary, Oregon, USA. Juvenile performance was highly variable over spatial and temporal scales and dependent upon existing environmental conditions. Surprisingly, along this estuarine gradient, juveniles performed better at a mid-estuarine location than at the mouth of the estuary. Typically, the riverine end of the estuary was the least suitable habitat along the estuarine gradient due to high juvenile mortality and a low growth rate. Although seasonally variable, survivorship and growth decreased with height along a vertical intertidal gradient as well. In a reciprocal transplant experiment, populations from both ends of the estuarine gradient displayed similar survivorship and growth rates. Our results demonstrate that the interactions of environmental conditions that vary temporally and spatially along a gradient strongly affect the success of an individual surviving and prospering during the early juvenile period.     

Post-settlement emigration affects mortality estimates for two Bahamian wrasses

Understanding the dynamics of open marine populations is inherently complex, and this complexity has led to decades of debate regarding the relative importance of pre- versus post-settlement processes in structuring these populations. Movement between patches may be an important modifier of patterns established at settlement, yet local immigration and emigration have received less attention than other demographic rates. I examined loss rates from tagged populations of juvenile wrasses (yellowhead wrasse Halichoeres garnoti and bluehead wrasse Thalassoma bifasciatum) at two sites in the Bahamas. Assuming that all losses were due solely to mortality would have significantly underestimated survivorship of yellowhead wrasse by 29% and bluehead wrasse by 14%. On average, per capita mortality and emigration rates were higher for yellowhead than bluehead wrasse, but neither demographic rate differed between sites for either species. With respect to within-species density, bluehead wrasse mortality was density-dependent at the patch reef site, but mortality rates of yellowhead wrasse were consistently density-independent. Evaluating the effects of between-species density, yellowhead wrasse mortality increased with a decrease in bluehead wrasse density, but this effect was limited to the patch reef site. Emigration rates were not a function of either within-species or between-species density, but instead varied inversely with isolation distance. Numerous previous studies of coral-reef fish, conducted on patch reefs separated by only a few meters of sand and often using untagged fish, may have confounded losses due to emigration with those due to mortality. A better understanding of the factors affecting emigration in marine fishes is important to their effective management using spatial tools such as marine protected areas.     

A low-diversity,silicified Hirnantia Fauna from Butuo,southwestern Sichuan,on the western margin of Yangtze Platform

The latest Ordovician Hirnantia Fauna is distributed worldwide including South China, but with very few records from the western margin of the Yangtze Platform. A silicified Hirnantia Fauna from the uppermost Tiezufeike Formation in the Laoga section, Butuo County, southwestern Sichuan, enriches the fauna’s record and warrants the recognition of the upper part of the Tiezufeike Formation as the Kuanyinchiao Bed. Etching bulk limestone samples from this level with acetic acid yielded 275 specimens of Dalmanella testudinaria, Plectothyrella crassicosta, and Hindella crassa. The population dynamics are analyzed for three successive populations in the section. Size-frequency histograms and survivorship curves indicate gradual improvement of the palaeoenvironments during the end of the Late Ordovician glaciation. The low-diversity brachiopod assemblages recognized in our study are assigned to the Dalmanella-Plectothyrella Community (DP Community) according to their dominant species. It is comparable with two other examples of DP communities, one from the neighboring Guizhou Province of Southwest China, and the other from the Baltica Region.     

Spatial distribution, life history and estimates of survivorship in a fourteen-species assemblage of larval dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera)

SUMMARY. 1. Spatial and temporal changes in larval densities were used to infer patterns of habitat use and survivorship in a fourteen-species assemblage of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) in a small fishless pond. The density of all species combined peaked at >1000 m⁻² in late summer, Most species (e.g. Libellula spp.) were restricted to shallow, nearshore habitats (<1.0m in depth), but a few (e.g. Epitheca spp.) also used deeper areas of the pond. Only Perithemis tenera was most abundant in deep habitats.
2. Because many species exhibited temporal shifts in their use of habitats, it was necessary to estimate survival from changes in population size, calculated as the product of density and habitat area, summed across habitats. In most species, periods of high mortality in autumn and spring were separated by 3–4 months of negligible mortality in winter. Survivorship was linear only in the two species that completed all of larval development in summer ( Sympetrum vicinum and Pantala flavescens) . Average survival rates for these two species (−0.0049 and −0.0079 log density d⁻¹) were similar to those in previous studies (Lawton, 1970; Benke & Benke, 1975).
3. Survivorship in many species was confounded by other life history phenomena such as (i) mixed voltinism, (ii) overlapping migrant and resident cohorts, and (iii) asynchronous development within species. Asynchrony made it difficult to estimate initial and final population sizes, hence total larval survivorship. However, based on emergence data, only 0.4–3% of larvae survived after peak abundance. None of this mortality can be ascribed to vertebrate predation, and only a little to overwintering stress and starvation. Thus, predation by invertebrates might play a major role in the regulation of these populations.     

Comparative survival and recovery of Ross's and lesser snow geese from Canada's central arctic

Large increases in several populations of North American arctic geese have resulted in ecosystem-level effects from associated herbivory. Consequently, some breeding populations have shown density dependence in recruitment through declines in food availability. Differences in population trajectories of lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens; hereafter snow geese) and Ross's geese (C. rossii) breeding in mixed-species colonies south of Queen Maud Gulf (QMG), in Canada's central arctic, suggest that density dependence may be limiting snow goose populations. Specifically, long-term declines in age ratios (immature:adult) of harvested snow geese may have resulted from declines in juvenile survival. Thus, we focused on juvenile (first-year) survival of snow and Ross's geese in relation to timing of reproduction (annual mean nest initiation date) and late summer weather. We banded Ross's and snow geese from 1991 to 2008 in the QMG Migratory Bird Sanctuary. We used age-structured mark-recapture models to estimate annual survival rates for adults and juveniles from recoveries of dead birds. Consistent with life history differences, juvenile snow geese survived at rates higher than juvenile Ross's geese. Juvenile survival of both species also was lower in late seasons, but was unrelated to arctic weather measured during a 17-day period after banding. We found no evidence of density dependence (i.e., a decline in juvenile survival over time) in either species. We also found no interspecific differences in age-specific hunting vulnerability, though juveniles were more vulnerable than adults in both species, as expected. Thus, interspecific differences in survival were unrelated to harvest. Lower survival of juvenile Ross's geese may result from natural migration mortality related to smaller body size (e.g., greater susceptibility to inclement weather or predation) compared to juvenile snow geese. Despite lower first-year survival, recruitment by Ross's geese may still be greater than that by snow geese because of earlier sexual maturity, greater breeding propensity, and higher nest success by Ross's geese. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.     

Influence of warming on soil water potential controls seedling mortality in perennial but not annual species in a temperate grassland

In a water-limited system, the following hypotheses are proposed: warming will increase seedling mortality; elevated atmospheric CO2 will reduce seedling mortality by reducing transpiration, thereby increasing soil water availability; and longevity (i.e. whether a species is annual or perennial) will affect the response of a species to global changes. Here, these three hypotheses are tested by assessing the impact of elevated CO2 (550 micromol mol(-1) and warming (+2 degrees C) on seedling emergence, survivorship and establishment in an Australian temperate grassland from autumn 2004 to autumn 2007. Warming impacts on seedling survivorship were dependent upon species longevity. Warming reduced seedling survivorship of perennials through its effects on soil water potential but the seedling survivorship of annuals was reduced to a greater extent than could be accounted for by treatment effects on soil water potential. Elevated CO2 did not significantly affect seedling survivorship in annuals or perennials. These results show that warming will alter recruitment of perennial species by changing soil water potential but will reduce recruitment of annual species independent of any effects on soil moisture. The results also show that exposure to elevated CO2 does not make seedlings more resistant to dry soils.