介绍一种广泛用于免疫化学的新试剂——Protein A

Protein A是存在于金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞壁上的蛋白质,它与细胞壁共价结合。这种蛋白质与免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA、IgM)有高亲和力的特性,利用这一特性可以分离来自人类的G1、G2、G4、A2和各种动物的Ig,如兔、绵羊、山羊、大鼠、针鼹的IgG,小鼠的G2a、G3,猪的G1、G2等。如果用Protein A固相柱,也可有效地分离Ig的F(ab)、F(ab′)_2,以及将F(ab)、F(ab′)_2与Fc分开。可见     

人巨细胞病毒病毒体的组装研究新进展

阐明人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）病毒体的组装过程对研究HCMV致病分子机制有重要意义,同时可为抗病毒药物的设计与运用提供新的思路。HCMV组装可概括为两大阶段：初期为入核阶段,主要为核衣壳的组装。在胞质中表达的病毒蛋白形成多种形式的多聚体进入细胞核,在核内相互作用形成衣壳并将病毒DNA装入衣壳中,核衣壳初步形成。第二阶段为出核阶段,主要涉及被膜与包膜的组装。在核中形成的原始核衣壳出核移至胞质,最终在胞质中组装完成,此过程极其复杂,涉及众多蛋白间相互作用及宿主细胞的参与。值得一提的是,组装过程中多种蛋白的变异会导致病毒复制失败。组装完成的病毒体经修饰成熟释放出细胞后,再感染新的宿主细胞。本文对HCMV病毒体组装机制的最新研究作一综述。     

加热对IgG结合DNA能力的影响

 加热对ＩｇＧ结合ＤＮＡ能力的影响梁俊峰,郑昌学（清华大学生物科学与技术系,北京１０００８４）聚集免疫球蛋白Ｇ（ＡｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｄｌｇＧ）是指在某些条件（如温度、自由基等）影响下,ＩｇＧ自身聚集所形成的ＩｇＧ的多聚体．聚集不仅影响ＩｇＧ的免疫反应活性...     

低pH孵放病毒灭活处理对马破伤风免疫球蛋白F(ab')_2质量的影响

目的考察低pH孵放病毒灭活处理对马破伤风免疫球蛋白F(ab')_2质量的影响。方法取马破伤风免疫球蛋白F(ab')_24份,分别调整pH至3.8、4.1、4.4及6.5,于(25±1)℃条件下放置21 d后取样测定抗体效价、聚合物(二聚体、多聚体)及F(ab')_2含量,评估低pH孵放病毒灭活法对上述质量指标的影响;以1 mL/瓶的规格分装经低pH孵放病毒灭活处理的马破伤风免疫球蛋白F(ab')_2,于(25±1)℃条件下存放6个月,定期取样并进行抗体效价、聚合物(二聚体、多聚体)及F(ab')_2含量检测,评估其稳定性。结果马破伤风免疫球蛋白F(ab')_2经低pH孵放病毒灭活后,其抗体效价、聚合物(二聚体、多聚体)及F(ab')_2含量未发生明显变化;样品于(25±1)℃条件下存放6个月后,抗体效价和F(ab')_2含量均符合《中华人民共和国药典》2015版(三部)的要求。结论低pH孵放病毒灭活法适用于马破伤风免疫球蛋白F(ab')_2病毒的灭活。     

海洋红藻多管藻R—藻红蛋白的体外聚集特性

将海洋红藻R 藻红蛋白 (R PE)吸附到刚揭开的高定向石墨 (HOPG)表面上 ,然后用扫描隧道显微镜 (STM)在纳米尺度上进行直接观察 ,发现纯化的R 藻红蛋白在体外自然聚集时 ,能够“面对面”的聚集在一起 ,形成非常规则的类似藻胆体的杆状结构。将R PE溶于 2 %酒精 /水的混合液中 ,然后滴加于空气 /水界面上 ,具有很好的成膜性能。STM观察结果表明 ,R PE的分子在Langmuir Blodgett膜中的排列方式与其在自然状态下的聚集方式类似 ,圆盘状的R PE分子面对面的聚集在一起形成类似藻胆体的杆状结构 ,这些“杆”状结构进一步聚集在一起形成膜。以上结果表明 ,藻胆蛋白分子在体内以藻胆体的形式存在 ,除了连接肽的作用之外 ,藻胆蛋白自身的结构特性而导致的分子与分子之间的相互作用 ,在藻胆体的组装过程中也起着重要的作用     

酵母绿色荧光蛋白报告载体的构建及其在过氧化物酶体研究中的应用

以载体pYES2为基础,构建了酵母表达载体pYES2G,该载体含有融合了过氧化物酶体定位信号1(PTS1)的绿色荧光蛋白报告分子GFP-SKL编码基因,该基因以酵母TEF1启动子启动。pYES2转化研究表明,在野生型酵母INVScl中,GFP-SKL蛋白在细胞中呈点状聚集,而在酵母PEX5p缺陷菌株ATCC4003603中,荧光为弥散状,证明报告分子GFP-SKL可通过PEX5p蛋白有效定位到过氧化物酶体。在载体pYES2G的多克隆位点分别连入酵母及产黄青霉PEX5p编码基因得到载体pYES2G/ScPEX5和pYES2G/PcPEX5,转化酵母ATCC4003603,荧光均呈聚集状,证明外源PEX5p基因的表达恢复了缺陷菌株的功能。pYES2G载体为真菌过氧化物酶体相关基因的功能研究提供了直观有效的方法。     

在常温和低温条件下离体培养的小麦花药中小孢子的早期发育

本文对小麦花药培养中雄核的早期发育作了较详细的观察。描述了小孢子发育的七种类型。前三种类型(A、A_1、A_2)小孢子第一次分裂为不等分裂,形成营养细胞和生殖细胞,营养细胞分裂形成愈伤组织、胚状体和多核花粉粒。后四种类型(B、B_1、B_2、B_3)小孢子第一次分裂为均等分裂,这样,可由小孢子直接形成愈伤组织和胚状体,它们也形成多核花粉粒。在对愈伤组织和胚状体产生的途径进行观察和分析后,发现小麦花扮植株大多数来源于均等分裂的小孢子,即为B途径发育类型。 实验中还观察到花粉发育的各种异常情况,例如,在有丝分裂不同的阶段(如前期、中期和后期)都观察到同步分裂的现象。还观察到各种类型的间期核融合(如生殖核与生殖核、生殖核与营养核以及营养核与营养核)和核内有丝分裂。通过这些方式,可以形成加倍的花粉粒和愈伤组织,由此可产生自然加倍的二倍体值株。雄核的这些行为在培养花药接种后经受低温处理(—2— 2℃或—5—0℃,48小时)的情况下,表现出明显增加的趋势。     

多聚免疫球蛋白受体（pIgR）在粘膜免疫中的重要功能

多聚免疫球蛋白受体（pIgR）属于Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,可与多聚免疫球蛋白A和多聚免疫球蛋白M特异性结合,通过穿胞转运,将它们从上皮细胞基底侧膜转运到顶膜,并最终分泌到外分泌液中去. 在此过程中,多聚免疫球蛋白受体的细胞外段被水解,释放出与多聚免疫球蛋白A或多聚免疫球蛋白M相结合的细胞外段（又称为分泌成分）. 分泌成分是sIgA分子的重要组成部分,直接参与sIgA的粘膜防御功能,而且在被动粘膜免疫中也有重要作用. 多聚免疫球蛋白受体通过介导细胞内多聚免疫球蛋白的转运,可以在粘膜的腔面阻止病原体粘附,在上皮细胞内中和病毒,也可以将固有层内的抗原分泌出去. 因此,多聚免疫球蛋白受体的有效分泌是多聚免疫球蛋白发挥粘膜防御功能的必要条件. 但在某些情况下,该受体也可以介导微生物对上皮屏障的入侵. 多聚免疫球蛋白受体是高度 N -糖基化的,其分子中独特的糖链结构,可能与受体的穿胞转运、sIgA在粘膜的正确定位,以及抗原对上皮细胞的粘附有关. 多聚免疫球蛋白受体和分泌成分参与的多重分子机制,使它们在粘膜免疫中起着举足轻重的作用.     

爪蟾卵无细胞系统中核的自组装和组装核染色质纤维的研究

以人工促排的非洲爪蟾卵为材料制备体外无细胞系统,加入Lambda DNA或染色质,用荧光显微镜和电子显微镜观察核的自组装现象.在核的自组装过程中可以看出由丝状、不规则块状到小球状的形态变化,直至形成与真核细胞间期核的形态、结构相似的组装核.在加入染色质时,所观察到的现象和加入Lambda DNA时相似,但形成组装核的过程较快.组装核经过适当浓缩后,以低渗铺展法使其破裂,从核中释放的染色质纤维,电镜观察与细胞核内的染色质有相似之处也有其本身的特点.用蛋白酶处理,纤维变得光滑,其上的颗粒消失;DNase的作用则可使纤维消失,只剩下一些颗粒和片段;RNase处理时没见变化.     

基因工程抗体的获得

一、抗体结构和抗体基因 1.抗体结构 抗体分为五类,即IgG、IgM、IgA、IgD和IgE,其理化性质各不相同,在体内的比例、分布及代谢速率也很不一样。IgG是最重要的血清免疫球蛋白,分为四种亚型:IgG1是主要的亚型(占IgG总量的67％),其次是IgG2、IgG3、IgG4。IgA是主要的分泌型Ig,分为IgA1,IgA2两个亚型。IgM是一五聚体分子,由10条H链、10条L链和一条J链通过二硫键连接而成。它是一个多价体。在B细胞膜上的IgM作为抗原受体与B细胞成熟、分化有关。     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Identification of specific binding sites for leukotriene C4 in human fetal lung

Specific leukotriene C₄ (LTC₄) binding sites were identified in membrane preparations from human fetal lung. Specific binding of [³H]-LTC₄ represented 95 percent of total binding, reached steadystate within 10 minutes and was rapidly reversible upon addition of excess unlabeled LTC₄. Binding assays were performed at 4°C under conditions which prevented metabolism of [³H]-LTC₄ (80 mM serineborate, 10 mM cysteine, 10 mM glycine). Under these conditions, greater than 95 percent of the membrane bound radioactivity, as analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, co-eluted with the LTC₄ standard. Computer-assisted analyses of saturation binding data showed a single class of binding sites with a dissociation constant (K_d) of 26 + 6 nM and a density (B_max) of 84 ± 18 pmol/mg protein. Pharmacological specificity was demonstrated by competition studies in which specific binding of [³H]-LTC₄ was displaced by LTC₄ and its structural analogs with inhibition constants (K_j) of 10 to 30 nM, whereas LTD₄, diastereoisomers of LTD₁, LTE₄ and the end organ antagonist FPL 55712 were 150 to 700 fold less potent competitors than LTC₄. These results provide evidence for specific, reversible, saturable, high affinity binding sites for [³H]-LTC₄ in human fetal lung membranes.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

多马胺能药物对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH）分泌活动的影响

以珠江流域鲇鱼（silurus asotus)为实验材料,研究了多巴胺（DA）能药物（DA及其D－2型受体拮抗物 ,DOM）对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH)释放的影响,结果表明,在性腺发育的各个时期,单独注射DOM（5ug/g)均不能显著提高鲇鱼血液基础GtH水平,当DOM与LHRH－A联合注射时能显著增强LHRH－A刺激GtH释放的作用;DA只能抑制GnRH诱导的GtH释放,对基础GtH释放无抑制作用,这种生殖内分泌调节方式与鲇形目的革胡子鲇（Clarias gariepinus)和大鳍Hu（Mystus macropterus)相似,而与鲤形目的鲁科（Cyrpindiae)鱼类不同。     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

Interactions of an antitumor platinum compound with deoxyribonucleic acid, histones, L-amino acids, poly-L-amino acids, nucleosides and nucleotides

Interaction of cis-dichloro(dipyridine)platinum(II) (cis-PPC) with calf thymus DNA, calf thymus histone, l-amino acids, poly-l-amino acids, nucleosides, and nucleotides has been evaluated by equilibrium dialysis technics. At least a 28 % decrease in the association of cis-PPC with DNA occurs when the platinum compound is pre-incubated with l-amino acids. The greatest decrease in association is seen upon pre-incubation of the platinum compound with the free amino acids. Glut, Asp, Lys, Arg, and CySH, before the addition of a sack containing a solution of DNA. The low level of association between DNA and the amino acids tends to rule out competition between cis-PPC and amino acids for DNA association sites. cis-PPC was repelled from sacks containing positively charged poly-l-Lys, poly-l-Arg, and calf thymus histone; however, in the presence of poly-l-Glut and poly-l-Asp, cis-PPC associated with these negatively charged polymers to a considerable degree. Enhanced chloride dissociation from cis-PPC was observed in the presence of all of the amino acids and the nucleotides GMP, CMP, UMP, and TMP, but not in the presence of AMP or the nucleosides rG and dG. In the presence of calf thymus histone, the association of cis-PPC with calf thymus DNA was reduced by more than 50% at histone/DNA ratios of 0.8–1.0.These data suggest that cis-PPC or cis-Pt(II) may associate with electron-rich areas of not only nucleic acids and proteins but also with body pools of free nucleotides and amino acids. The presence of positively charged histones shielding DNA strands in vivo suggests that the most probable point of platinum-DNA association would be at de-repressed areas of DNA which are undergoing RNA synthesis. The aquated form of the platinum complex may also associate with acidic proteins which appear to be involved in the positive control of RNA synthesis and, as a result, this interaction may be of pharmacological significance.     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Invited Review Free Radicals in Foods

During the last decade increasing attention has been given to the role of free radicals in biological oxidations. The subject has been of increasing interest to both the food scientist and the physiologist. Free radical scavengers in the form of both indigenous and added antioxidants are necessary for the successful preservation of food; free radicals are increasingly being implicated in the onset of, among others, ischaemic heart disease and for protection against these diseases it is suggested that the dietary intake of the antioxidant vitamins should be increased especially for diets high in polyunsaturated fats. ^1,2 Convenience and snack foods which absorb substantial amounts of frying oils are being increasingly consumed. Since poly-unsaturated fatty acids are particularly susceptible to oxidation by free radicals during the storage, cooking and frying of foods, the potential risk of exposure to lipid degradation products' is likely to have increased. In foods the non-enzymic and lipoxygenase catalysed oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, β-carotene and vitamin A can result in the loss of essential nutrients and the development of off-flavours.     

Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets – iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine

The diets of over two-thirds of the world's population lack one or more essential mineral elements. This can be remedied through dietary diversification, mineral supplementation, food fortification, or increasing the concentrations and/or bioavailability of mineral elements in produce (biofortification). This article reviews aspects of soil science, plant physiology and genetics underpinning crop biofortification strategies, as well as agronomic and genetic approaches currently taken to biofortify food crops with the mineral elements most commonly lacking in human diets: iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I) and selenium (Se). Two complementary approaches have been successfully adopted to increase the concentrations of bioavailable mineral elements in food crops. First, agronomic approaches optimizing the application of mineral fertilizers and/or improving the solubilization and mobilization of mineral elements in the soil have been implemented. Secondly, crops have been developed with: increased abilities to acquire mineral elements and accumulate them in edible tissues; increased concentrations of 'promoter' substances, such as ascorbate, β-carotene and cysteine-rich polypeptides which stimulate the absorption of essential mineral elements by the gut; and reduced concentrations of 'antinutrients', such as oxalate, polyphenolics or phytate, which interfere with their absorption. These approaches are addressing mineral malnutrition in humans globally.