海洋红酵母的液体培养

目的探讨提高海洋红酵母的液体高密度培养方法。方法在摇瓶培养条件下,测定温度、pH、装液量、接种量及摇床转速对海洋红酵母BY2菌株生长的影响,进一步放大培养至50L发酵罐,在培养过程流加氨水以控制pH稳定在5.3~5.5的条件下,考察不同葡萄糖浓度对海洋红酵母BY2菌株发酵菌量的影响。结果摇瓶最适培养条件为温度25℃,pH 5.5,接种量8%、装液量40mL/250mL三角瓶、摇床转速200r/min,在此培养条件下,24h时菌量达到8.9×108 CFU/mL;扩大至50L发酵罐,葡萄糖初始浓度为40、60、80、100g/L各罐20~24h时的菌量相应达到26.6×108、29.5×108、47.8×108、66.8×108 CFU/mL。结论提高初始葡萄糖浓度,流加氨水稳定发酵过程的pH,可以显著提高BY2菌株的发酵菌量。     

基于快速筛选的纳他霉素产生菌的微量培养

以纳他霉素产生菌——褐黄孢链霉菌(Streptomyces gilvosporeus)为研究对象,以96深孔板为载体,建立适合大规模菌株快速筛选的微量培养体系。首先用8层纱布外加有孔不锈钢盖子较好地解决了水分蒸发及交叉污染的问题;确定了深孔板装液量600μL、转速300r/min、振幅40mm的最佳培养条件,此时菌体生长和产物合成的变化趋势均与摇瓶培养过程非常类似。实验发现微量培养体系的最大板内和板间差异分别为1.93%和6.62%,通过统计学软件分析,两种不同培养体系下获得的菌株产量之间具有极显著的线性回归关系(F=39.303,P=0.000.01),产量分布的排序大致相同,这表明微孔板作为培养体系,具有标准化、平行化等优点,能很好地应用于大量菌株的快速筛选。     

法夫酵母生产虾青素发酵条件的研究

方法：分别进行了接种时间、摇床转速、接种量和装液量对法夫酵母细胞生产虾青素摇瓶发酵过程影响的实验,比较了DMSO法、酸热法、碱法和自溶法等破壁方法和提取溶剂之间的差别,测定了法夫酵母生长过程中的生物量、类胡萝卜素产量和培养基中的残糖。结果：确定了最佳的摇瓶发酵条件为：种瓶至发酵摇瓶的接种时间为40h,摇床转速为160r/min,接种量为10%,装液量为50mL;DMSO法和丙酮分别为合适的破壁方法和提取溶剂。结论：初步确定发酵的基本条件,为进行法夫酵母高产虾青素菌种的筛选以及发酵培养基的优化奠定了基础。     

重组人白细胞介素-11工程菌的发酵条件研究

为了探讨发酵条件对大肠杆菌表达人白细胞介素-11融合蛋白的影响,利用正交实验设计,对工程菌的生长条件和人白细胞介素-11融合蛋白表达进行优化。在摇瓶中研究了培养基中的葡萄糖、蛋白胨、酵母抽提物的浓度、pH及摇床转速、装液量、接种量等。确定了工程菌生长及表达的培养基和培养条件:葡萄糖10g/L,蛋白胨20g/L,酵母抽提物10g/L,pH7.5,接种量10%,装液量10%,摇床转速220r/min及诱导时间为4~5h。然后在BiofloⅢ-5L发酵罐中以优化的发酵条件进行了3批实验,结果表明:工程菌量达到55g/L(DCW),重组人白细胞介素-11融合蛋白表达量为33%左右,为进行中试研究奠定了理论基础。     

溶氧对Blakeslea trispora分批发酵生产β-胡萝卜素的影响

在摇瓶和5 L发酵罐中研究了溶氧 (DO) 对Blakeslea trispora分批发酵生产β-胡萝卜素的影响,总结了5 L发酵罐中β-胡萝卜素发酵过程中溶氧的变化规律.结果表明,当500 mL摇瓶装液量为50 mL,转速为240 r/min条件下发酵生产β-胡萝卜素产量最大,达到3.416 g/L; 5 L发酵罐中,在搅拌转速为1 000 r/min,通气量为1.5 vvm的条件下,β-胡萝卜素的产量可达到3.712 g/L,略高于摇瓶,这可能是由于5 L发酵罐中的气液传递和混合状况好于摇瓶,促进了产物的合成.     

低能离子注入L-乳酸生产菌种选育与发酵条件初步优化

通过20keV氮离子注入L-乳酸生产菌(Bacillus coagulans)筛选到一株产量比出发菌株提高10％的高产菌株RS12-6C,经多次传代实验表明该菌遗传稳定性较好。并对其发酵条件如接种量、装液量、摇床转速、温度等进行初步优化,在含糖150g/L的摇瓶中发酵,其L-乳酸产量达到117g/L。     

杆菌JSM1601发酵产核酸的研究

确定了杆菌（Brevibacterium ammoniagenes）JMS1601发酵产核酸的最佳发酵培养基：葡萄糖12％,酵母浸膏1．5％,磷酸二氢钾0．3％。最佳摇瓶培养条件：温度32℃,摇床转速160r／min,接种量（v／v）5％,装液量100ml／500ml。     

常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变及高通量筛选那西肽高产菌株

采用新型常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变活跃链霉菌(Streptomyces actuosu),并应用抑菌圈和48孔板培养方法高通量筛选高产那西肽菌株。研究表明抑菌圈径的大小与48孔板效价之间以及48孔板效价与摇瓶效价之间均有较好的相关性,系数R分别达到0.534和0.896。通过多轮ARTP诱变及高通量筛选最终获得了3株相对效价提高50%以上的遗传性能稳定的突变株。ARTP诱变技术作为获得那西肽高产菌株的有效途径,与传统摇瓶发酵筛选相比,48孔板及抑菌圈法能显著提高那西肽高产菌株的筛选效率。     

α-氯丙酸脱卤酶发酵条件研究

以从厌氧污泥中分离筛选获得的对α-氯丙酸有高效脱卤能力的微生物菌株W20为出发菌株,对其发酵生产脱卤酶的工艺进行了研究。其产脱卤酶培养基组成为:葡萄糖20.0 g/L,尿素1.0 g/L,酵母膏0.5 g/L,Na2HPO4.12H2O 3.2 g/L,KH2PO41.5 g/L,无水MgSO40.098 g/L,微量元素液10 mL/L,维生素溶液5.0 mL/L。产酶条件为:接种量10%,培养基初始pH7.0,培养温度30℃,装液量80 mL/250 mL摇瓶,摇床转速180 r/min。在以上获得的培养基和培养条件下培养48 h后测酶活,脱卤酶活力达到8.76 U/g干菌体,比在原始条件下提高约10倍。     

高山被孢霉产花生四烯酸发酵条件的研究

通过一株高山被孢霉M_(20)(Mortierella alpina)产花生四烯酸的摇瓶发酵研究,确定了其最佳发酵培养基组成及最适摇瓶发酵工艺条件。摇瓶实验确定的最佳培养基组成为(g/L):玉米粉水解液葡萄糖150,酵母粉15,KH_2PO_4 3.0,NaNO_3 3.0,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.5。最佳发酵工艺条件为:初始pH6.5,装液量为50ml/500ml摇瓶,摇床转速150r/min,温度在菌体生长前三天控制在25℃培养,以后调至20℃培养。在此条件下,发酵培养被孢霉的生物量、菌体总油脂及花生四烯酸分别高达35.5g/L、13.2g/L及2.2g/L,在15L及1000L自动机械搅拌罐进行发酵试验,AA产量分别高达1.86g/L及1.70g/L。     

Microplate Assay for Colletotrichum Spore Production

A simple microplate method was devised to assay spore production by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by growing the fungus on 1 ml of solid media in the wells of tissue culture plates. Growth and sporulation on microplates were compared at days 4 and 8 with growth and sporulation in 100-ml liquid batch cultures that involved 11 common media. Spore production per unit volume of medium was the same for solid and liquid forms of the media. Qualitative assessment of mycelial growth measured on microplates agreed with that of growth measured in liquid cultures. The microplate assay indicated that V8 juice was the best medium and that an organic content of about 6 mg/ml was optimal for high sporulation and low mycelium production. The assay provides a convenient, rapid, and inexpensive means of screening media for the production of fungal conidia in large numbers, to be used, for example, in biological control programs.     

Assessment and value of the polybrene microplate test for study and identification of irregular anti-erythrocyte antibodies

We have adapted Lalezari's manual polybrene test for use with microplate technology for screening and identification of anti-erythrocytes antibodies with a view to future automation. The technical conditions have been standardized, firstly by using a programmable centrifuge and a sequential shaking, secondly by using a preservative medium for panel after dispensing onto microplates. This methodology has been run in parallel with papain test and LIS indirect antiglobulin test: 7,000 screenings have been performed and their results are considered here. Our results are comparable to those described for automatic and manual techniques. The polybrene-microplate test affords a fast, reliable, handy and inexpensive means of screening and identification for irregular antibodies. It appears as an additional method for enzymatic tests in microplate. An antiglobulin test can be carried out after negative tests.     

Turbo-mixing in microplates

How to effectively mix small volumes of liquids within microplate wells is a still underestimated and often neglected challenge. The method the authors introduce here relies on violent turbulent motion within a liquid caused by spotting an organic solvent drop onto its surface. The amount needed, less than 1 to 3 microL, is generally small enough not to alter bioactive molecules. Moreover, a solvent may be selected for its compatibility with assay components. The method was tested with layers of aqueous liquids that differ in pH and concentration of a pH-dependent dye, allowing mixing to be monitored optically. Rapid mixing was caused by spotting drops of alcohols, acetone, acetonitrile, and aqueous solutions of these, as long as the difference of surface tension between the drop and the uppermost layer of the bulk liquid surpassed 30 dynes/cm. Along with this difference, position and velocity of spotting, as well as viscosity and geometry of the bulk liquid volume, may influence the turbulence evoked. No significant difference was found for the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase when measured after mixing by shaking and after mixing by spotting 1 microL of methanol onto assays within 96-well microplates.     

Gas sensing in microplates with optodes: influence of oxygen exchange between sample, air, and plate material

Microplates with integrated optical oxygen sensors are a new tool to study metabolic rates and enzyme activities. Precise measurements are possible only if oxygen exchange between the sample and the environment is known. In this study we quantify gas exchange in plastic microplates. Dissolved oxygen was detected using either an oxygen-sensitive film fixed at the bottom of each well or a needle-type sensor. The diffusion of oxygen into wells sealed with different foils, paraffin oil, and paraffin wax, respectively, was quantified. Although foil covers showed the lowest oxygen permeability, they include an inevitable gas phase between sample and sealing and are difficult to manage. The use of oil was found to be critical due to the extensive shaking caused by movement of the plates during measurements in microplate readers. Thus, paraffin wax was the choice material because it avoids convection of the sample and is easy to handle. Furthermore, without shaking, significant gradients in pO2 levels within a single well of a polystyrene microplate covered with paraffin oil were detected with the needle-type sensor. Higher pO2 levels were obtained near the surface of the sample as well as near the wall of the well. A significant diffusion of oxygen through the plastic plate material was found using plates based on polystyrene. Thus, the location of a sensor element within the well has an effect on the measured pO2 level. Using a sensor film fixed on the bottom of a well or using a dissolved pO2-sensitive indicator results in pO2 offset and in apparently lower respiration rates or enzyme activities. Oxygen diffusion through a polystyrene microplate was simulated for measurements without convection--that is, for samples without oxygen diffusion through the cover and for unshaken measurements using permeable sealings. This mathematical model allows for calculation of the correct kinetic parameters.     

Crude and purified proteasome activity assays are affected by type of microplate

Measurement of proteasome activity is fast becoming a commonly used assay in many laboratories. The most common method to measure proteasome activity involves measuring the release of fluorescent tags from peptide substrates in black microplates. Comparisons of black plates used for measuring fluorescence with different properties show that the microplate properties significantly affect the measured activities of the proteasome. The microplate that gave the highest reading of trypsin-like activity of the purified 20S proteasome gave the lowest reading of chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome. Plates with medium binding surfaces from two different companies showed an approximately 2-fold difference in caspase-like activity for purified 20S proteasomes. Even standard curves generated using free 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) were affected by the microplate used. As such, significantly different proteasome activities, as measured in nmol AMC released/mg/min, were obtained for purified 20S proteasomes as well as crude heart and liver samples when using different microplates. The naturally occurring molecule betulinic acid activated the chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity in three different plates but did not affect the proteasome activity in the nonbinding surface microplate. These findings suggest that the type of proteasome activity being measured and sample type are important when selecting a microplate.     

High-pressure gel loader for capillary array electrophoresis microchannel plates.

Microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis (microCAE) microchannel plates are the next generation of bioanalytical separation devices. To fully exploit the capabilities of microCAE devices, supporting technology such as robotic sample loading, gel loading, microplate washing, and data analysis must be developed. Here, we describe a device for loading gel into radial capillary array electrophoresis microplates and for plate washing and drying. The microplates are locked into a loading module, and high-pressure helium is used to drive aqueous separation media or wash solutions into the microchannels through fixtures connected to the central anode reservoir. Microplates are rapidly (30 s to 5 min) loaded with separation media, such as 3%-4.8% linear polyacrylamide or 0.7%-3.0% hydroxyethyl cellulose, for electrophoresis. The effective and rapid gel-filling and plate-cleaning methods together with short electrophoretic analysis times (2-30 min) make microCAE systems versatile and powerful nucleic acid analysis platforms.     

A microassay for ATPase

A newly developed microtechnique for quantitating activity of myosin ATPase (EC 3.6.1.32) is more sensitive and less time-consuming than existing spectrophotometric methods. Measurement of ATPase activity using the new method can be accomplished in a final volume of 0.25 ml, allowing the assay to be conducted in individual wells of 96-well microplates commonly used for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The microassay is performed by adding purified myosin to microplate wells followed by addition of ATP to initiate the enzymatic reaction. The reaction is subsequently terminated by addition of an acidic solution containing malachite green and ammonium molybdate. The level of inorganic phosphate produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP is measured by scanning the microplates using a microELISA plate reader. An entire 96-well microplate can be scanned in less than 2 min, and data from the microassay can be transferred directly to a microprocessor for statistical analysis. The microassay is capable of detecting between 0.2 and 3 nmol of inorganic phosphate in a reaction volume of 50 microliter, and the ATPase activity of as little as 10 ng of rat cardiac myosin can be measured. The increased sensitivity compared with that of other spectrophotometric assays and ease of performing the microassay enable a detailed analysis of the enzymatic properties of cardiac myosin to be conducted on large numbers of small tissue specimens. Several kinetic properties of rat cardiac myosin were determined using this technique.     

Modeling of mixing in 96-well microplates observed with fluorescence indicators

Mixing in 96-well microplates was studied using soluble pH indicators and a fluorescence pH sensor. Small amounts of alkali were added with the aid of a multichannel pipet, a piston pump, and a piezoelectric actuator. Mixing patterns were observed visually using a video camera. Addition of drops each of about 1 nL with the piezoelectric actuator resulted in umbrella and double-disklike shapes. Convective mixing was mainly observed in the upper part of the well, whereas the lower part was only mixed quickly when using the multichannel pipet and the piston pump with an addition volume of 5 microL or larger. Estimated mixing times were between a few seconds and several minutes. Mixing by liquid dispensing was much more effective than by shaking. A mixing model consisting of 21 elements could describe mixing dynamics observed by the dissolved fluorescence dye and by the optical immobilized pH sensor. This model can be applied for designing pH control in microplates or for design of kinetic experiments with liquid addition.     

Direct comparison of the Ames microplate format (MPF) test in liquid medium with the standard Ames pre-incubation assay on agar plates by use of equivocal to weakly positive test compounds

The Ames microplate format (MPF?) test, which uses liquid media and in 384-well microplates with a readout based on a colour-change, has been used for over 10 years at several major pharmaceutical companies for screening the genotoxic potential of early drug candidates when compound supply is minimal. Meanwhile, Xenometrix has adapted this screen from the two-strain Ames II test for use with five tester strains, in compliance with OECD Guideline 471. A set of 15 equivocal to weakly positive chemicals selected from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) database was tested simultaneously in the Ames microplate format (MPF) and the standard Ames pre-incubation method on agar plates. Such a direct comparison of the two test methods with the same overnight culture(s), chemicals and S9-mix preparation should exclude external variability factors. Thirteen of the 15 chemicals showed concordant results in both tests despite the choice of chemicals that showed varying inter- and even intra-laboratory results in the NTP studies. These results indicate that the Ames MPF? assay is a reliable predictive tool that can be used like the regular Ames test to evaluate compounds for mutagenicity.     

环境微生物样品真菌群落BIOLOG分析方法

利用BIOLOG YT、FF微孔板分别考察了4个真菌群落代谢活性及群落间的代谢相似性,并与聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)结构相似性分析对比试图探讨代谢相似性与结构相似性的内在联系,探讨了超低温冻存法作为样品保存手段对真菌群落特征BIOLOG分析结果的影响.结果表明:两种微孔板所反映的代谢相似性聚类分析结果完全不同, FF板所反映的代谢相似性聚类分析规律与PCR-DGGE提供的种群结构聚类分析规律一致;超低温冻存处理影响显著影响BIOLOG YT代谢活性(P = 0.023)和BIOLOG FF多样性指数(H')(P = 0.041),但对两种微孔板所反映的其它指数如代谢活性、丰富度指数(S)、多样性指数(H')分析结果均无显著性影响(P > 0.05).