竹林坡地径流中泥沙及氮磷载荷特征模拟

采用人工模拟降雨的试验手段,设定6个降雨强度(31.8～114.0 mm·h-1),通过测试径流量、泥沙量、径流中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度,研究了浙江省2种不同经营方式竹林(用材竹林和笋竹林)坡地(坡度20°)径流的载荷特征及机理.结果表明:用材竹林地的总径流量和径流系数均高于笋竹林地;笋竹林地的径流含沙量和总产沙量远大于用材竹林地;相同雨强下,笋竹林地降雨径流中的TN浓度为用材竹林地的5～6倍,笋竹林坡地径流中TN浓度随雨强增大而减小;用材竹林地降雨径流中TP浓度高于笋竹林地,笋竹林地泥沙中TP流失量是用材竹林地的数百倍;在TN和TP随径流泥沙的流失过程中,产流前期浓度起主要作用,后期径流量和产沙量起决定作用.     

浙江省竹林地上碳储量的时空动态模拟及影响因素

竹林具有高效的固碳能力,在应对全球气候变化中扮演重要角色.然而,目前大尺度竹林碳储量估算误差大,导致竹林碳储量时空格局存在较大的不确定性.本研究以浙江省为例,耦合遥感数据和BIOME-BGC生态系统过程模型模拟1984—2014年浙江省竹林地上碳储量,并利用森林资源清查数据进行精度验证,分析浙江省竹林地上碳储量时空格局以及环境因子对竹林地上碳储量的影响.结果表明: 模拟得到的竹林地上碳储量精度较高,平均相关系数(r)、均方根误差(RMSE)和相对偏差(rBIAS)分别达到了0.75、7.24 Mg C·hm^-2和-2.57 Mg C·hm^-2,全省竹林地上碳储量总体呈上升趋势,碳密度在13.10～17.14 Mg C·hm^-2,总碳储量在9.94～17.19 Tg C,其中,竹林地上碳储量高值区域主要分布在安吉、临安、龙游等竹产业发达地区.竹林地上碳储量的变化与温度、降水、辐射、CO₂浓度、大气N沉降5个环境因子显著相关,降水量和温度与碳储量的偏相关系数较大.     

基于Biolog-ECO技术分析不同林下种植竹荪地土壤微生物功能多样性

为研究林下种植竹荪地竹荪采收后土壤微生物功能多样性,运用Biolog-ECO技术,分析了竹林地、橡胶林地和生姜竹荪套种地竹荪采收后的土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明:土壤微生物平均吸光值(AWCD)总体变化趋势和对六大类碳源的利用情况均为竹林下种植竹荪地(竹林地)橡胶林空白对照地橡胶林下种植竹荪地(橡胶林地)生姜+竹荪套种地(竹林地),即竹林地活性最强,套种地活性最低。土壤微生物Shananon-Wiener指数(H'值)、Pielou均匀度指数(E值)、Simpson指数(D值)的总体趋势均为竹林地橡胶林对照地橡胶林地生姜+竹荪套种地,即土壤微生物多样性竹林地最高,套种地最低。竹林地土壤微生物的Mc Intosh指数与橡胶林地、生姜+竹荪套种地和橡胶林对照地间差异均显著,且均极显著;橡胶林地和生姜+竹荪套种地土壤微生物的Mc Intosh指数差异不显著,但这两地的土壤微生物的Mc Intosh指数与橡胶林对照地差异均显著,且均极显著;不同样地土壤微生物的Shannon指数(H')、Simpson指数(D)和Pielou指数(E)差异均不显著。     

华南地区22种园林植物耐旱性分级筛选

以华南地区22种常见园林植物为研究对象，研究人工模拟干旱胁迫环境对植物叶片叶绿素、丙二醛、过氧化物酶、相对电导率等生理指标的影响，通过主成分分析、聚类分析对22种植物耐旱性进行综合分析评价和耐旱等级划分。结果表明：(1) 在干旱梯度胁迫期间，植物叶片的叶绿素含量总体上呈不同程度的下降趋势，少数呈上升趋势，丙二醛含量和相对电导率均呈不同程度的上升趋势，多数植物过氧化物酶活性呈不同程度先升后降趋势，少数呈持续上升趋势。(2) 22种植物耐旱性分为3个等级：A级强耐旱植物4种，包括灰莉(Fagraea ceilanica)、鸭脚木(Schefflera octophylla)、桂花(Osmanthus fragrans var. fragrans)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum)；B级中耐旱植物6种，包括翠芦莉(Ruellia simplex)、栀子花(Gardenia jasminoides)、变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)、红车(Syzygium hancei)、红背桂(Excoecaria cochinchinen)、茉莉花(Jasminum sambac)；C级不耐旱植物12种，包括福建茶(Carmona microphylla)、米仔兰(Aglaia odorata)、大红花(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)、琴叶珊瑚(Jatropha integerrima)、龙船花(Ixora chinensis)、黄蝉(Allamanda schottii)、假连翘(Duranta erecta)、红檵木(Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum)、紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)、风车草(Cyperus involucratus)、小花月季(Rosa chinensis var. minim)、铜钱草(Hydrocotyle chinensis)。     

浙江省商品竹林土壤有机农药污染评价

选取浙江省主要产竹区4县(市)商品竹林27个样地,对土壤主要有机农药残留进行检测分析.结果表明:残留的有机农药种类为有机氯(organochlorine pesticides,OCP)、有机磷(organophosphorus pesticides,OPP)和拟除虫菊农药(pyrethroid,PY),未检测出氨基甲酸酯类农药残留.有机氯农药残留种类为HCH、DDT、百菌清、五氯硝基苯、三氯杀螨醇,其中,HCH、DDT检出率分别为100%和70.37%.有机磷农药残留种类为甲基对硫磷、对硫磷、甲胺磷和乐果,其中,甲基对硫磷检出率96.30%.拟除虫菊酯类农药残留种类为氯氰菊酯、顺-氰戊菊酯,检出率分别为18.52%和62.90%;顺-氰戊菊酯残留量达1 227.14μg·kg-1,其他种类农药残留量低于150 μg·kg-1;这说明,试验取样区商品竹林土壤普遍存在有机农药污染:有机氯、有机磷残留量较低,拟除虫菊酯类农药残留较高.竹林经营类型、经营水平、土地利用方式对竹林土壤有机农药残留有一定的影响,集约经营竹林显著高于粗放经营竹林,笋用竹林较毛竹笋材两用林高,山地竹林较原农业耕作地改种为竹林的低.     

安徽省天堂寨植物花粉形态研究

应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对安徽省大别山区天堂寨春季开花的30科68种7变种植物的花粉形态进行了观察和研究,提供了花粉图谱、植物生长习性和地理分布范围.同时对该地区植物的生态因子,包括地理位置、海拔高度、年降水量、年积温及生境等进行归纳总结.这些信息可为利用地层中化石花粉重建该地区古气候、古环境及气候变迁提供必要的古生态...     

抗SO2绿化植物的初步筛选

盆栽于广州市华南植物园内的72种城市绿化植物的叶片经模拟SO2(20mmol／L NaHSO3浸泡)处理后,研究其叶绿素荧光参数的变化,还比较了其中31种植物叶片的细胞液pH值和对碱缓冲能力的大小。通过对这些生理参数的分析,初步筛选出了一批抗污能力较强的树种,如：傅园榕(Ficus microcarpa var．fuyuensis)、红桂木（Artocarpus nitidus ssp.lingnanensis)、幌伞枫（Heteropanax fragrans)石笔木(Tutcheria spectabilis)等,和抗性较差的树种,如：印度第伦桃(Dillenia indica)、灰木莲(Manglietia glauca)、灰莉(Fagraea ceilanica)等。     

带状间伐对巴山木竹林复壮更新及大熊猫取食的影响

间伐是竹林复壮更新的有效手段之一.以陕西佛坪国家自然保护区为研究区域,对大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)冬季栖息地非主要采食区域竹林老龄化严重且密度过大的巴山木竹(Bashania fargesii)林进行为期3年(2017至2019年)的带状间伐样方监测,研究间伐对竹林复壮更新以及大熊猫觅食选择...     

赤泥掺拌马尾松叶对芦竹与翠芦莉生长的影响

赤泥是铝土矿提炼氧化铝后排放的强碱性废渣,数量巨大且环境风险大,如何改良及筛选适生植物是其生态修复的关键。该研究通过掺拌不同比例的马尾松叶2%,4%,6%(w/w),分析其对赤泥pH与有机质含量及芦竹与翠芦莉生长的影响。结果表明:掺拌马尾松叶35 d后,赤泥pH由11.08显著下降至9.70,但随后趋于平稳;随着掺拌比例的增加,赤泥pH呈下降趋势,有机质含量由6.13 g·kg~(-1)显著增至17.52 g·kg~(-1)。芦竹与翠芦莉在纯赤泥上生长2个多月后死亡,但在掺拌4%马尾松叶的赤泥上均能较好地生长。其中,芦竹的生物量及相对生长速率(RGR)与栽培土相比不受影响,但地下/地上生物量比(B/A)显著增加;相反,翠芦莉的生物量和相对生长速率与栽培土相比显著降低,但B/A不受影响。     

福建九阜山自然保护区竹类资源及其开发利用

福建省尤溪县九阜山自然保护区竹类植物资源共有9属23种,主要的竹林有毛竹林、福建酸竹林、箬竹林、苦竹林。报道了九阜山自然保护区竹类植物资源种类、分类群组成、分布区类型等,并提出竹类资源的合理开发利用建议。     

气候变化对邛崃山系大熊猫主食竹和栖息地分布的影响

气候变化对生物多样性的影响,特别是珍稀濒危物种的影响是当前的研究热点。全球气候变化对大熊猫的影响一直受到广泛关注。根据野外调查的大熊猫活动痕迹点、竹类分布点和主食竹扩散距离数据,采用Maxent模型,利用植被、地形、气候等因素,在RCP8.5下分析了2050年和2070年邛崃山系大熊猫主食竹分布及栖息地变化趋势。结果显示:(1)未来大熊猫适宜生境及主食竹气候适宜区面积均有所减少,到2070年分别减少37.2%和4.7%;(2)未来主食竹分布范围总体向高海拔扩展,但面积持续减少,到2070年分布面积比当前减少8.3%;(3)大熊猫栖息地未来有向高海拔扩张的趋势,在低海拔地区退缩明显,到2070年较当前减少27.2%;但到2070年大熊猫栖息地面积加上非栖息地有主食竹分布的面积,较现有大熊猫栖息地面积大1.5%;(4)受气候变化影响较严重的区域是邛崃山系南部以及低海拔地区,其余区域所受影响相对较小;(5)未来需要加强对受气候变化影响严重区域的监测与保护,特别是邛崃山系中部的大熊猫集中分布区。     

Invasion of dwarf bamboo into alpine snow-meadows in northern Japan: pattern of expansion and impact on species diversity

Recently, a dwarf bamboo species,Sasa kurilensis; Poaceae, has invaded into alpine snow-meadows in the wilderness area of the Taisetsu Mountains, northern Japan. This dwarf bamboo species has a wide distribution range from lowland to alpine sites of snowy regions. Because of the formation of dense evergreen culms and an extensive rhizome system, other plants are excluded following invasion by this dwarf bamboo, resulting in low species diversity. Dwarf bamboo originally inhabited the leeward slopes of alpine dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) clumps in alpine regions. During the last 32 years, however, dwarf bamboo has expanded its distribution area by up to 47% toward snow-meadows, especially on southeastern facing slopes. This rapid change may be related to the decrease in soil moisture and expansion of the annual growing period caused by the recent acceleration of snowmelt time. A multiyear census revealed that the density of bamboo culms increased 30-150% during 2 years, and the annual expansion of bamboo rhizomes was 39 cm on average. In addition to the expansion of bamboo clumps by vegetative growth, the possibility of migration by seed dispersal was also suggested by a genet analysis. With the increase in culm density, the species richness of snow-meadow vegetation decreased to less than one-quarter of the original level due to intense shading by dwarf bamboo. The rapid vegetation change in these almost pristine alpine environments isolated from the human activity implies that global climate change already influences the alpine ecosystem.     

Indicator plant species selection for monitoring the impact of climate change based on prediction uncertainty

To develop a long-term volunteer-based system for monitoring the impacts of climate change on plant distributions, potential indicator plants and monitoring sites were assessed considering habitat prediction uncertainty. We used species distribution models (SDMs) to project potential habitats for 19 popular edible wild plants in Japan. Prediction uncertainties of SDMs were assessed using three high-performance modeling algorithms and 19 simulated future climate data. SDMs were developed using presence/absence records, four climatic variables, and five non-climatic variables. The results showed that prediction uncertainties for future climate simulations were greater than those from the three different modeling algorithms. Among the 19 edible wild plant species, six had highly accurate SDMs and greater changes in occurrence probabilities between current and future climate conditions. The potential habitats of these six plants under future climate simulations tended to shift northward and upward, with predicted losses in potential southern habitats. These results suggest that these six plants are candidate indicators for long-term biological monitoring of the impacts of climate change. If temperature continuously increases as predicted, natural populations of these plants will decline in Kyushu, Chugoku and Shikoku districts, and in low altitudes of Chubu and Tohoku districts. These results also indicate the importance of occurrence probability and prediction uncertainty of SDMs for selecting target species and site locations for monitoring programs. Sasa kurilensis, a very popular and widespread dominant scrub bamboo in the cool-temperate regions of Japan, was found to be the most effective plant for monitoring.     

2000-2019年中国南方竹林区水分利用效率时空特征及驱动机制

水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency, WUE)是深入理解生态系统碳、水循环及两者耦合关系的重要指标,然而我国重要森林类型之一的竹林的WUE时空格局及其驱动机制研究不足。通过MODIS净初级生产力(NPP)和蒸散(ET)数据得到竹林区WUE,采用线性趋势法计算WUE年际变化率表征变化趋势,并应用地理加权回归(GWR)模型分析了WUE与气候和地形等10个驱动因子的关系,探究了中国南方竹林区近20年间(2000—2019)WUE驱动机制。结果表明：(1)2000—2019年中国南方竹林区WUE多年均值为0.89 gC m^-2 mm^-1,呈显著下降趋势,下降速率为0.0028 gC m^-2 mm^-1 a^-1,ET上升速度大于NPP上升速度是造成WUE下降的主要原因;WUE呈南高北低的空间分布格局,83.5%区域的WUE呈下降趋势。(2)基于GWR模型的WUE驱动力分析发现,WUE变化最强的驱动因子是CO₂浓度和年降水量,而海拔、坡度等地形因子的...     

灌溉条件下藏北紫花针茅光合特性及其对温度和CO2浓度的短期响应

利用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定仪, 测定不同灌溉措施下紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)的光合特性对CO₂浓度和温度的响应, 探讨了土壤水分、温度和CO₂浓度升高对藏北高寒草地紫花针茅光合作用的影响。结果表明: 1)紫花针茅各项光合特性参数对CO₂浓度、温度和土壤水分的变化响应显著, 并表现出明显的交互作用; 2) CO₂浓度升高促进光合速率, 但CO₂浓度过高时光合速率反而下降; 温度升高抑制光合速率, 土壤水分增加对高温条件下的光合作用具有补偿作用; 土壤水分增加促进紫花针茅光合速率的升高; 3)随着CO₂浓度的升高, 胞间CO₂浓度逐渐增大, 蒸腾速率降低, 水分利用效率升高, 气孔导度逐渐减小, 且温度升高加剧气孔导度下降的程度。各光合参数在不同温度水平和土壤水分下表现不同: 气孔导度在20 ℃时达到最大值, 且土壤水分增加利于气孔导度的增大; 温度上升抑制了胞间CO₂浓度, 且在土壤水分充足的条件下更显著; 蒸腾速率随着温度的上升而加快, 蒸腾速率与土壤水分的正相关关系明显; 叶片饱和水汽压亏缺与温度成正比, 充足的土壤水分会适当降低饱和水汽压亏缺; 水分利用效率随着温度上升和土壤水分增多而减小。不同土壤水分条件下光合参数对温度的响应结果表明, 土壤水分的增加对较高温度下光合及其生理参数与温度的关系具有一定的补偿作用。     

Water stress in grasslands: dynamic responses of plants and insect herbivores

Global climate change is altering precipitation patterns. The effect of water stress on plant–herbivore interactions is poorly understood even though this is a primary ecological interaction that will be altered by climate change. This is especially true for grasslands where water is often limiting. In this study we manipulated water inputs in open grassland plots (1 m²) during a severe drought and assessed plant and insect herbivore responses. There were two watering treatments: ambient and supplemented. Supplemented plots received water weekly in amounts that mimicked average seasonal rainfall. For plants, we were interested in how water input affected protein and digestible carbohydrate content; previous studies predicted water stress would increase the concentration of these two nutrients. Grasshoppers are the dominant insect herbivores in grasslands and we assessed their responses to water inputs by measuring abundance and diversity. Previous studies suggested grasshoppers would prefer water‐stressed plots. Protein and carbohydrate content in bulk grass and forb samples, plus plant biomass and diversity, were measured monthly (May–August). Immediately prior to harvesting plant tissue, we counted and identified individual grasshoppers in each plot. Grass biomass was reduced with water stress, but macronutrient content and species diversity were unaffected. After three months water‐stressed forbs were less protein biased, and diverse, relative to watered forbs; forb biomass was indistinguishable between treatments. Grasshopper abundance and diversity were lower in water‐stressed plots as the season progressed. However, grasshopper‐feeding biology mattered: densities of mixed‐feeders and grass‐feeders, but not forb‐specialists, decreased over time in water‐stressed plots, but not in water supplemented plots. Our results demonstrate the importance of focusing on plant and insect herbivore functional groups and provide valuable new data that can be incorporated into models to explore the effects of global climate change in greater detail.     

马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫对竹类资源的选择利用

本文对凉山山系大熊猫对竹子资源选择利用进行了研究,发现对不同的竹类有不同程度的选择性。最喜食大叶筇竹和白背玉山竹,几乎不选择刺竹子;就大叶筇竹而言,喜食基径大于１０ｍｍ的幼竹竹茎,特别喜食基径大于１８ｍｍ的竹笋;就白背玉山竹而言,喜欢选择基径大于１２ｍｍ的竹茎和基径大于１６ｍｍ的竹笋,但对白背玉山竹的老嫩无明显选择。     

天山北麓历史时期的环境演变信息

近 2 0 0 0年以来 ,天山北麓的气候有冷暖干湿波动 ,但总体干旱的基本面貌未发生根本变化。植被在森林的上下界限、平原河谷林的发育程度、平原低地草甸的面积上 ,随气候的变化而发生波动。山地生态系统比较稳定 ,平原生态系统相对不稳定。尤其是平原河流和湖泊抗干扰性极差 ,容易发生改变 ,同时也引起局地小气候及生物群的变化。由于气候变化和人类活动的影响 ,平原地区的水系变化很大 ,河流流量减少、流程缩短、尾闾湖消失、地下水位降低、扇缘溢出带北移等成为普遍现象。天山北麓是自然绿洲发育比较好的地带 ,由于人类活动的影响 ,自然绿洲大多为人工绿洲取代 ,自然绿洲功能弱化 ,基本失去了改善荒漠环境、生物栖息地、保护荒漠区生物多样性等多种生态功能。该区新石器时代以来就有人为活动 ,早期以狩猎、牧业活动为主 ;中期以牧业为主 ,农业为辅 ;后期以农业为主 ,牧业为辅 ,人类对环境的影响有相当长的时间。清朝以来 ,尤其是解放后 ,人类对环境的影响作用急剧加强 ,成为近代环境变化的主导因素 ,主要表现在对水的控制而产生的一系列水系、植被、沙漠变化     

Factors Affecting Domestic Water Consumption in Rural Households upon Access to Improved Water Supply: Insights from the Wei River Basin,China

Comprehensively understanding water consumption behavior is necessary to design efficient and effective water use strategies. Despite global efforts to identify the factors that affect domestic water consumption, those related to domestic water use in rural regions have not been sufficiently studied, particularly in villages that have gained access to improved water supply. To address this gap, we investigated 247 households in eight villages in the Wei River Basin where three types of improved water supply systems are implemented. Results show that domestic water consumption in liters per capita per day was significantly correlated with water supply pattern and vegetable garden area, and significantly negatively correlated with family size and age of household head. Traditional hygiene habits, use of water appliances, and preference for vegetable gardening remain dominant behaviors in the villages with access to improved water supply. Future studies on rural domestic water consumption should pay more attention to user lifestyles (water appliance usage habits, outdoor water use) and cultural backgrounds (age, education).     

Direct and indirect effects of understorey bamboo shape tree regeneration niches in a mixed temperate forest

Plant cover plays a major role in shaping the nature of recruitment microsites through direct (resource mediated) and indirect (consumer mediated) interactions. Understorey plants may differentially affect seedling establishment, thus contributing to regeneration-niche separation among canopy tree species. We examined patterns of early tree seedling survival resulting from interactive effects of understorey bamboo (Chusquea culeou) and resident consumers in a mixed temperate Patagonian forest, Argentina. Newly germinated seedlings of Nothofagus dombeyi and Austrocedrus chilensis were planted in bamboo thickets and non-bamboo patches, with or without small-vertebrate exclosures. We found species-specific patterns of seedling survival in relation to bamboo cover. Nothofagus survival was generally low but increased under bamboo, irrespective of cage treatment. Desiccation stress accounted for most Nothofagus mortality in open, non-bamboo areas. In contrast, Austrocedrus survival was highest in non-bamboo microsites, as most seedlings beneath bamboo were killed by small vertebrates through direct consumption or non-trophic physical damage. There was little evidence for a negative impact of bamboo on tree seedling survival attributable to resource competition. The balance of simultaneous positive and negative interactions implied that bamboo presence facilitated Nothofagus early establishment but inhibited Austrocedrus recruitment via apparent competition. These results illustrate the potential for dominant understorey plants to promote microsite segregation during early stages of recruitment between tree seedlings having different susceptibilities to water stress and herbivory. We recognise, however, that patterns of bamboo–seedling interactions may be conditional on moisture levels and consumer activity during establishment. Hence, both biotic and abiotic heterogeneity in understorey environments should be incorporated into conceptual models of regeneration dynamics and tree coexistence in forest communities.