磁性聚合物微球的制备及其在生物医药领域的应用

磁性聚合物微球作为一种结构新颖的功能高分子材料,在生物医药以及其他众多领域具有非常广阔的应用前景.特别是随着生命科学的研究日益深入,以磁性聚合物微球为基础的快速有效的细胞和酶的分离以及靶向制剂等越来越受到人们的重视.本文从磁性聚合物微球的结构、常用制备方法及其在生物医药领域的应用等方面综述了近年来国内外磁性聚合物微球的最新研究进展.     

磁性顺铂微球的药物控释研究

目的 :改善磁性顺铂微球的药突释和滞释 ,实现控释。方法 :用不同的工艺制备磁性顺铂微球并进行药物释放的体外、体内测定。结果 :当高分子基质材料中疏水性骨架材料 ,含有水解键的交联偶合材料 =7:3、搅拌速度 1 5 0 0r.min- 1 ,成型温度 2 0℃时 ,制备的磁性顺铂微球具有较好的控释特性。结论 :对开发磁性微球和导向治疗恶性肿瘤有一定意义。     

磁性顺铂微球的药物控释研究

目的：改善磁性顺铂微球的药突释和滞释,实现控释。方法：用不同的工艺制备磁性顺铂微球并进行药物释放的体外、体内测定。结果：当高分子基质材料中疏水性骨架材料,含有水解键的交联偶合材料=7：3、搅拌速度1500r．min^-1,成型温度20℃时,制备的磁性顺铂微球具有较好的控释特性。结论：对开发磁性微球和导向治疗恶性肿瘤有一定意义。     

用壳聚糖亲和磁性微球纯化血浆凝血酶的研究

通过化学共沉淀法合成纳米粒子Fe3O4磁核,以壳聚糖为包裹材料包被自制的磁核,采用乳化交联法制备了具有核-壳结构的磁性高分子微球-壳聚糖磁性微球,并偶联肝素配基得到了一种新型亲和磁性微球,应用SEM、FT-IR、XRD等对微球的粒径、形貌、结构和磁响应性进行了表征.考察了该亲和磁性微球对凝血酶的分离纯化性能,并与传统的DEAE离子交换色谱法进行了比较.结果表明,所得亲和磁性微球具有较窄的粒径分布、形状规整,粒径在50nm左右.对凝血酶一步吸附纯化获得了比活为1879.71U/mg的酶,得率85%,纯化倍数11.057,而传统柱层析法得率为72%,纯化倍数仅为5.33.制备了壳聚糖亲和磁性微球,并将磁分离技术应用于凝血酶的分离纯化,得到了较好的效果,这将对于凝血酶的纯化及生产具有一定参考价值.     

环氧基高分子磁性复合微球固定化木瓜蛋白酶的研究

研究以甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)为单体,二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EDMA)为交联剂,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为分散剂,在Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子存在的条件下,合成了交联度为25%的磁性高分子复合微球(GMAE-DMA).并以这种微球为载体,进行了对木瓜蛋白酶的固定化研究.探讨了最佳的固定化条件如下:温度为25℃,反应时间20h,pH值为8.5,给酶量为160mg/g.同时以酪蛋白为底物,研究了固定化酶的酶学性质,结果表明:固定化酶对不同pH值环境的耐受力、热稳定性和操作稳定性都有较大幅度的提高.实验证明这种高分子磁性复合微球是一种优良的固定化酶载体.     

磁性复合微球固定化酶制备过程及其研究进展

磁性复合微球作为一种优良的载体,广泛应用于生物医学和技术上,如蛋白纯化、药物绑定、酶固定化等.磁性复合微球制备过程包括纳米磁性粒子合成、磁性复合微球制备,将酶与经表面戎基、氛基、环氧基等功能基团修饰或直接与磁性微球共价结合,或者与表面经金属离子鳌合的磁性微球吸附从而实现酶固定化.本文介绍了磁性复合微球的制备过程及其在固定化酶方面的研究进展.     

用磁性微球载体固定化酶的研究

含铁磁体的高分子微球,其表面可化学偶联酶,抗体、抗原等生物活性物质,从而增加生物质的稳定性和存活期,同时可用外部磁场快速简便地分离反应物,因此磁性微球载体已逐渐应用于细胞、蛋白质的分离、亲和层析和放射免疫等生化技术领域。许多酶反应是临床     

磁性微球的制备及在生物分离应用中的研究进展

磁性微球是一类新型的功能材料,在生物医学工程、细胞生物学和环境工程具有广泛的应用。本文从磁性微球的结构、特性和制备方法进行了探讨,并详细介绍了磁性微球在细胞分离、蛋白质以及核酸的制备纯化领域中的应用。     

高分子药物缓释用壳聚糖微球的制备

本文采用了先交联制备可溶胀的壳聚糖载体微球,后将模型高分子药物以被动吸咐方式担载在溶胀的微球内的两步法,制备缓释高分子药物微球,避免了高分子药物接触有机试剂引起的活性损失。     

磁性微球的制备及在生物分离应用中的研究进展

磁性微球是一类新型的功能材料,雀生物医学工程、细胞生物学和环境工程具有广泛的应用。本文从磁性微球的结构、特性和制备方法进行了探讨,并详细介绍了磁性微球在细胞分离、蛋白质以及核酸的制备纯化领域中的应用。     

Magnetic hydrophilic methacrylate-based polymer microspheres designed for polymerase chain reactions applications

Magnetic hydrophilic non-porous P(HEMA-co-EDMA), P(HEMA-co-GMA) and PGMA microspheres were prepared by dispersion (co)polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) or glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in the presence of several kinds of magnetite. It was found that some components used in the preparation of magnetic carriers interfered with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Influence of non-magnetic and magnetic microspheres, including magnetite nanoparticles and various components used in their synthesis, on the PCR course was thus investigated. DNA isolated from bacterial cells of Bifidobacterium longum was used in PCR evaluation of non-interfering magnetic microspheres. The method enabled verification of the incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles in the particular methacrylate-based polymer microspheres and evaluation of suitability of their application in PCR. Preferably, electrostatically stabilized colloidal magnetite (ferrofluid) should be used in the design of new magnetic methacrylate-based microspheres by dispersion polymerization.     

Process and formulation variables in the preparation of injectable and biodegradable magnetic microspheres

The aim of this study was to prepare biodegradable sustained release magnetite microspheres sized between 1 to 2 μm. The microspheres with or without magnetic materials were prepared by a W/O/W double emulsion solvent evaporation technique using poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as the biodegradable matrix forming polymer. Effects of manufacturing and formulation variables on particle size were investigated with non-magnetic microspheres. Microsphere size could be controlled by modification of homogenization speed, PLGA concentration in the oil phase, oil phase volume, solvent composition, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration in the outer water phase. Most influential were the agitation velocity and all parameters that influence the kinematic viscosity of oil and outer water phase, specifically the type and concentration of the oil phase. The magnetic component yielding homogeneous magnetic microspheres consisted of magnetite nanoparticles of 8 nm diameter stabilized with a polyethylene glycole/polyacrylic acid (PEG/PAA) coating and a saturation magnetization of 47.8 emu/g. Non-magnetic and magnetic microspheres had very similar size, morphology, and size distribution, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. The optimized conditions yielded microspheres with 13.7 weight% of magnetite and an average diameter of 1.37 μm. Such biodegradable magnetic microspheres seem appropriate for vascular administration followed by magnetic drug targeting.     

Facile synthesis of C8-functionalized magnetic silica microspheres for enrichment of low-concentration peptides for direct MALDI-TOF MS analysis

In this study, novel C8-functionalized magnetic polymer microspheres were prepared by coating single submicron-sized magnetite particle with silica and subsequent modification with chloro (dimethyl) octylsilane. The resulting C8-functionalized magnetic silica (C8-f-M-S) microspheres exhibit well-defined magnetite-core-silica-shell structure and possess high content of magnetite, which endow them with high dispersibility and strong magnetic response. With their magnetic property, the synthesized C8-f-M-S microspheres provide a convenient and efficient way for enrichment of low-abundance peptides from tryptic protein digest and human serum. The enriched peptides/proteins were subjected for MALDI-TOF MS analysis and the enrichment efficiency was documented. In a word, the facile synthesis and efficient enrichment process of the novel C8-f-M-S microspheres make them promising candidates for isolation of peptides even in complex biological samples such as serum, plasma, and urine.     

Taste Masking by Spray-Drying Technique

The purpose of this research was to develop the taste-masked microspheres of intensely bitter drug ondansetron hydrochloride (OSH) by spray-drying technique. The bitter taste threshold value of OSH was determined. Three different polymers viz. Chitosan, Methocel E15 LV, and Eudragit E100 were used for microsphere formation, and the effect of different polymers and drug–polymer ratios on the taste masking and release properties of microspheres was investigated. The microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Drug loading, in vitro bitter taste evaluation, and drug-release properties. The taste masking was absent in methocel microspheres at all the drug–polymer ratios. The Eudragit microspheres depicted taste masking at 1:2 drug–polymer ratio whereas with Chitosan microspheres the taste masking was achieved at 1:1 drug–polymer ratio. The drug release was about 96.85% for eudragit microspheres and 40.07% for Chitosan microspheres in 15 min.     

阳离子β-环糊精聚合物微球的合成与表征

以β-环糊精(β-CD)为原料,环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为交联剂,通过反相乳液合成了β-环糊精聚合物(β-CDP)微球,通过醚化剂N-(2,3-环氧丙基)三甲基氯化铵(GTA)与β-CDP微球反应制得了阳离子型β-CDP微球。采用响应曲面试验,以取代度和反应效率的综合评分为指标,得出了阳离子型微球的最佳醚化工艺,分别使用扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度分布仪、红外光谱仪和综合热分析仪进行了表征,结果表明:GTA已被接枝到β-CDP微球上,且阳离子型β-CDP微球热稳定性良好;β-CDP微球1 g、GTA的质量0.0197 g,反应温度为47.78℃,反应时间为4.06 h,产品平均取代度28.3%,平均反应效率77.9%,综合得分17.56。     

New monodisperse magnetic polymer microspheres biofunctionalized for enzyme catalysis and bioaffinity separations

Magnetic macroporous PGMA and PHEMA microspheres containing carboxyl groups are synthesized by multi-step swelling and polymerization followed by precipitation of iron oxide inside the pores. The microspheres are characterized by SEM, IR spectroscopy, AAS, and zeta-potential measurements. Their functional groups enable bioactive ligands of various sizes and chemical structures to couple covalently. The applicability of these monodisperse magnetic microspheres in biospecific catalysis and bioaffinity separation is confirmed by coupling with the enzyme trypsin and huIgG. Trypsin-modified magnetic PGMA-COOH and PHEMA-COOH microspheres are investigated in terms of their enzyme activity, operational and storage stability. The presence of IgG molecules on microspheres is confirmed.     

Development of a Fluorescent Based Immunosensor for the Serodiagnosis of Canine Leishmaniasis Combining Immunomagnetic Separation and Flow Cytometry

Background

An accurate diagnosis is essential for the control of infectious diseases. In the search for effective and efficient tests, biosensors have increasingly been exploited for the development of new and highly sensitive diagnostic methods. Here, we describe a new fluorescent based immunosensor comprising magnetic polymer microspheres coated with recombinant antigens to improve the detection of specific antibodies generated during an infectious disease. As a challenging model, we used canine leishmaniasis due to the unsatisfactory sensitivity associated with the detection of infection in asymptomatic animals where the levels of pathogen-specific antibodies are scarce.

Methodology

Ni-NTA magnetic microspheres with 1,7 µm and 8,07 µm were coated with the Leishmania recombinant proteins LicTXNPx and rK39, respectively. A mixture of equal proportions of both recombinant protein-coated microspheres was used to recognize and specifically bind anti-rK39 and anti-LicTNXPx antibodies present in serum samples of infected dogs. The microspheres were recovered by magnetic separation and the percentage of fluorescent positive microspheres was quantified by flow cytometry.

Principal Findings

A clinical evaluation carried out with 129 dog serum samples using the antigen combination demonstrated a sensitivity of 98,8% with a specificity of 94,4%. rK39 antigen alone demonstrated a higher sensitivity for symptomatic dogs (96,9%), while LicTXNPx antigen showed a higher sensitivity for asymptomatic (94,4%).

Conclusions

Overall, our results demonstrated the potential of a magnetic microsphere associated flow cytometry methodology as a viable tool for highly sensitive laboratorial serodiagnosis of both clinical and subclinical forms of canine leishmaniasis.     

The preparation of magnetic proteinaceous microspheres using the sonochemical method

Using high-intensity ultrasound, we have developed a method for the synthesis of magnetic microspheres. The microspheres are composed of iron oxide-filled and coated globular bovine serum albumin (BSA). The magnetic microspheres are prepared from BSA and iron pentacarbonyl, or from BSA and iron acetate. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy show spherical particles. The particle size distributions are gaussian, with a mean diameter of a few micrometers. Using chemical analysis, it was found that the total percentage of iron oxide in the microspheres is between 39% and 42%. M?ssbauer measurements were also performed.     

Cerium ion-chelated magnetic silica microspheres for enrichment and direct determination of phosphopeptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry

In this study, we employed, for the first time, the Ce4+-chelated magnetic silica microspheres to selectively concentrate phosphopeptides from protein digest products. Cerium ions were chelated onto magnetic silica microspheres using the strategy we established before. After enrichment, the phosphopeptide-conjugated magnetic microspheres were separated from the sample solution just by using a magnet. With the optimized enrichment conditions, the performance of the Ce4+-chelated magnetic microspheres was compared with the Fe3+-chelated microspheres using tryptic digested peptides originating from ovalbumin, a five protein mixture containing phosphoproteins and nonphosphoproteins, as well as a mixture of beta-casein and BSA with a molar ratio of 1:50. Compared to Fe3+, Ce4+-chelated magnetic microspheres exhibited more selective isolation ability for concentrating phosphopeptides from complex mixtures. Even when the amount of the tryptic digest product of BSA is 50 times higher than that of beta-casein in the sample solution, the trace phosphopeptides derived from beta-casein can still be concentrated effectively by the Ce4+-chelated magnetic microspheres in only 30 s. Furthermore, we initially utilized the Ce4+-chelated magnetic microspheres to directly enrich phosphopeptides from human serum without extra purification steps or tedious treatment, which opens up a possibility for their further application in phosphoproteomics.     

Enhancing the reusability of endoglucanase-gold nanoparticle bioconjugates by tethering to polyurethane microspheres

The synthesis of polyurethane microsphere-gold nanoparticle "core-shell" structures and their use in the immobilization of the enzyme endoglucanase are described. Assembly of gold nanoparticles on the surface of polymer microspheres occurs through interaction of the nitrogens in the polymer with the nanoparticles, thereby precluding the need for modifying the polymer microspheres to enable such nanoparticle binding. Endoglucanse could thereafter be bound to the gold nanoparticles decorating the polyurethane microspheres, leading to a highly stable biocatalyst with excellent reuse characteristics. The immobilized enzyme retains its biocatalytic activity and exhibits improved thermal stability relative to free enzyme in solution. The high surface area of the host gold nanoparticles renders the immobilized enzyme "quasi free", while at the same time retaining advantages of immobilization such as ease of reuse, enhanced temporal and thermal stability, etc.