Water and Osmotic Potentials of Ethephon-Treated Maize Genotypes Varying in Drought Resistance

Leaves of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) were sprayed with ethephon to determine its effect on water and osmotic potentials. With both sufficient and limited water supplies, ethephon decreased the water potential, but not the osmotic potential, of the drought-sensitive maize. It had no effect on the water and osmotic potentials of the drought-resistant maize under either water regime. The results showed that the response of a genotype of maize to ethephon depends upon its susceptibility to drought.     

Glutamine Synthetase Activity, Relative Water Content and Water Potential in Maize Submitted to Drought

Primer screening and optimization for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) was investigated. Among four series (A, B, D and N) of 10-mer primers, A-series performed better amplification of fragments than other series. The maximum amplification fragments was obtained using OPA-02, OPA-03, OPA-09, OPB-06, OPB-10, OPD-03, OPD-05 and OPN-03 primers. The primers OPA-02 and OPN-03 produced maximum number of DNA fragments in Anacardium occidentale cv. H-320. Primers (OPB-08 and OPN-05 performed a least number of amplification fragments. RAPD profile also indicate that some primer did not produce good amplification. The primer OPA-02 amplified 12 number of polymorphic bands in 20 cultivars of cashew. Only one DNA fragment was produced in A. occidentale cv. Vridhachalam - 2 (M-44/3) by using the primer OPA-02. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

耐旱玉米

1干旱和玉米:问题涉及的范围 玉米是世界上继小麦和水稻之后的第三大重要谷物.玉米的产量在温带的发达地区平均可以达到8.2吨/公顷,在热带欠发达国家为3.5吨/公顷.无论在哪一类产区,干旱都作为最重要的非生物因素制约着玉米的产量,并且使其非常不稳定,同时这也是热带和温带地区的平均产量产生差别的原因之一.这两类地区在耕作季节的水资源缺乏是不可预期的.农田中土壤质地和深度的差别表明植物可利用的水量不同,这会导致在干旱年份中产量相差10倍以上.此外,由于农民通常只在其所有土地上耕种一种作物,这就要求种植于雨养条件下的农作物具有较高水平的耐旱能力.     

Drought Responses of Foliar Metabolites in Three Maize Hybrids Differing in Water Stress Tolerance

Maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids varying in drought tolerance were treated with water stress in controlled environments. Experiments were performed during vegetative growth and water was withheld for 19 days beginning 17 days after sowing. Genotypic comparisons used measured changes of leaf water potential or results were expressed by time of treatment. Total dry matter of the drought tolerant hybrid on the final harvest was 53% less than that of the intermediate and susceptible maize hybrids when plants were water sufficient. This showed that maize hybrids selected for extreme drought tolerance possessed a dwarf phenotype that affected soil water contents and leaf water potentials. Changes of shoot and root growth, leaf water potential, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in response to the time of water stress treatment were diminished when comparing the drought tolerant to the intermediate or susceptible maize hybrids. Genotypic differences were observed in 26 of 40 total foliar metabolites during water stress treatments. Hierarchical clustering revealed that the tolerant maize hybrid initiated the accumulation of stress related metabolites at higher leaf water potentials than either the susceptible or intermediate hybrids. Opposite results occurred when changes of metabolites in maize leaves were expressed temporally. The above results demonstrated that genotypic differences were readily observed by comparing maize hybrids differing in drought tolerance based on either time of treatment or measured leaf water potential. Current findings provided new and potentially important insights into the mechanisms of drought tolerance in maize.     

Turgor Differences and Water Stress in Maize and Sorghum Leaves During Drought and Recovery

The pressure potentials (turgor pressure) in leaves of maize(Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) plantssubjected to water stress in a controlled environment were estimatedfrom measurements of water and osmotic potentials. Changes inturgor pressure were larger in sorghum than in maize duringthe development of water stress and after re-watering. It issuggested that this indicates a lower cell wall elasticity insorghum than in maize. This fact may affect some of the physiologicalactivities of sorghum     

玉米根、叶质膜透性和叶片水分对土壤干旱胁迫的反应

利用大型活动式防雨旱棚 ,人工控制不同土壤含水量 ,全生育期系统研究了轻度及严重土壤干旱胁迫对夏玉米根系活力、叶片相对含水量、离体叶片保水力和根、叶质膜透性的影响 .结果表明 :土壤干旱胁迫下 ,玉米叶片相对含水量下降、离体叶片保水力降低 ;叶片及根系质膜透性上升 ,并且根的质膜透性比叶片上升快 ,根系活力下降 ;在干旱胁迫下 ,根系、叶片质膜透性与叶片相对含水量呈负相关 ,而根系、叶片质膜透性与离体叶片保水力呈显著正相关 ,根系膜透性与叶片膜透性也呈显著正相关 ,维持根系活力与保持较高的叶片含水量有密切关系 .另外 ,由于严重水分胁迫处理的上述特性和充分供水处理差异显著 ,而轻度胁迫和充分供水不显著 ,因此可以认为轻度水分胁迫 ,即土壤含水量为田间持水量的 6 0± 5 %为夏玉米正常生长发育的下限指标 ,可作为制定节水栽培措施的理论依据 .     

玉米ZmSOD基因克隆及其在干旱胁迫下的表达

为探讨超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)基因在玉米抗逆反应中的作用,研究选用2个抗旱性有明显差别的玉米品种为试验材料,采用RT-PCR、实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)及二维凝胶电泳(2-DE)耦联的基质辅助激光解吸电离/飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)法,对ZmSOD基因的序列结构及其在干旱胁迫下的表达特性进行分析。结果表明：(1)从干旱敏感品种‘登海605’(DH605)和抗旱品种‘蠡玉35’(LY35)玉米叶片中分别成功克隆出ZmSOD1和ZmSOD2基因。DH605中ZmSOD1开放阅读框(ORF)全长456 bp,编码151个氨基酸,编码的蛋白等电点为5.76,分子量为15.05 kD。LY35中ZmSOD2ORF全长459 bp,编码152个氨基酸,编码的蛋白等电点为5.65,分子量为15.11 kD;ZmSOD1和ZmSOD2是亲水性稳定蛋白,都含有Cu/Zn-SOD结构域,蛋白序列N端无信号肽及无跨膜结构域。同源性和系统进化分析表明,玉米ZmSOD和谷子Cu/Zn-SOD2的亲缘关系最近,相似性高达96.05%。(2)在干旱条件下,ZmSOD1在DH605中转录水平明显降低,LY35中ZmSOD2转录水平显著升高;2-DE耦联的质谱分析显示：ZmSOD1在DH605中表达量明显降低,LY35中ZmSOD2表达量无显著性变化,却检测到Mn-SOD蛋白表达量显著增加。(3)相关分析显示,干旱条件下,DH605叶片中ZmSOD1转录水平和其蛋白丰度及SOD酶活性呈极显著性正相关,LY35叶片中ZmSOD2转录水平与SOD酶活性呈显著性正相关。研究结果为进一步探索SOD基因在调节玉米抗性以及逆境胁迫应答过程中的作用机制提供了基础。     

ABA对玉米响应干旱胁迫的调控机制

玉米(Zea mays L.)在生长期常常受到干旱的胁迫,而脱落酸(ABA)调节的生长响应是植物对逆境信号的一个基本反应. 本文对近年来国内外有关ABA提高玉米抗氧化防护系统,保护细胞免受氧化损伤,增加可溶性渗透剂(如脯氨酸)维持细胞内的水分,以及与其它激素相互作用影响玉米器官发育等的研究进展进行综述,以了解ABA调控玉米根系、叶片和籽粒的耐旱机理.     

Water Use Efficiency of Field-grown Maize during Moisture Stress

Theoretical analysis of the CO₂ assimilation and water loss by single leaves suggests that the water use efficiency of C₄ species decreases as stomatal resistance increases. To confirm this hypothesis for a complete maize crop, results from computer simulations and a field experiment were compiled for varying stomatal resistances. A soil-plant-atmosphere model allowed simulations of the many simultaneous interactions between a crop canopy and its environment. The simulations for varying stomatal resistances clearly indicated that as stomatal resistance increased, water use efficiency of the maize crop decreased. The field experiment data also confirmed that water use efficiency was significantly decreased under water stress conditions when stomatal resistance increased. We concluded that management practices for maize, which induce moisture stress conditions resulting in increased stomatal resistance, reduce both crop photosynthetic productivity and water use efficiency.     

Effect of Drought and Weed Management on Maize Genotypes and the Tensiometric Soil Water Content of an Eutric Nitisol in South Western Nigeria

In the dry savannas of West and Central Africa, where low soil fertility, unpredictable rainfall, weed competition and recurrent drought are major constraints to maize production, the development of tropical maize genotypes with high and stable yields under drought and low-nitrogen condition is very important since access to these improved genotypes may be the only affordable alternative to many small scale farmers. Field trials were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at Ikenne southwestern Nigeria to investigate the effect of weed pressures and drought stress on 2 maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids (9134-14, 9803-9) and 2 open-pollinated varieties (STREVIWD, IYFDCO1). Irrigation was withdrawn 4 weeks after planting (about four weeks to mid-flowering) in the drought stress while the adjacent watered treatment had irrigation throughout the growing period. The weed pressures were the completely weeded plots (hand weeding every week) and weedy plots (weeded once, 2 weeks after planting). The experiment was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Drought stress reduced the stover weight and grain yield of the maize cultivars by 6% and 34% respectively. Weed-free plots had maize with higher agronomic traits than unweeded treatments. Hybrid 9803-9 was more susceptible to drought and weed stress as indicated in the stover weight and grain yield. STREVIWD an open-pollinated variety (OPV) and Hybrid 9134-14 had superior performances in terms of grain yield and shorter anthesis silking interval. Soil moisture content was higher in the unweeded plots while the uptake of moisture was highest in drought susceptible hybrid 9803-9. Irrespective of the genotypes, maize (hybrid and OPV) was more tolerant to drought in a weed-free environment than in unweeded conditions. There existed a negative but significant correlation between weed biomass and chlorophyll content (−0.29, P < 0.01), grain yield (−0.45, P < 0.05), ear plant⁻¹ (−0.27, P < 0.05) and kernel-number (−0.366 P < 0.01).     

Effects of Drought Stress on the Photosynthesis in Maize

To clarify how the components of the entire photosynthetic electron transport chain in response to drought stress in maize. The activities of photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI), and the electron transport chain between PSII and PSI of maize were investigated by prompt fluorescence (PF), delayed fluorescence (DF) and 820 nm modulated reflection (MR). Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were subjected to different levels of soil water availability including control, moderate and severe drought stress. A significant decrease in ?E₀, Ψ₀ and PI_ABS was found in maize treated with moderate drought stress. A significant increase in ABS/RC was observed, but there were no significant change in the fast MR phase and the amplitude of DF under moderate drought stress compared to the control. Under severe drought stress, the exchange capacity between Q_A to Q_B, reoxidation capacity of plastoquinol, and the oxidation and re-reduction rates of PC and P₇₀₀ all decreased. These results demonstrated that moderate drought stress reduced the photochemical activity of PSII from Q_A to PQH₂, while the photochemical activity of PSI was unscathed. However, severe drought stress inhibited the entire electron transport chain from the donor side of PSII to PSI-end electron acceptors. In addition, the photochemical activity of PSII is more sensitive to drought stress than PSI.     

Transcriptomic Profiling Revealed Genes Involved in Response to Drought Stress in Alfalfa

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Drought stress is a primary abiotic stress that causes the crop losses worldwide. Under drought conditions, root growth is determined by the action of...     

Response of Photosynthesis in Maize to Drought and Re-Watering

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - The mechanism by which photosynthetic adaptation occurs in maize (Zea mays L.) during both drought and the subsequent recovery after re-watering is currently...     

2种玉米幼苗耐旱性生理机制研究

以白种皮(白玉米)和黄种皮(黄玉米)2个玉米栽培品种为材料,在水培条件下进行聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫处理,分析玉米叶片抗旱性相关生理特性和质膜H+-ATP酶活性的变化,探讨2种玉米幼苗耐旱性生理机制。结果表明:(1)在2%、5%、10%PEG-6000处理条件下,随处理浓度和时间的增加,2种玉米幼苗植株失水率上升,叶片蒸腾速率降低,气孔传导率下降;在所有相同处理条件下,白玉米植株失水率明显小于黄玉米,而叶片蒸腾速率和气孔传导率下降幅度明显大于黄玉米,即白玉米的耐旱性比黄玉米强。(2)在相同浓度PEG-6000处理下,白玉米叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量均高于黄玉米,它在干旱胁迫下的渗透调节能力强于黄玉米。(3)在抗氧化酶体系中,随着PEG-6000胁迫浓度的升高,2种玉米叶片CAT活性呈下降趋势,但白玉米CAT活性在2%和5%PEG-6000胁迫下均显著高于黄玉米,其叶片中H2O2含量显著低于黄玉米。(4)随着PEG-6000胁迫浓度的升高,白玉米叶片质膜H+-ATPase磷酸化水平及其与14-3-3蛋白的结合受到的抑制作用比黄玉米强,白玉米叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性比黄玉米叶片低,叶片气孔开度小于黄玉米,叶片蒸腾速率和气孔传导率均低于黄玉米,这可能是白玉米耐旱性强于黄玉米的一个重要机制。     

Biochar Application Improves the Drought Tolerance in Maize Seedlings

Application of biochar to agricultural soils is mostly used to improve soil fertility. Experimental treatments were comprised of two factors: i) drought at two level, i.e., 80% and 40% water holding capacity (WHC) which was maintained on gravimetric basis ii) three levels of biochar i.e., control, 2 t ha^-1 and 4 t ha^-1 added to soil. Experimentation was done to examine potential of biochar application to enhance the growth attributes, water relations, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidants activities in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Results of study revealed that biochar application increased the growth qualities (total seedlings biomass, dry weight of shoot and root, shoot length and root length). In addition; contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, a + b and a/b), water relation (relative water contents, turgor potential, osmotic potential and water potential) were improved significantly due to addition of biochar. Addition of 4 t ha^-1 biochar led to significant rise activity of enzymatic antioxidant catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaf of maize seedling sunder drought as well as well watered circumstances. However, biochar applied at the rate 4 t ha^-1 improved the all the physiological and biochemical attributes in maize seedlings under drought. From the results it was concluded that biochar application is an efficient way to alleviate adverse effect of drought stress on maize. In drought prone areas, long term impacts of biochar on production of maize and properties of soil could be recommended as upcoming shove.     

极端干旱条件下杠柳的落叶相对休眠-复水复苏型生存策略

以3种梯度恒定干旱胁迫(土壤水分分别控制在最大田间持水量的80%、55%和35%)为对照,人工模拟持续自然干旱(干旱15~54 d后复水),研究黄土丘陵区广泛分布的乡土灌木杠柳(Periploca sepium)的形态、耗水、生长、生理在持续干旱、极端干旱以及旱后复水时的变化,探讨长期恒定胁迫及极端干旱下植物的适应性策略。结果表明:(1)在恒定干旱胁迫下,杠柳可调整生长和生理状况使其达到适应有限水分供应的新稳定状态;植株冠层减小,叶片可溶性糖积累以及过氧化物酶活性升高是杠柳适应长期恒定干旱胁迫的重要机制。(2)在长期自然干旱胁迫下,杠柳的形态与生理状况均持续变化。在叶片死亡脱落前,叶片中大量积累的脯氨酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖提高了杠柳对干旱胁迫的耐受性;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,杠柳叶片加速衰老死亡、以休眠芽形式进入相对休眠状态。(3)复水后根系和茎复苏长出新芽并补偿生长,新芽中高含量的脯氨酸和游离氨基酸以及高活性状态的SOD和POD表明新芽活跃的生理状态是其补偿生长的重要机制,即杠柳在极端干旱条件下具有落叶相对休眠-复水后复苏型生存策略。     

干旱胁迫对紫花苜蓿黄酮类化合物含量及其合成途径关键酶活性的影响

以3个紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种为试验材料,利用不同浓度(0、5%、10%、15％、20%、25%)的PEG 6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,探究干旱胁迫对不同品种紫花苜蓿黄酮类化合物合成上游3个关键酶活性以及黄酮类化合物含量的影响。结果表明：(1)随着PEG 6000胁迫浓度的增加,3种紫花苜蓿叶片中PAL(苯丙氨酸解氨酶)、C4H(肉桂酸 4 羟基化酶)和4CL(4 香豆酸辅酶A连接酶)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但不同酶类之间响应存在差异,即PAL活性在10% PEG 6000胁迫浓度下最高,C4H和4CL活性则在15% PEG 6000胁迫浓度下最高,且均显著高于相应对照。(2)3种紫花苜蓿植株地上部总黄酮含量和8种黄酮类化合物含量均随着PEG 6000胁迫浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,且均在10%~15% PEG 6000胁迫浓度时达到最高值,并显著高于相应对照。(3)各品种紫花苜蓿叶片黄酮类化合物含量与其关键酶活性呈不同程度的相关性,即紫花苜蓿黄酮类化合物合成途径上游3个关键酶活性与其地上部黄酮类化合物含量存在密切的关系。研究认为,不同程度的干旱胁迫可以通过促进黄酮类化合物合成途径上游关键酶活性的变化来调节紫花苜蓿植株中黄酮类化合物的合成,且适度干旱胁迫能显著促进相关酶活性增强和黄酮类化合物含量增加。